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Open Access
Use of Micronutrients for Enhancing the Productivity in Bt Cotton
(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Gudimani, Umesh; Pawar, K.N.
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2013 to study the use of micronutrients for enhancing the productivity in Bt Cotton at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, The experiment consisted of nine treatments viz., FeSO4, ZnSO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, Boron and combination of MnSO4 + ZnSO4, MgSO4 + ZnSO4¬¬ and FeSO4 + ZnSO4 ¬-foliar spray of all these at 70 and 90 DAS. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Among all the treatments, foliar spray with MgSO4 1 % + ZnSO4 0.5 % recorded highest number of leaves per plant (163.22), total dry matter (224.50 g plant-1), leaf area index (2.75 dm2 plant-1), absolute growth rate (4.37 g day-1), crop growth rate (8.09 g dm2 day-1), relative growth rate (0.0127 g g-1 day-1), net assimilation rate (0.0244 g dm2 day-1), relative water content (69.86 %), photosynthetic rate (30.01 µ mol CO2 m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance (0.677  mol CO2 m-2 s-1), transpiration rate (7.41  mol H2O m-2 s-1), proline (102.60 µg g-1 fresh weight) and total chlorophyll (2.47 mg g-1 fresh weight) as compared to control and other treatments. Similar trend were also observed on higher yield components like seed cotton yield, (2,393 kg ha-1), boll weight (6.35 g boll-1) and number of bolls per plant (46.0) followed by the treatment foliar spray by FeSO4 0.5 % + ZnSO4 0.5 % and MgSO4 1 % and the minimum yield and yield components were recorded under control. It is concluded that, application of foliar spray with MgSO4 1 % + ZnSO4 0.5 % more effective in increasing the yield in Bt-cotton.
Open Access
Soybean (Glycine max (l.) Merrill) Seed Coat Pigments and their Antioxidant Properties
(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Karthika V.; Koti, R.V.
Field and laboratory experiments were carried out at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2015-16 to evaluate the soybean genotypes for phenol and anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity in the seeds and seed coat of ten soybean genotypes. The experiment was laid out in RBD with three vegetable (AGS-447, AGS-459 and AGS-460) and six grain soybean genotypes (Kalitur, DSb-21, DSM, KHSb-2, DB-Local, DSb-15 and JS-335). The field data revealed a wide genotypic variation with respect to various morphological, phenological, physiological, yield and quality parameters. The vegetative phases (V1-V3) were significantly longer by 4-5 days in vegetable type than in grain type. In contrast the reproductive phases of vegetable types were early by 5-6 days. Overall yield was higher in grain type than in vegetable type. Among the grain type, JS-335 (yellow) and Kalitur (black) reordered significantly higher yield with moderate to high plant height, number of branches and photosynthetic rate. Yield attributes like number of pods, number of seeds with longer duration of seed filling also contributed for higher yield in grain soybean. The data on the quality parameters viz., seed protein, seed oil, seed and seed coat phenol and anthocyanin contents were found higher in black seeded genotypes. A positive correlation between antioxidant activity, contents of total phenols and anthocyanins were existed. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extracts of black varieties (DB-Local and DSM) with higher total phenols and anthocyanin contents. Black soybean genotypes also exhibited a higher antifungal activity when compared to the yellow soybean. Hence, soybean is not only a good source of protein and oil but also good source of phenol and anthocyanin which have biological activity. It is inferred from the study that black soybean could be promoted as multipurpose soybean with industrial and nutritional value.
Open Access
Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Lime Induced Iron Chlorosis Resistance in Groundnut
(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Pujar, Aruna; Koti, R.V.
A field experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2015 to study the effect of lime induced iron chlorosis on growth and yield components at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of two treatments (control and foliar application of FeSO4 @ 0.5 %) and ten genotypes (GPBD-4, TMV-2, JL-24, G-2-52, KADIRI-9, R-2001-2, GPBD-6, Dh-86, TAG-24, ICGV-86031). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Chlorosis ranged from 1.2 to 37.2 per cent between 30 to 60 DAS and reduced the pod yield. FeSO4 application resulted 9 per cent reduction in chlorosis and increased the pod yield significantly by 11 per cent. This was attributed to the significant increase in ferrous, nitrogen contents, photosynthetic rate and pod yield in all the genotypes. Among the genotypes, ICGV-86031 recorded least chlorosis of 1-2 per cent. Whereas the genotypes JL 24 and TMV-2 were most susceptible recording 34–37 per cent chlorosis. The genotypes KADIRI-9 and R-2001-2 recorded highest pod yield with moderate chlorosis and highest ferrous iron content. The genotype ICGV 86031 had highest root protonation (7.59 and 7.65 at 30 and 60 DAS, respectively) followed by GPBD 6 (7.82 and 7.78 at 30 and 60 DAS, respectively.) as compared to rest of the genotypes (8.21 to 8.08 at 30 and 60 DAS, respectively). As regards to ferric reductase activity, GPBD 6 showed highest ferric reducatse activity (156 and 343 at 30 and 60 DAS, respectively) followed by ICGV 86031 (144 and 312 at 30 and 60 DAS respectively) with lowest chlorosis as compared to rest of the genotypes( 140 to 262 at 30 and 60 DAS respectively). Hence, it is confirmed that the genotypes ICGV-86031 and GPBD 6 and are considered more resistant to LIIC as compared to other genotypes.
Open Access
Effect of Temperature Regimes on Post Anthesis Physiological Traits in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes
(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) K.V., Asha; Chimmad, V.P.
Field experiment was under taken during kharif, 2015 to study the effect of temperature regimes on post anthesis physiological traits in groundnut genotypes with four different dates of sowing (D1, D2, D3 and D4 temperature regimes) and four genotypes (TMV-2, G2-52, Dh-86 and Dh-216) at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experimental results revealed that all morphological characters viz., plant height, number of branches, nodules plant-1 and phenological characters like days to flower initiation, 50 per cent flowering, peg initiation and pod maturity were found to be higher with more heat unit accumulation, phenothermal index, heat use efficiency (1.174) under D1 temperature regime and decrease with delayed sowing (increase temperature). Highest pollen sterility (12.65 %) and reduced total flower production was noticed with increase in temperature (D4 temperature regime). Genotype G2-52 recorded (10.69 %) minimum pollen sterility with optimum numbers of flowers compared to other genotypes. Relative water content total chlorophyll, chl a/b and protein content in leaves were found to be more in D1 temperature regime with less membrane injury. It was found that all phenological characters, GDD at physiological maturity (0.688**) and all yield components were strongly and positively correlated with yield, where as membrane injury index was found to be negatively correlated (-0.748**). Yield and yield components viz., number of pods (15.75), seeds plant-1 (27.25), pod (14.02 g), seed (10.67 g), haulm weight (3.35 g), shelling percentage (76.21 %), test weight (35.46 g), harvest index (51.97 %) and pod yield (3,504 kg ha-1) were remarkably higher in D1 temperature regime. Among genotypes G2-52 performed better under all temperature regimes with optimum yield (3,064 kg ha-1) and was found to be heat tolerant.
Open Access
Physiological Basis of Yield Response in Popcorn (Zea mays (L.) everta) Genotypes
(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Lokesh C.; Pawar, K.N.
A field experiment was carried out in 2015 kharif cropping seasons at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the yield response of 10 popcorn genotypes replicated thrice in randomized block design. During the course of investigation morpho-physiological, phenological, growth, biophysical, biochemical, quality, yield and yield components were studied at different crop growth stages. The genotypes MPC-1-15, KDPC-2 and SJPC1 exhibited superiority over rest of the genotypes with respect to morphological parameters (plant height and total dry matter production). KDPC-2 registered significantly lower number of days to 50 per cent tasseling, silking and anthesis to silking interval. Delayed number of days to 50 per cent tasseling and silking registered in genotype MPC-1-15 (53.67 and 58.33 days, respectively). The results of growth parameters viz., AGR, CGR were highly significantly correlated with yield. Whereas, LAI and NAR are positively correlated with the yield. With respect to biophysical parameters MPC-1-15, KDPC-2 and SJPC1 recorded higher photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. Further, it was observed that the same genotypes recorded relatively higher transpiration rate and leaf temperature. Maximum values were recorded for biochemical parameters viz., total chlorophyll content (2.75 mg g-1 fr. wt. in MPC-1-15), starch content (78.49 % in MPC-1-15), total sugar content (3.53 % in VL popcorn-2). Maximum values were recorded for quality parameters viz., popping percentage (95 % in MPC-1-15) and higher expansion volume of pop (19.9 ml g-1 in SJPC1). Higher yields were recorded in MPC-1-15 (64.9 q ha-1), SJPC1 (59.6 q ha-1) and KDPC-2 (58.9 q ha-1). Cob weight, cob length, cob girth, seeds per cob, seed rows per cob, 100-kernel weight and HI correlated positively with yield.
Open Access
Physiological Basis of Temperature Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum sp.) Genotypes
(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2016-06) Mulla, Heenakousar R.; Jirali, D.I.
ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2015-16. Different temperature regimes were maintained by manipulating the date of sowing. The experiment consisted of two dates of sowing viz., 211.2015, 15.12.2015 (D1, D2 temperature regimes respectively) and nine wheat genotypes. Most of morpho-phenological, physiological, biochemical and quality parameters indicated better performance under D1 temperature regime. Various morpho-phenological parameters studied indicated that the genotypes HW-1098, UAS-459, UAS-415 and UAS-304 performed better under both D1 and D2 temperature regime over other genotypes. Under D2 temperature regime, maximum leaf area was recorded by DDK-1045 (36.86 dm2 hill-1). Similarly maximum total dry matter (16.41 g hill-1 at harvest), relative water content (64.28 % at 30 DAA), canopy temperature depression and growing degree days for physiological maturity (1608.98) were observed in HW-1098 under D2 temperature regime. Maximum cell membrane thermo stability (55.52 %) was observed in UAS-415 at 30 DAA under D2 temperature regime. The genotypes HW-1098, UAS-415 and UAS-459 recorded maximum osmolyte concentration. HW-1098 maintained highest photosynthetic rate under D2 temperature regimes which may be due to highest stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. The genotypes DDK-1045, DDK-1046, NIAW-34 and HD-3090 had the maximum per cent reduction of chlorophyll a, indicating the sensitive nature of these genotypes to increase in the growth temperatures. The minimum reduction in chlorophyll stability index was observed in HW-1098 (3.22%). Reduction in yield due to high temperature was mainly attributed to the significant reduction in the number of tillers, 1000-grain weight, number of spikes and number of spikelet. HW-1098 maintained highest yield in both the temperature regimes with minimum per cent yield reduction (24.79) as compared to all other genotypes, substantiating that the genotype HW-1098 is relatively heat tolerant.
Open Access
Effect of Temperature Regimes on Post- Anthesis Physiological Traits in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Ghalagi, Chaitanya; Channappagoudar, B.B.
A field experiment was conducted during summer, 2016 to study the effect of temperature regimes on post-anthesis physiological traits in soybean (Glycine max L.) at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of four dates of sowing viz., 01-01-2016 (D1 temperature regime), 15-01-2016 (D2 temperature regime), 01-02-2016 (D3 temperature regime) and 15-02-2016 (D4 temperature regimes) with three genotypes viz., JS-335, DSb-21 and KHSB-2. The morphological parameters viz., plant height, number of branches and number of nodes per plant were recorded significantly higher under D1 temperature regime (44.98 cm, 4.20 and 14.99, respectively) and lowest under D4 temperature regime (38.69 cm, 2.60 and 12.90). Similarly, the phenological parameters viz., days to flower initiation (44.00 days), 50 per cent flowering (46.00 days), pod initiation (51.20 days) and physiological maturity (85.56 days) and heat units like GDD, PTI and HUE were significantly higher in under D1 temperature regime. The SPAD values, membrane injury index, peroxidase activity chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were also significantly higher under D1 temperature regime and lower under D4 temperature regime. Significantly higher flowers per plant (112.43) and flower to pod ratio (2.91) was recorded by KHSB-2 under D1 temperature regime. The genotype, JS-335 recorded relatively higher pollen fertility under all four temperature regimes. Yield and yield components viz., number of pods per plant (41.23), seeds per pod (2.62), test weight (13.08 g), harvest index (41.42 %), seed weight per plant (13.62 g) and seed yield (18.85 q ha-1) were significantly higher under D1 temperature regime and lower under D4 temperature regime. The genotype, JS-335 recorded higher pollen fertility and yield compared to DSb-21 and KHSB-2, substantiating that JS-335 is relatively heat tolerant.
Open Access
Physiological Basis for Productivity in Sweet Corn (zea mays l. Saccharata) Genotypes
(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Tilavalli, Ulfat Husen M.; Ninganur, B.T.
A field experiment was conducted to study physiological basis of productivity in 13 sweet corn genotypes. During the course of investigation morpho-physiological, biophysical, biochemical, growth, yield and yield attributes were studied at different crop growth stages. Maximum values were recorded for plant height in genotype FSCH-55 (227.60 cm), leaf area in genotype ADVSW-1 (72.83 dm2 plant-1), total dry matter production in genotype ADVSW-1 (174.20 g plant-1), days to 50 per cent tasselling in genotype ADVSW-1 (53.67), days to 50 per cent silking in genotype ADVSW-1 (58.00), anthesis to silking interval in genotype Priya-C (6.0 days), maximum photosynthetic rate in genotype ADVSW-1 (18.40 µ mol CO2 m-2 s-1), SPAD value in genotype ADVSW-1 (57.07), brix meter reading in genotype BSCH 6 (23.01). Maximum values were noticed for growth parameters viz., LAI (ADVSW-1, 6.07), LAD (ADVSW-1, 89.57 days), AGR (ADVSW-1, 1.91 g plant-1 day-1), CGR (ADVSW-1, 15.93 g m-2 day-1), RGR (WOSC-C, 5.23 mg g-1 day-1 x 10-3) and NAR (WOSC-C, 15.64 mg dm-2 day-1 x 10-3). Maximum values were recorded for biochemical parameters viz., protein content (17.09 mg g-1 of fresh weight in FSCH 75), starch content (383.90 mg g-1 of fresh weight in ADVSW-2), reducing sugar (66.88 mg g-1 of fresh weight in QMHSC-1182), non-reducing sugars (366.60 mg g-1 of fresh weight in ADVSW-2) and total sugar content (432.90 mg g-1 of fresh weight in ADVSW-2). Maximum fresh cob yield (250.50 q ha-1) in ADVSW-1, higher stover (green stalk) yield (284.60 q ha-1) in ADVSW-1, maximum harvest index (46.86 %) in ADVSW-2 was noticed. During shelf life period the protein content, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar and total sugar content decreased from harvest to post harvest stage whereas starch content increased. Among all the genotypes, ADVSW-1, BSCH 6 and ADVSW-2 showed higher total sugars, proteins, photosynthetic rate and higher yield.
Open Access
Physiological Responses of Tomato Cultivars (solanum lycopersicum l.) Grown Under Different Protected Conditions
(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2016-06) Sasirekha M.; Channappagoudar, B.B.
An experiment was conducted at Hi-Tech Horticultural Unit, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi, 2015-16 to study physiological responses of tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under three different protected conditions viz., polyhouse, shade house with 35 and 50 per cent shade net and three tomato hybrids viz., STH-801, STH-510 and STH-39. The morphological parameters viz., plant height (245.56 cm) and inter-nodal length (11.96 cm) were recorded significantly higher in shade house with 50 per cent shade net, whereas the lowest values were recorded in polyhouse. Contrarily, the physiological parameters viz., light transmission ratio (36.54 %), canopy temperature (35.16 °C), specific leaf weight (8.96 mg cm-2), SPAD value (57.20) and gas exchange characteristics viz., photosynthetic rate (20.59 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were found significantly higher in polyhouse. The phenological attributes like days to first flowering (33.89 days) and days to 50 per cent flowering (42.92 days) were significantly less in polyhouse. The yield attributes like number of fruits per plant (35.87) and average fruit weight (83.25 g) were significantly higher in polyhouse which resulted in higher yield (97.02 t ha-1) while the lowest yield was recorded in shade house with 50 per cent shade net. The biochemical parameters viz., titrable acidity (0.48 %), ascorbic acid content (23.27 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight) and shelf life (23.56 days) of the tomato fruits were significantly higher in polyhouse. However, significantly higher lycopene content (7.73 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight) and pericarp thickness were noticed in shade house with 50 per cent shade net. Among the hybrids studied STH-801 was found superior over the other hybrids in terms of photosynthetic rate (21.78 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance (0.302 m mol of CO2 m-2 s-1); biochemical parameters viz., ascorbic acid content and lycopene content (7.90 mg 100 g-1 of fresh weight) and yield attributes.

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