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2013 - 201765
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End date: 2017 × Start date: 2013 × Thesis Type: M.Tech. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    In vitro synthesis of beer by optimizing fermenting parameters and blend ratios of barley and finger millet
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Sanjay Kumar; Singh, Anupama
    There are many crops including cereals and legumes which are locally cultivated in Uttarakhand in large quantity. Underutilized crops are the lesser known species in terms of trade and research, and often adapted to marginal and stress conditions. With ample of nutritional benefits, these crops have the potential to be converted in the form of processed foods.Barley,a primary cereal used in the production of maltis the basic raw material for brewing. Finger millet, one of the major underutilized crops of Uttarakhand, it grows well in tropical countries and contains good amount of reducing sugars. It can become a substitute for barley in beer production. Studies related to value addition of underutilized crops using fermentation technology needs a radical approach as very little work has been done in India. Therefore, the present study has been planned keeping in view all the above factors in mind. An attempt has been made to explore the underutilized crops utilization (finger millet and barley) using fermentation technology. Designed experiments were conducted randomly to find the effect of three variables (blend ratio, kilning temperature and slurry ratio) on pH, colour, bitterness and alcohol content. The levels of variables selected for the final experiments were blend ratio (100:0, 50:50 and 0:100) , kilning temperature (50°C,70°C and 90°C) slurry ratio (1:3,1:5and 1:7).The data from all experiments were analysed statistically using Design Expert 8.0.6.1 and the response functions were developed using multiple regression analysis and second order models were fitted for each response. Using the regression equations of the variables, contours were drawn with SURFER 9.0. Result of fermentation studies reveals that beer could be produced using finger millet and barley in combination under natural fermenting conditions using the yeast isolates(saccharomyces cerevisiae). Out of three independent variables (blend ratio, kilning temperature and slurry ratio) considered during the study blend ratio has the maximum effect on alcohol content while the slurry ratio and kilning temperature affect the colour and bitterness of the end product. Statistical analysis resulted in the optimum conditions of the independent variables as (blend ratio79:21, kilning temperature 50°C and slurry ratio 1:7)for maximum production of beer. The second order model was found to be fit to predict all the responses i.e. pH, colour, bitterness and alcohol content. The model F value was found to be highly significance in case of all the responses.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Structural analysis of polyhouses and tensiometer based drip irrigation scheduling of off-season cucumber in Pantnagar tarai condition of Uttarakahnd
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-05) Singh, Sapna; Singh, P.K.
    The present study was undertaken to investigate the “Structural Analysis of Polyhouses and Tensiometer Based Drip Irrigation Scheduling of Off-season Cucumber in Pantnagar Tarai Condition of Uttrakhand”. To meet the first objective study was carried out to determine the structural characteristic of six polyhouse located in Pantnagar tarai condition of Uttarakhand. Polyhouse enterprises are widely common in the plain and hilly area of Uttarakhand for growing cutflower and other off-season vegetable cultivation. Information about polyhouse types, material properties, placement and arrangement in the study area was gathered by actual measurement on the site. Loads acting on the trusses of polyhouses were analysed by joint method. On the basis of this analysis compression and tension forces of all trusses were determined to get the safe load of each and every members of polyhouse trusses. Another aspect of the study was to see the response of cucumber to different irrigation levels and fertigation scheduling under a double span naturally ventilated polyhouse. The study was conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The study also included to investigate the economic feasibility of cucumber production under the polyhouse for its off-season production. During the five months of growing period in DS NVPH the average depth of water applied in the irrigation treatment in which the soil moisture regimes was maintained at 20-30 kPa level was 104.2 mm, at 30-50 kPa was 112.2 mm and at 50-70 kPa level was 92.4 mm, whereas in conventional practice (control), depth of irrigation was 155.2 mm. Production of the mean value of cucumber at irrigation treatment of 20-30 kPa, 30-50 kPa, 50-70 kPa and control has been found to be 8.50, 10.60, 12.04 and 6.05 kg/m2 respectively. The average water productivity for cucumber at irrigation levels 20-30 kPa, 30-50 kPa, 50-70 kPa and control were 29.55, 24.39, 25.10 and 41.15 litre/kg, respectively. Production of off-season cucumber under tensiometer based different drip and fertigation treatment was economically feasible at selling price higher than 20 `/kg. However, the production of cucumber under the control (conventional surface irrigation and fertilizer application) was economically feasible at selling price of `30/kg.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Application of heuristics approach for solving the scheduling problem : A case study in TVS Sundaram Fastners Ltd., Pantnagar
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Singh, Sandeep; Jadoun, R.S.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development and performance evaluation of a single row gladiolus planter
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Singh, Padam; Singh, T.P.
    Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) a member of Iridaceae family also known as “queen of the flowers” is one of the popular bulbous ornamental plants. The total area under bulbous ornamental crop in the world is 50,000 ha, out of this the maximum area is under gladiolus (15000 ha) followed by Narcissus (7000 ha), Lilium (5000 ha), Iris (2000 ha) and Tulip (16000). In India about 3500 ha area is under bulbous ornamental with maximum area being under gladiolus followed by Tuberose (800 ha) (Deshraj, 2006).Uttarakhand is also one of the important pockets of commercial flower cultivation in India. Foreseeing the potentiality, APEDA has defined Uttarakhand as one of the export zone for floriculture products in the country. Among the cultivated flowers gladiolus ranks first in the state in area (89.99 ha), production (121.89 MT) and productivity (1.34 MTha-1) as compared to other important flowers crop like rose, lilium etc. The normal planting time of gladiolus in plains is between September and October, whereas in the hills it is in the month of March and April. The current and future demands are for horticulture and floriculture machinery as more and more farmers are moving towards it to achieve profit in farming. Sowing / planting of gladiolus is considered as one of the most important operation which involve factor like correct seed rate, appropriate depth of placement and require spacing and orientation which determines the crop production. The time and method adopted for sowing decisively affect the germination and hence production. In order to facilitate the mechanization of this critical operation of Gladiolus planter was developed and evaluated for efficient and timely planting operation of this potential economic bulbous crop. During the design physical properties of gladiolus bulb such as, size, shape, bulk density, germination percentage, moisture content, angle of repose, coefficient of friction, porosity were also studied to make good use of them in designing the planter. The designed planter was also evaluated for its performance in actual field condition. The average angle of repose observed for gladiolus bulb was found as 31º with a minimum of 27º and maximum of 35º .The germination percentage of the gladiolus bulb was found 93 percent The average bulk density of bulb was found as 0.58 g/cc with a minimum and maximum value of 0.565 and 0.615 g/cc. Under field condition average value of bulb to bulb spacing delivered by planter for 15 cm setting at 1, 1.5 and 2 km/h speed was found 17.08, 17.84, and 17.32 cm respectively whereas for 20 cm spacing the average value of bulb to bulb spacing at 1, 1.5, 2 km/h was found as 23.01, 22.45 and 22.19 respectively. And for 25 cm spacing the average bulb to bulb spacing was found 29.08, 28.41 and 28.52 respectively. The coefficient of uniformity for 15 cm spacing at 1, 1.5 and 2 km/h was observed to be 92.06, 92.42 and 92.53 % respectively. For 20 cm setting of spacing the coefficient of uniformity at 1, 1.5 and 2 km/h was found to be 89.61, 90.88 and 93.5 percent respectively. Whereas for 25 cm spacing the value of coefficient of uniformity at 1, 1.5 and 2 km/h was determined 97.21, 97.37 and 97.65 percent respectively. Under the field test the highest mechanical damage to the bulb by metering unit was observed as 6.1 % and no visual damage was observed. The minimum and maximum missing percentage was measured as 3.3 and 4 %. The designed prototype was found has a draft requirement of 85 kgf, field capacity of 0.126 ha/h, field efficiency of 72.93 % and fuel consumption of the machine was found as 3.2 l/h. The designed protype is recommended for mechanical planting of Gladilous and other similar bulbous crop to save time and labour and increase production and productivity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A comparative study of digital integrators and application in designing of discrete filters for high speed control systems
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Rastogi, Rohitashwa; Paras
    In the modern age of Information technology, the digital communication has a very important role. In the digital communication system to process on the discrete signals we require the discrete control systems. Digital filters are the main part of such discrete control systems. Digital filters are those electronic circuits whose gain is a function of input frequency. The frequency range for which the gain is large is called the pass band. In fact the filters are used to filter-out the desired frequencies in transmitters and receivers. The IIR filters can be designed by various methods. In modern digital communication system those filters are required whose magnitude plot is flat and it does not have any resonance peak. To design such filters the study of digital differentiators and integrators has been done and their response and deviation from the ideal differentiators and integrators is calculated. By studying different types of differentiators and applied to the low pass filter’s, high pass filter’s prototype with application of respective mathematical constraint for flat and resonance peak less magnitude response. This generated the different digital filters for different differentiators. The digital filters designed hence, compared with the analog filter for the settling time and it is observed that the Backward Euler method generates the fast settling digital filters out of all methods. By studying and analyzing the different descretization methods, it is concluded that a Backward Euler method can generate the digital filters with flat magnitude response for high speed control systems applications.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance evaluation of a modified small axial flow multicrop thresher on soybean, black gram and rice
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Stanly, Nishanth M.; Arun Kumar
    Modernization of agriculture requires appropriate machinery for ensuring timely field operations, effective application of inputs, and reducing drudgery. Between the years 2007 and 2012, pulses production in India has increased from 14.3 to 17.09 MT while for 2013 production was17.58 MT. Rice is a major cereal crop as well as one of the most important food crops in India in terms of area, production and consumer preference. India is the second largest producer and consumer of rice in the world. Threshing is the process of loosening and separating grain from ear heads. It can be done by manual hand beating, animals treading or mechanical means. Manual threshing is slow, time consuming and laborious. Scarcity of labour and non-availability of small size machinery makes the job difficult in hills. Farmers in hilly region use conventional methods for threshing crops. Therefore, demand of multicrop small power thresher in hill region is high, which can significantly reduce the human drudgery. An axial flow thresher with multicrop potential was modified for soybean, black gram and paddy in the Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. It consists of main frame, threshing assembly, cleaning unit, power transmission unit, feeding chute and aspirator. Engineering properties of soybean, black gram and rice related to thresher design were determined. The modified thresher was evaluated for its performance under different treatments at four cylinder speeds of 320 rpm (6.19 m/s), 370 rpm (7.16 m/s), 420 rpm (8.13 m/s) and 470 rpm (9.09 m/s) and three cylinder-concave clearances of 10, 15, and 20 mm for soybean crop. Similarly for black gram, three cylinder speeds 300 rpm (5.80 m/s), 370 rpm (7.16 m/s) and 440 rpm (8.52 m/s) and three concave clearances of 12, 15 and 18 mm were used while three cylinder speeds of 370 rpm (7.16 m/s), 470 rpm (9.09 m/s) and 570 rpm (11.04 m/s) and at four concave clearances of 15, 20, 25, and 30 mm were selected for testing paddy. Performance results showed that maximum threshing efficiency observed for soybean, black gram and paddy was 99.81, 99.87 and 99.51% at cylinder speeds of 470 rpm (9.09 m/s), 440 rpm (8.52 m/s) and 570 rpm (11.04 m/s) with 10, 15 and 16 mm concave clearances, respectively. The cleaning efficiency were found maximum of 99.31, 98.69 and 99.35 % at cylinder speeds of 470 rpm (9.09 m/s), 370 rpm (7.16 m/s) and 370 rpm (7.16 m/s), respectively with 10, 15 and 25 mm concave clearances in soybean, black gram and paddy crops. The minimum total loss was for soybean, black gram and paddy were 1.79, 4.24 and 4.19 % at cylinder speeds of 370 rpm (7.16 m/s), 300 rpm (5.8 m/s) and 370 rpm (7.16 m/s) with 20, 18 and 30 mm concave clearances, respectively. The least visible grain damage reported at cylinder speeds of 320 rpm (6.19 m/s), 300 rpm (5.8 m/s) and 370 rpm (7.16 m/s), respectively with concave clearances of 20, 18 and 30 mm in respective crops. The maximum germination percentage observed for soybean, black gram and paddy was 97.10, 90.00 and 98.66 % at cylinder speeds of 320 rpm (6.19 m/s), 300 rpm (5.8 m/s) and 370 rpm (7.16 m/s), respectively with 20, 18 and 30 mm concave clearances.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on drying characteristics of carrot cubes in a fluidized bed dryer
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Arvind Kumar; Pandey, R.K.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Process standardization for Sous-Vide cooking of microwave pretreated broccoli (Brassica oleracea)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-10) Rawat, Rashmi; Lohani, U.C.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Interaction of milling parameters with the quality of wheat flour using stone grinder
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-10) Pandey, Suman; Omre, P.K.
    Wheat is among the most important food crop and an affluent source of carbohydrates and contains valuable components such as protein, fat, minerals and vitamins. But during wheat processing, components like vitamins and minerals are lost. The major reason is the removal of bran and wheat processing parameters like speed and clearance between the grinding stones which affects the components of wheat. These are destroyed by the heat produced due to frictional forces between the grinding stone. The effect of the frictional force can be reduced by performing the milling operation at comparatively lower speed. Therefore, research was undertaken to study the effect of these process parameters i.e., grinding speed, feed rate and clearance and subsequently optimize the parameters on the basis of flour recovery and quality attributes. Experiments were conducted using general factorial design with three independent variables at three levels. Variables selected for the experiment were speed (100, 350 and 600 rpm), feed rate (6, 8 and 10 kg/h) and clearance (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mm). Responses selected were flour yield (g/100g), machine yield (g/100g), average particle size (mm), protein (g/100g), fat (g/100g), moisture loss (%), ash (g/100g), calcium (mg/100g) and iron (mg/100g). The data from the experiments were analyzed using Design Expert 10.0.1 and the response function were developed using multiple regression analysis and second order model was fitted for each response. It was found that speed, feed rate and clearance had highly significant effect on flour yield, fat, moisture, iron, calcium, ash and average particle size whereas the protein was affected only by speed. The results obtained were optimized using general factorial methodology. Optimum levels of variables were grinding speed 100.001 rpm, feed rate 6 kg/h and clearance between the stones 0.23 mm and with responses value 93.6 g/100g machine yield, 83.2 g/100g flour yield, 12.9 g/100g protein, 1.21 g/100g ash, 16.2 % moisture loss, 2.67 g/100g fat, 23.9 mg/100g calcium, 3.80 mg/100g iron and 0.29 mm average particle size. It was found that traditionally milled flour has 9.4 g/100g protein which is comparatively less than the protein value obtained at 100 rpm grinding speed. Also decreased ash content was obtained i.e. 1.21 g/100 g in comparison to the traditionally milled flour. Overall, better flour quality was obtained when wheat was ground at 100 rpm grinding speed with 6 kg/h feed rate and 0.23 mm clearance.