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ThesisItem Open Access Fabrication and evaluation of nanobentonite/epoxy laminated poplar veneer lumbers(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2021-07) Mohd Arif; Misra, AnadiA method of modification of poplar wood veneers (PWVs) was developed through adhesive bonding with bentonite epoxy nanocomposites (BENs).The process of adhesive bonding was executed through alternate laying of BENs across 4- layers of PWVs by pressing at 10kg/cm2 over 24h.This has afforded laminated veneer lumbers (LVLs) with improve mechanical properties, thermal and dimensional stability. LVLs were characterized through Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Effect of weight fraction (WF, wt%) of nanobentonite (NB) ranging 0 to 3.0 on mechanical properties, thermal and dimensional stability of LVLs was investigated with reference to PWVs as control. With WF of NB, the LVLs have rendered ultimate modification (%) in their flexural (80.49), tensile (63.81) and impact strength (18.35) at 2.0 WF of NB over PWVs. LVLs at 12 mm thickness with 2 WF of NB has rendered water resistance by 48.97% and thickness swelling (27.46%) over PWVs. Simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA-DTG) reveals reduction in moisture content of LVLs ranging 4.92 to 1.4 with WF of NB. TG-DTA reveals onset temperature of degradation of LVLs at 200o C with marginal reduction in their heat of fusion over PVWs. DTG reveals thermal degradation (mg/min) of LVLs ranging 0.79 to 0.41 in the temperature range of 287.93 to 294.40oC. TG endset of LVLs was commenced in the temperature range of 485.78 to 600.68o C with heat of fusion (J/mg) ranging 49.5 to 50.8 and average char residue of 3.45% .The present study reveals sustainable modification of PWVs thorough adhesive boding with BENs to deliver the LVLs with improved durability, thermal and dimensional stability.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of dietary supplementation of nano-chromium and phytase enzyme on performance of chicken(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2021-08) Renu Kumari; Ashoka KumarPresent study was carried out to perceive the effects of dietary supplementation of nano-chromium and phytase enzyme on performance of chicken. In experiment-I, 240, day-old broiler chicken were procured and randomly allocated into eight different treatment groups with three replicates in each. The control group (T0) was fed with standard basal diet as per BIS (2007). Treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were fed with 400, 800 and 1600ppb levels of nano-chromium, respectively, wherein, T4 and T5, T6 and T7 groups were supplemented with 250FTU phytase alone (T4) and along with 400, 800 and 1600ppb of nano-chromium, respectively for a period of six weeks. In trial-II, 180, twenty eight weeks old layer chickens were selected and randomly distributed in to ten treatment groups with 3 replicates in each. The control group (T0) was fed with standard basal diet wherein, groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were fed with 200, 400, 800 and 1600ppb levels of nano-chromium, respectively, while, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 groups were fed with 250FTU phytase alone and along with 200, 400, 800 and 1600ppb of nano-chromium, respectively for a period of 12 weeks. Best performance in terms of body weight, weight gain and feed intake in broiler chicken was observed in 800ppb nano-chromium along with 250FTU phytase added group. Similarly, supplementation of nano-Cr alone or along with phytase, significantly (P≤0.05) increased nutrient utilization, thymus weight, protein content in meat, Hb, serum TP, globulin, Ca and P concentration, lymphocyte proportion, HDL concentration, SOD and GSH-Px concentration, Cr and Zn concentration in serum and meat while significant (P≤0.05) reduction in abdominal fat percentage in broiler chicken, EE content and TC concentration in breast and thigh muscles, heterophil and H/L ratio, serum biochemical indices viz., glucose, AST and serum lipid profile, MDA level in meat muscles was observed.Immune status, SOD and GSH-Px levels in tissues were significantly (P≤0.05) increased while serum LPO level was significantly declined (P≤0.05) in T2 and T3 groups due to nano-Cr inclusion to broiler chicken diets. The economics of broiler chicken production in terms of net profit/ kg BW was significantly (P≤0.05) improved in T1 (400ppb nano-Cr) group. With increased levels of nano-Cr in diet, feed cost was significantly increased. The highest egg production and feed intake were recorded in 1600ppb nanao-Cr supplemented with 250FTU phytase group of layer chicken. Feed conversion ratio per dozen and per kg eggs, haugh unit, nutrient retention, egg protein, haematological parameters i.e. Hb, MCH and lymphocyte proportion, TP, globulin, HDL level, SOD concentration and Zn content in egg shell were significantly (P≤0.05) improved while EE and TC content in egg, heterophil, H/L ratio, serum glucose, lipid profile and serum LPO level in layer chicken were significantly (P≤0.05) reduced by inclusion of nano-Cr alone or along with phytase. Chromium contents in egg shell and GSH-Px level were significantly (P≤0.05) increased due to nano-Cr inclusion in feed. Lowest feed cost/egg produced was recorded with inclusion of 800ppb nano-Cr while increased (P≤0.05) feed cost/egg with increasing levels of nano-Cr with 250FTU phytase. Hence, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of nano-Cr at the rate of 1600ppb in diet of broiler and layer chicken may be recommended as it improved production performance, nutrient utilization, immune status, mineral contents in serum, meat, egg and lowered fat and lipid profile in serum, meat and eggs which may have an implication for producing designer meat and eggs in broiler and layer chicken.ThesisItem Open Access Fabrication and evaluation of nanobentonite/epoxy laminated poplar veneer lumbers(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2021-07) Mohd Arif; Misra, AnadiA method of modification of poplar wood veneers (PWVs) was developed through adhesive bonding with bentonite epoxy nanocomposites (BENs).The process of adhesive bonding was executed through alternate laying of BENs across 4- layers of PWVs by pressing at 10kg/cm2 over 24h.This has afforded laminated veneer lumbers (LVLs) with improve mechanical properties, thermal and dimensional stability. LVLs were characterized through Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Effect of weight fraction (WF, wt%) of nanobentonite (NB) ranging 0 to 3.0 on mechanical properties, thermal and dimensional stability of LVLs was investigated with reference to PWVs as control. With WF of NB, the LVLs have rendered ultimate modification (%) in their flexural (80.49), tensile (63.81) and impact strength (18.35) at 2.0 WF of NB over PWVs. LVLs at 12 mm thickness with 2 WF of NB has rendered water resistance by 48.97% and thickness swelling (27.46%) over PWVs. Simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA-DTG) reveals reduction in moisture content of LVLs ranging 4.92 to 1.4 with WF of NB. TG-DTA reveals onset temperature of degradation of LVLs at 200o C with marginal reduction in their heat of fusion over PVWs. DTG reveals thermal degradation (mg/min) of LVLs ranging 0.79 to 0.41 in the temperature range of 287.93 to 294.40oC. TG endset of LVLs was commenced in the temperature range of 485.78 to 600.68o C with heat of fusion (J/mg) ranging 49.5 to 50.8 and average char residue of 3.45% .The present study reveals sustainable modification of PWVs thorough adhesive boding with BENs to deliver the LVLs with improved durability, thermal and dimensional stability.ThesisItem Open Access Hydrological modelling using SWAT and effect of climate change on rainfall, runoff and sediment yield in the Naula Watershed, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2021-11) Saran, Bhagwat; Anil KumarSoil and water is one of the most important natural resources for the survival on the earth. Without soil and water the life on the earth is not expected. At present increasing the rate of soil erosion is the matter of serious concern to feed such a huge population. Considering the above facts the present study is undertaken to assess the hydrological behaviour of Naula watershed. In this study the physically based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the runoff and sediment yield from the Naula watershed of Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India. The data used for this study was runoff and sediment yield from the year 1980 to 2012, two years of data (1980-1981) were used to warm up of the SWAT model. The calibration was performed using monthly observed data of runoff and sediment yield from the year 1982 to 2002 and that model was validated using same data from 2003 to 2012. The calibration and validation analysis of the model has been carried out at Naula watershed using SWAT-CUP with the algorithm SUFI-2 (Sequential Uncertainty Fitting) for the runoff and sediment yield. The results of monthly Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), coefficient of determination (R2), percent bias (PBIAS) and RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) were found to be acceptable for both calibration and validation period. The NSE, R2, PBIAS and RMSE for the runoff simulation were found as 0.68, 0.68, -3.3 and 0.56 during calibration period and 0.62, 0.64, -12.8 and 0.76 for the validation respectively. For the simulation of sediment yield using SWAT-CUP, the NSE, R2, PBIAS and RMSE were found as 0.69, 0.73, -1.3 and 0.56 for the calibration period and 0.75, 0.76, -2.6 and 0.51 for the validation period respectively. NDVI and LULC change detection were also analysed in this study. The highest NDVI values were found as 0.64, 0.72 and 0.55 for the year 2000, 2010 and 2020 respectively. In the LULC change detection, the land covered by the agriculture was 13.87 %, mixed forest 1.95 %, shrub land 6.59 %, barren land 0.58 %, fallow land 11.63 %, water body 0.49 % and evergreen forest 64.85 % of the total area for the year of 2000. However, the area of agriculture and forest gradually decrease while the area of barren land and fallow land increase in the year 2000-2010. In the year 2010-2020; the agriculture land and forest land, fallow land decrease and barren land increases twice as compared to previous year. The area of water body increases very less from the year 2000-2020. Climate change was studied by determining the percentage change of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield from the year 2020 to 2052 (33 years) and 2053 to 2085 (33 years) with the base value of 1980 to 2012 (33 years).ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of anaesthetic effects of various combinations of acepromazine, butorphanol, dexmedetomidine and ketamine in glycopyrrolate premedicated dogs maintained with Sevoflurane(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2021-02) Kundu, Saikat Kumar; Kandpal, ManjulEighteen adult dogs (requiring various clinical procedures) used in this study were divided randomly into three subgroups (A, B and C). All the dogs were subjected to the administration glycopyrrolate at the dose rate of 0.01 mg/kg intramuscularly followed by acepromazine given as pre anaesthetic at the dose rate of 0.04 mg/kg IM in group A, butorphanol at the dose rate of 0.4 mg/kg IV in group B and dexmedetomidine 10 μg/kg IV in group C. Ten minutes after premedication, all the animals of each group were induced with intravenous ketamine. The induction doses were found to be 7.62±0.09 mg/kg in group A, 7.12±0.09 mg/kg in group B and 6.69±0.08 mg/kg in the animals of group C respectively. Intubation was easy and free of any major complications in the animals of group A and group C, however in the animals of group B, they showed strong coughing reflex, chewing motion and strong tongue with-drawl during the time of intubation. Anaesthesia was maintained in all the groups of animals with sevoflurane. The minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia was noted in all the animals by the tail clamp method. The level of anaesthesia was determined by observing various clinical (Induction time, intubation score, duration of anaesthesia, muscle relaxation, pedal reflex, recovery time, complete recovery time, recovery score, required doses of different drugs and minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane, physiological (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, capillary refill time, haemoglobin oxygen saturation-SpO2, electrocardiography), haematological (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, packed cell volume, and biochemical (serum glucose, total protein, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, alanine amino transferase ,aspartate amino transferase and total bilirubin) parameters. The animals of group C showed quicker induction. All anaesthetic combinations tested in the study were able to provide adequate muscle relaxation but group C showed better result. The pedal reflex was totally lost after administration of the induction agents in all the groups. The recovery time, complete recovery time were highest in group B followed by group C and group A. The minimum concentration of inhaled sevoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia were found to be (1.68 ± 0.47)% for group A, (2.00 ± 0.25)% for group B and (1.85 ± 0.54)% for group C. The rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate showed significant decrease at various time intervals. The systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures showed significant decrease in its values in the groups A but not in the group B and group C, and returned to their base values by 90 minutes post anaesthesia. In all the groups of animals the capillary refill time (CRT) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were always less than 2 seconds and more than 95% respectively. The haemoglobin, PCV, TLC and TEC values of the animals in various groups showed significant decrease in its values whereas the ESR showed a significant increase. Significant changes were observed in differential leucocyte count. Serum glucose, Serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, ALT, AST and total bilirubin levels increased significantly in all the groups of animals however there was significant decrease in total protein levels. On the basis of above mentioned parameters, it was concluded that the most efficacious anaesthetic combination was glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg IM) dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg IV)- ketamine (6.69±0.08 mg/kg IV) and sevoflurane (1.85 ± 0.54) % in the animals of group C and it was found suitable for surgeries because of its smooth induction, less induction time, excellent muscle relaxation and analgesia properties, maximum dose sparing effect on ketamine and smooth and uneventful recovery.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of n-Pentanol addition to methanol-diesel blends on combustion stability, knock, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2021-12) Vishnoi, Pradeep Kumar; Gupta, V.K.The present study investigates the influence of n-pentanol addition to diesel/methanol blends on diesel engine performance, combustion, knock, and emission characteristics at different loading conditions. The experiments were performed for diesel and five different test fuels namely MnP5 (5% methanol+5% n-pentanol+90% diesel), MnP10 (10% methanol+10% n-pentanol+80% diesel), MnP15 (15% methanol+15% npentanol+80% diesel), MnP20 (20% methanol+20% n-pentanol+60% diesel) and MnP25 (25% methanol+25% n-pentanol+50% diesel). Performance characteristics were evaluated by using a fuel consumption test. Moreover, combustion and knock characteristics were evaluated based on in-cylinder pressure measurement and heat release analysis. Further, combustion stability analysis was conducted by using statistical and wavelet methods. The peak pressure data series was used for statistical and wavelet analysis. The results indicate that n-pentanol can stabilize the diesel-methanol blend and improve the properties of npentanol-methanol-diesel blends. The brake thermal efficiency for all test fuels and exhaust gas temperature for all test fuels was higher than that of the diesel. Longer ignition delay was observed for all the blends except MnP5 at lower load conditions, while shorter ignition delay was observed at high load conditions. Further, the ignition delay was increased with the increase in methanol and n-pentanol percentage in the test fuel blends. The peak pressure and rate of heat release for all the blends except Mn25 were higher than that of diesel at high load conditions. Knock, and ringing intensities for MnP5 were found to be higher than diesel at all loads. NOx emission for all the blends was lower than diesel at all loading conditions, while HC and smoke emission for MnP5 and MnP10 was lower than diesel at high load conditions. CO emission was found to be higher than diesel for all the blends at all loading conditions. Furthermore, coefficient of variation (COV), wavelet power spectrum (WPS), and global wavelet spectrum (GWS) power indicate that MnP25 exhibits very high cyclic variation.ThesisItem Open Access Study of genetic parameters and seed quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Mathpal, Pallavi; Karnwal, M.K.The present investigation entitled “Study of genetic parameters and seed quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.)” was carried out at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during 2020. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design in field with thirty-one genotypes and three replications in rabi season to determine the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficient analysis between yield and its component. ANOVA revealed significant differences among all genotypes for all characters under study. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters under study. High to moderate GCV and PCV was observed for germinative energy, grain yield per plant, harvest index (%), thousand grain weight, first count (%), seedling shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, vigour index I, vigour index II, speed of germination, time to 50% germination, germinative value and peak value. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was exhibited by grain yield, harvest index, thousand grain weight, germination energy, germinative value, seedling shoot length, vigour index II, peak value, first count (%), fresh weight and dry weight. Highly significant and positive correlation of grain yield per plant was observed with biological yield per plant, harvest index, thousand grain weight, vigour index I, vigour index II, seedling length, spike length and number of tillers per plant. Therefore, more emphasis should be given to these characters for improvement of grain yield in wheat through selection programme.ThesisItem Open Access Study of obesity and derivation of simple screening measure to identify obesity among school going adolescents in Rudrapur city, Dist. U.S. Nagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Anugya Bharti; Kushwaha, ArchanaThe present study was undertaken for determining the prevalence of obesity among school going adolescents and to assess the dietary intake and its adequacy and level of physical activity among adolescents. The study also aims to determine the simple screening measure for identifying adolescents with overweight and obesity. A school based cross-sectional study was done in Rudrapur city. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 10.4% and 4.1%, respectively considering IAP reference standards as cut – offs with higher prevalence among boys than girls. Result of multivariate analysis showed that type of school and mother’s educational level were the factors that were found to be significantly associated with overweight. Only type of school was found to be significantly associated with prevalence of obesity. The odd of overweight and obesity was almost 1.7 times and 2.2 times, respectively higher in private school in comparison to government school. Energy, carbohydrate, sugar and fat intake was significantly higher in obese subjects in comparison to their overweight and normal weight counterparts. On comparing the nutrient intake of subjects with the RDA suggested for Indian adolescents, the adequacy of CHO and protein intake was found in more than 80% of the subjects whereas the adequacy of ascorbic acid and magnesium intake was found in 77.7% and 67.2%, respectively of the study population. The inadequate intake of iron and zinc was found in more than 40% of the study population. More than 50% of the subjects had inadequate intake of calcium, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. Boys were having significantly higher physical activity in comparison to girls. In comparison to active child, inactive child (>60 min/day of MVPA) had 1.5 times more chance to become overweight. Similarly, in comparison to active child, inactive child had 2.4 times more chance to become obese. ROC curve analysis was done and on the basis of Youden index (sensitivity + specificity -1), Tri ponderal mass index (TMI) was found as best screening measure for identifying overweight and obesity among adolescents. The optimal TMI cut off value for screening overweight among adolescents were >12 kg/m3 and >13 kg/m3 for boys and girls, respectively. The optimal TMI cut off value for screening obesity among adolescents were >14 kg/m3 and >16 kg/m3 for boys and girls, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Kidney stone detection from ultrasound images using masking techniques(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Chaudhary, Harshita; Pandey, Binay KumarHere we are using masking techniques for stone detection that are present in the kidney. As we know Masking techniques are conspicuous approaches in contrast enhancement. For this firstly, the image is converted into grey and after that contrast of the image is enhanced. The process of contrast enhancement is done with the help of Optimum Wavelet-Based Masking (OWBM) using the Enhanced Cuckoo Search Algorith (ECSA). Afterward image segmentation and image masking have been done to detect stone from the image. The cuckoo search algorithm is used for global optimization of contrast enhancement. With the help of the Cuckoo search algorithm approximation of the coefficient has been optimized. The objective of this project is to design and implement a method to detect the presence of stone from the ultrasound image of a kidney. Here we are making are system our more intelligent.
