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ThesisItem Restricted MOLECULAR DETECTION OF WOLBACHIA, HAEMOPROTOZOAN AND RICKETTSIAL PATHOGENS IN IXODID TICKS OF SMALL RUMINANTS(2021) VISHNUPRIYA R; TANUVAS; ARUNKUMAR S; BHASKARAN RAVI LATHA; SAMUEL MASILAMONI RONALDThe present study was aimed to detect the prevalence of Wolbachia, haemoprotozoan and rickettsial pathogens in ixodid ticks of sheep and goats. A total of 2236 ticks were collected from sheep and goats in unorganized and organized farms of Tamil Nadu. In unorganized farms, among 2096 ticks, 890 ticks from sheep and 1206 ticks from goats were collected from Dharmapuri and Tiruvannamalai districts of Tamil Nadu. In organized farms, among 140 ticks, 75 ticks from sheep and 65 ticks from goats were collected from LFC- Madhavaram, PGRIAS- Kattupakkam and MSRS- Pottaneri. Ticks were examined under the stereo zoom microscope analysing the external morphological characteristic using standard keys. In unorganized farms, H.bispinosa (488), H.intermedia (242) and R.haemaphysaloides (162) tick species were identified from sheep in two districts of Tamil Nadu and H.bispinosa (777), H.intermedia (239), H.kutchensis (69) and R.haemaphysaloides (155) tick species were identified from goats in two districts of Tamil Nadu. In organized farms, H.bispinosa (45) and R.haemaphysaloides (30) tick species were identified from sheep and H.bispinosa (50) and R.haemaphysaloides (20) tick species were identified from goats in LFC- Madhavaram, PGRIAS- Kattupakkam and MSRS- Pottaneri farmsThesisItem Restricted MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. IN SMALL RUMINANTS(2021) DIVYA T; TANUVAS; SOUNDARARAJAN; BHASKARAN RAVI LATHA; NAGARAJAN KCryptosporidium is an emerging zoonotic enteropathogenic apicomplexan protozoa causing neonatal diarrhoea syndrome in ruminants, birds and human beings. In this study, prevalence, risk factors assessment, molecular detection and identification of species of Cryptosporidium in small ruminants of Tamil Nadu was attempted. A total of 254 dung samples (115 sheep and 139 goats) were collected from seven agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu for identification of Cryptosporidium infection in small ruminants during the period from November 2019 to March 2020 and December 2020 to February 2021. Risk factors such as age, sex, breed, season and consistency of dung were analysed. Overall prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in small ruminants was 22.05%. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was found to be more in goats (30.22%) than in sheep (12.17%). Among the agro-climatic zone prevalence, the percentage of prevalence was found to be more in North Western zone (29.27%) followed by Western zone (28.00%), North Eastern zone (27.27%), high rainfall zone (25.00%), Cauvery delta zone (20.31%) and Southern zone (8.33%). Cryptosporidiosis was not observed in Hilly zone (0.0%).ThesisItem Restricted MONITORING OF POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN HAEMATOBIA SPP INFESTING CATTLE(TANUVAS, CHENNAI, 2021) ANBARASI P.; TANUVAS; PONNUDURAI, G.; SENTHILVEL K.; SUKUMAR, K.; SRINIVASAN, P.Haematobia fly is an economically important ectoparasite of cattle in tropical countries like India. The intermittent feeding habit (approximately 24- 38 times/day) of this fly causes severe stress to the animal, skin lesions and economic losses in terms of reduction in milk production. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of Haematobia spp, population dynamics in relation to various factors in three different agroclimatic regions of Tamil Nadu, biology, impact on cattle, economic loss in terms of milk yield and detection of insecticide resistance against synthetic pyrethroid. Haematobia fly specimens that were collected from cattle farms of three different agroclimatic regions (Southern zone - SZ, Cauvery delta zone - CDZ and North western zone – NWZ were identified as Haematobia exigua based on morphological characters.ThesisItem Restricted EVALUATION OF CHITINASE AS SYNERGIST IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TICK(2021) SHARATH V SAGAR; TANUVAS; BHASKARAN RAVI LATHA; SANGARAN A; KUMARASAMY P; MANGALA GOWRI AChitinases play an important role in tick physiology and also have a proven role as bioacaricide. In the current study, an effort was made to amplify chitinase 1 genes of R. sanguineus and R. (B.) microplus from the pre-hatch stage of their eggs. The degenerative primers designed to amplify Haemaphysalis longicornis chitinase 1 gene failed to amplify. Amplification of putative chitinases of R. sanguineus and R. (B.) microplus ticks was attempted by designing a new set of primers for the reference sequences and amplicons of R. sanguineus and R. (B.) microplus chitinases were observed at 1320 and 1305 bp respectively. The amplicons were subjected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis which confirmed their identity (NCBI accession no. MT635600 and MT635601). MT635600 sequence revealed 28 nucleotide substitutions when compared to the reference sequence (GQ215231) with 97.87 per cent homology. MT635601 showed 97.93 per cent homology with reference shot gun assembly sequence of R. (B.) microplus putative chitinase (GBBR01000100). A total of 21 nucleotide substitutions and 6 nucleotide deletion from 143 to 148 was observed in the newly obtained sequence of putative chitinase of R. (B.) microplus when aligned with the reference sequence. The amino acid sequences were also compared pairwise and R. sanguineus putative chitinase showed 99.32 per cent identity to the reference sequence. The R. (B.) microplus putative chitinase amino acid sequence showed 97.93 per cent identity to the reference sequence. In R. sanguineus putative chitinase 19 O- and 3 N-glycosylation sites were observed in comparison to 17 O- and 3 N-glycosylation sites observed in R. (B.) microplus putative chitinase.ThesisItem Restricted ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATION ON HEALTH AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF LAYERS AND CONTROL METHODS(2022) TAMILAM TV; TANUVAS; PONNUDURAI G; ARUNACHALAM K; KANNAN D; SENTHILKUMAR VIn India, commercial layer production plays an important role in providing high quality protein and employment to rural people, besides its sizable share in the nation’s GDP. Thalaivasal taluk is a semi-arid region where the layer farming is operated as an integral part of agriculture to improve income level of farmers. As ectoparasitic infestation appears to be a major issue in layers recently, huge expenditure is incurred on application of insecticides to achieve a temporary reduction in the population of ectoparasites. This ultimately increases the cost of production, causing economic loss to the farmers. Hence, the present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites, their impact on production and health of the layers and also effectiveness of various control options. A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2020 to November 2021 on 16 selected farms at monthly intervals. During the survey, data pertaining to feed intake, egg production, insecticide application, particulars of birds and meteorological data (from TNAU Research station) were collected to determine the risk factors associated with occurrence of ectoparasitic infestation. Ectoparasites collected during this period were identified as Menopon gallinae, Lipeurus tropicalis and Megninia ginglymura with a prevalence rate ranging from 15 - 98, 6 - 24 and 98 - 100 per cent respectively. The prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation was found to be ranging from 93 - 100 per cent during winter and summer whereas 100 per cent during rainy season. Single infestation was recorded in 21 - 68 per cent of the birds, especially among younger birds while older birds were invariably found to have infested with more than one species at a time. A high percentage of feather mite and lice infestation was recorded in younger and older birds respectively. Feather mite Megninia ginglymura was recovered from myna and crow which were found dead in the layer shed.ThesisItem Restricted DEVELOPMENT OF SERODIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF SCHISTOSOMA SPINDALE IN CATTLE(2021) Shivani Mamane; TANUVAS; Jeyathilakan N; Bhaskaran Ravi Latha; Senthilkumar TMASerodiagnostic assays such as Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Flow through technique (FTT) were standardized and evaluated by using excretory-secretory (ES) antigen for detection of Schistosoma spindale infection in cattle. ES antigen of S. spindale was prepared by incubating adult worms in IX PBS overnight. The ES antigen prepared was concentrated and the protein content was estimated by Bradford assay. Protein profiling of 5. spindale ES antigen was carried out by SDS-PAGE which revealed four polypeptide bands of molecular sizes 14, 28, 57 and 66 kDa. Immunoreactive bands of molecular weight size 28, 57 and 66 kDa were confirmed by probing ES antigen with hyper immune sera of rabbits in Western blotting. Serodiagnostic assays such as ELISA and FTT were standardized for the detection of visceral schistosomosis. A total of 180 mesentery and serum samples were collected from cattle and 57 were found positive for S. spindale infection. Out of the 57 positive samples, 54 and 53 were sero-positive by ELISA and FTT respectively. Kappa statistics showed existence of perfect agreement and Chi-Square test disclosed no significant difference between ELISA and FTT when compared with the gold standard mesentery examination. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, concordance, false positive rate, false negative rate, kappa value and Youden index of ELISA in detecting serum antibodies in cattle was 94.73 per cent, 95.12 per cent, 90 per cent, 97.5 per cent, 95 per cent, 94.48 per cent, 4.88 per cent, 5.27 per cent, 0.8743 and 0.89 respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, concordance, false positive rate, false negative rate, kappa value and Youden index of FTT in detecting serum antibodies in cattle was 92.98 per cent, 96.74 per cent, 92.98 per cent, 96.74 per cent, 95.55 per cent, 95.56 per cent, 3.26 per cent, 7.02 per cent, 0.8973 and 0.892 respectively. Flow through technique, which was not used in diagnosis of visceral schistosomosis found to be the more accurate, specific, simplest and rapid with less expertise and easy applicability in field conditions and hence an ideal pen side diagnostic kit.ThesisItem Open Access PHEROMONE BASED SMART, ECO-FRIENDLY DEVICE FOR CONTROL OF THE DOG TICK, RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS(2018) Gowrishankar, S; Latha, Bhaskaran Ravi; Sreekumar, C; Leela, V; TANUVASPheromone based, smart and ecofriendly approach for the control of the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, using bamboo sticky tick trap was attempted. A novel drug delivery device namely vapour patch was utilized for the first time in sustained release of pheromones. Pheromones namely sex pheromone (SP), assembly pheromone (AP) and a combination of SP+AP was encapsulated in calcium alginate and chitosan microparticles, as well as impregnated in vapour patches. The microparticles were characterized and assessed by in-vitro bioassays namely Petri dish and modified 4-way olfactometer bioassay. The response of the different stages of R. sanguineus ticks was statistically analysed using chi-square test, binary logistic regression and Wilcoxon rank test. Sustained release studies using the same pheromone encapsulated microparticles and impregnated vapour patches was conducted after 2 months and the results were analysed.ThesisItem Open Access RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ZOONOSIS DUE TO TOXOCARA CANIS(TANUVAS, 2016) Selvakmar, S; Sangaran, A; Ravi Latha, Bhaskaran; Nambi, AP; TANUVASA study was undertaken to assess the risk factors associated with Zoonosis due to Toxocara canis and the related parameters which facilitate the problem in human beings. Toxocara canis Worms were collected from puppies and washed in distilled Water to remove the adherent faecal materials. Specifically female Worms were selected and the uterus of the worms was dissected for removal of unembryonated eggs.ThesisItem Open Access MOLECULAR DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HAEMOPROTOZOAN PARASITES IN SHEEP(TANUVAS, 2016) Rekha, B; Ponnudurai, G; Rani, N; Palanivel, KM; TANUVASSheep rearing plays an important role in the livelihood of poor farmers and landless labourers in rural parts of India. With an ever increasing demand for animal protein, sheep rearing has gained momentum in the recent years. However, occurrence of tick borne haemoprotozoan diseases has a major impact on small ruminant production in tropical and subtropical countries. Hence, the present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of haemoprotozoan parasites in sheep by PCR technique in three different agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu and to identify the tick species involved in the transmission of haemoprotozoan parasites such as Theileria Iestoquardi, Theileria ovis, Babesia ovis and Anaplasma ovis in sheep.
