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ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis, combining ability, stability analysis and protein profiling in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-10) Pandey, Bhawna; Singh, Y.V.Present investigation was carried out during kharif, 2007, spring-summer 2007 and 2008 at the vegetable research center of GBPUA&T, Pantnagar. Eleven genotypes were evaluated for stability and out of these 11 genotypes 6 selected ones were crossed in diallel fashion. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. During sprin-summer 2007 crosses were made and evaluated in kharif, 2007 and spring-summer 2008. The observations were recorded on 8 characters viz., plant height, days to 50% flowering, pods per plant, pod length, seeds per pods, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, insect incidence and virus incidence. The data was subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Further, seed protein profiling of nine cowpea genotypes were done using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The pooled analysis of variance in stability analysis showed the significant difference among the genotypes for all the characters under study. For seed yield per plant IT-97K-1042, IT-98K-1111, IT-98K-452 and Pusa Komal were the most desirable genotypes showing their stability over a wide range of environments. Similarly, IT-82D-889 also showed higher yielding capacity but under high yielding environment. Two genotypes namely, Pusa Komal & Arka Garima exhibited greater stability for pods per plants and IT-82D-889, IT-97K-1042, Pusa Komal & Arka Garima were found stable for the character seeds per pods. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed that GCA and SCA mean squares were highly significant for all the characters except virus incidence. For the parents, the GCA mean squares were larger in magnitude than SCA mean squares. The parents identified as promising were IT-98K-205 (plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering, pods per plant, insect incidence and virus incidence), IT-97K-1042 (pods per plants, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, virus incidence and insect incidence). IT-93K-452 X Pusa Komal and IT-93K-452 X Swarn Harita were early flowering crosses as compared to their parents. The crosses found promising for pods per plants were IT-93K-452 X IT-98K-1111, IT-93K-452 X IT-98K-205 and IT-97K-1042 X IT-98K-1111; for pod length IT-98K-1111 X Pusa Komal , IT-98K-205 X Pusa Komal , IT-97K-1042 X IT-98K-205 and for seeds per pods IT-98K-1111 X Pusa Komal, IT-98K-205 X Pusa Komal , IT-93K-452 X Pusa Komal having high sca effect. For seed yield per plant IT-97K-1042 X IT-98K-1111, IT-98K-205 X Pusa Komal and IT-98K-205 X Swarn Harita were found best combinations. On the basis of standard heterosis, it can be concluded that heterosis breeding would be advantageous for the improvement of cowpea for yield and its quantitative traits. The crosses IT-97K-1042 X IT-98K-1111, IT-98K-205 X Pusa Komal and IT-97K-1042 X Pusa Komal were best heterotic crosses for seed yield as they demonstrated highly significant heterosis, over standard cultivar Pusa Komal. These crosses can be utilized for commercial exploitation of heterosis for getting maximum yield. Nine genotypes were distinguished into 7 groups on different banding pattern on 4 zones. The UPGMA analysis showed that there were two major groups consisted of I megagroup (IT-93K-452, IT-97K-1042, IT-98K-205, IT-98K-1111, IT-82D-889) and II megagroup consisted of Pusa Komal, Arka Garima, Local and Swarn Harita. The highest protein content was reported in IT-97K-1042 (30.46%) followed by IT-98-1111 (27.22%). These lines could be used in breeding programme for increasing protein content of local cultivars.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on integrated nutrient management in sweet sorghum and phillipesara intercropping system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-03) Singh, Shyam; KewalanandField experiment was conducted at IDF, Nagla of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (U.S. Nagar) during kharif seasons of 2007 and 2008. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design consisting total 18 treatment combinations of 3 cropping system (sole sweet sorghum, sole phillipesara and sweet sorghum + phillipesara) and 6 source of nitrogen (Full dose of recommended N through inorganic fertilizer; 75% nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 25% through vermicompost; 50% nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 50% through vermicompost; 75% nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 25% through farm yard manure; 50% nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 50% through FYM and 50% nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 25% through vermicompost + 25% through FYM which were replicated 4 times. The green and dry fodder yield at 80 DAS and all the growth parameters of sweet sorghum and crude protein yield of mixed fodder increased due to intercropping and with application of nitrogen 50% through inorganic fertilizer and 50% through vermicompost, however, sole phillipesara performed significantly better. The crude protein content and yield of sole phillipesara was significantly higher, while reverse, but non-significant was the trend for sweet sorghum. The stalk, juice, sugar, calculated ethanol yield and juice quality characters viz. juice, brix, sucrose and available sugar per cent of sweet sorghum were significantly more under intercropping supplied with 50% nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 50% through vermicompost. The nutrient uptake by sweet sorghum was significantly more under intercropping, while that of phillipesara was under sole cropping. The growth parameters were positively associated with stalk, juice, sugar and ethanol yield. Among the juice quality parameters, juice, brix and sucrose per cent were positively and available sugar, juice purity coefficient were negatively associated with all the growth parameters and yield. The soil organic carbon, available N and P improved due to sole phillipesara and intercropping, while integrated nutrient sources, specially 50% nitrogen through inorganic fertilizer + 25% through vermicompost + 25% through FYM, improved the fertility status of soil compared to initial fertility level. Reduction in available soil K was notice in all the treatments compared with initial values. Thus, it is concluded that sweet sorghum intercropped with phillipesara receiving nitrogen 50 per cent through inorganic fertilizer and 50 per cent through vermicompost sustain higher yield and quality and improves soil fertility.ThesisItem Open Access Bio ecological studies of major insect pests of pigeon pea and effect of newer insecticides on pests of pigeon pea and chickpea and their natural enemies(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-01) Khulbe, Pooja; Ram UjagirThesisItem Open Access Effect of biostimulants and biofertilizers on growth, flowering and physio-chemical properties of rose cv. Laher(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-01) Rana, Manju; Santosh KumarThe present studies entitled “Effect of Biostimulants and Biofertilizers on Growth, Flowering and Physio-chemical properties of rose cv. Laher” was carried out during October 2006 to November 2008 at Model Floriculture Centre, Department of Horticulture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with 18 treatments replicated thrice with sixteen plants per replication. The treatments combinations consisting of inorganic fertilizers, biofertilizers (Common basal dose) and biostimulants (namely, Manchurian mushroom tea and Panchgavya). Plants grown in Common basal dose + vermicompost (500 g/m2) + 3% Panchgavya + 3% Manchurian mushroom tea recorded maximum diameter of rootstock, number of flowering shoots per plant, number of flowers per plant, leaf area per plant, number of leaves per plant, flower longevity and soil organic carbon content. Treatment consisting of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers + vermicompost (500 g/m2) + 3% Panchgavya + 3% Manchurian mushroom tea was effective in increasing plant height, bud diameter, bud length, flower stem length, flower size, average fresh and dry weight of flower and duration of flowering. Maximum soil NPK was observed in media containing recommended dose of NPK (T1). Treatment consisting of Common basal dose + vermicompost (500 g/m2) + 3 % Panchgavya + 3 % Manchurian mushroom tea was effective in increasing leaf NPK content.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological basis of yield differences among wheat varieties under timely and late sown conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-01) Pande, Pooja; Verma, R.S.The present investigation was carried out at Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar (Uttarakhand) during rabi 2006-07 and 2007-08 by sowing ten wheat varieties on November 14 and December 20. Delay in crop sowing adversely affect yield and yield attributes. Among the varieties UP 2572, UP 2565, UP 2526 and UP 2554 recorded high grain yield during both the years. Varieties UP 2572, UP 2565, UP 2526, UP 2425 and PBW 502 produced high biological yield during both the years. Delay in sowing reduced number of tillers and effective shoots. Variety PBW 502 followed by UP 2565 and UP 2554 produced highest number tillers in both the years. Varieties PBW 502, UP 2554 and UP 2526 produced higher number of effective shoots during both the years. The higher 1000-grain weight was recorded by varieties UP 2425 and UP 2565 during both the years. Reduction in leaf area index was observed due to late sowing at 30, 50, 70, 90, 110 day stage. High leaf area index was noticed in variety Raj 3765 upto 70 days after sowing and variety PBW 502 recorded highest leaf area index at 90 and 110 days after sowing during both the years. Leaf area index at 90 and 110 days after sowing was positively correlated with grain yield. The SPAD value was statistically similar in both timely and late sown crop at boot and anthesis stage but after anthesis, late sown crop showed significantly lower SPAD value than timely sown crop at one and two weeks after anthesis. Varieties PBW 502 and UP 2565 showed high chlorophyll content at all the stages during both the years. Delay in sowing showed reduction in photosynthetic rate. Variety UP 2565, PBW 502 recorded high photosynthetic rate at anthesis and ten days after anthesis during both the years. Protein content, gluten and sedimentation value was higher in late sown crop compare to timely sown crop whereas starch content was higher in timely sown crop compare to late sown crop. Among varieties UP 2338 and UP 2565 recorded high protein, gluten and sedimentation value whereas high starch content was recorded in variety PBW 502 and PBW 373 during both the years.ThesisItem Open Access Competitive ability and allelopathic potential of rice cultivars against weeds(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-04) Singh, Pratibha; Guru, S.K.The present study was conducted in the Crop Research Centre and the Deptt. of Plant Physiology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, with an objective to evaluate the competitive ability and allelopathic potential of five rice cultivars against weeds. The field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2007 and 2008. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications with weed control methods as main plots and cultivars as subplot treatments. The treatment consisted of weedy, weed free and butachlor. Morphological as well as Physiological growth parameters and total dry matter production were measured at different growth stages. Total phenol content and phenol profiling through HPLC were also done. To study the effect of phenolics and rice tissue extracts on germination of weed seeds were carried out through petridish bioassay as well as hydroponic cultures. Among the different phenolics ferulic acid, vanillic acid and syringic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acids had maximum inhibitory effects on germination and seedling growth of weed species. The straw and roots of rice cultivars had inhibitory effects on weed seedling growth. Traits that were found to be correlated with competitiveness were vegetative vigour and biomass production at early growth stages whereas physiological growth parameters such as RGR, NAR, RLGR, RLAGR were poorly correlated with competitive ability. Among the five rice cultivars, Pant Dhan 18, Govind and Pusa 44 were competitive than Pant Sugandha Dhan 15 and Pant Sugandha Dhan 17. The phenolic profiling through HPLC exhibited that major phenolics hydroquinone, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, vanillic aicd, syringic and gallic acid were major phenolic acid present in roots which contributes towards allelopathy. Incorporation of rice straw at transplanting or prior to that has been reported to have an controlling effect on the weed population. In a second experiment, incorporation of rice straw at 100-500 gm m-2, 15 days prior to transplanting was found to have significant effect on reducing the weed biomass as well as promoting both growth and yield of four rice cultivars. Four phenolic acids such as gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, cinnamic acid and ferulic acid were identified by HPLC in the rice straw which is supposed to have some allelopathic effect.ThesisItem Open Access Insect pest complex of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] and their natural enemies in Uttarakhnd(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-01) Sharma, Rajesh Kumar; Bisht, R.S.Extensive surveys carried out during 2005-2008 revealed the occurrence of 58 arthropods pests associated with tea crop. All the species appeared new to Uttarakhand. Significantly, the class Insecta has been found as the predominant group of arthropods (56 species) over Arachnida (2 species) both qualitatively and quantitatively. Considering the species spectrum, the order Hemiptera and Orthoptera has been reported as the most prevalent insect order (14 species of each), followed by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (10 species of each), Thysanoptera (5 species), Isoptera (2 species) and Diptera (1 species). The subtropical zone is represented highest number of 56 species of arthropods in comparison to tropical zone where only 23 species associated with tea. The seasonal incidence and relative abundance of these arthropods in tropical and subtropical localities has also been discussed in the thesis. Out of 58 species of arthropods reported Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer.), Thrips hawiiensis (Morgan), T. flavus Schrank, Caloptilia theivora Walsm.and Xenocatantops humilis Serville have been identified as the predominant species and therefore considered as the pests of major importance. A total of 18 species of natural enemies of tea pests have been reported for the first time from this region. The subtropical zone represented a total of 14 species and 04 species of predators and parasitoids respectively. In contrast to tropical zone where only 7 predators were recorded. The distribution, relative abundance along with prey/ host relation of these natural enemies in different phytogeographical locations has been also incorporated. The population density and seasonal fluctuations in population of some major insect pests of tea viz., tea aphid, tea thrips, Grasshoppers, and leaf roller on 5 commonly growing germplasms of tea viz., T-78, BSS-449, AV-2, UPASI-9 and Kangra Jat have been studied at Kausani with respect to different plucking seasons. The congenial seasons for tea aphid, thrips and leaf roller has been observed during Easter and Summer plucking seasons whereas for grasshoppers it was during autumn plucking season. Seven categories of pests attacking tea plantation have been identified on the basis of their nature of damage viz., sap suckers, defoliators, leaf rollers, leaf folders, leaf miners, root feeders and borers. The highest number of 22 species have been reported as sap suckers followed by defoliators (17 species), root feeders (11 species), leaf folders (4 species), borers (2 species), leaf roller (1 species) and leaf miner (1 species). Field experiments have been carried out to screen the tea germplasm viz., T - 78, BSS - 449, AV - 2, UPASI - 9, BSS - 379, RR - 17/44, P – 383 and P - 312 against some major insect pests of tea (tea aphid, tea thrips, Grasshoppers, and leaf roller) for resistance. The germplasms viz., BSS-379, RR-17/44, P-383 and P-312 have been identified to be resistant for major pests of tea and therefore may be promoted for the betterment of the tea industry in Uttarakhand. The thesis also incorporates the results of bioefficacy of some local plant extracts against the tea aphid, T. aurantii and tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabr. Out of 10 plant extracts tested in laboratory the extracts of Giardinia heterophylla, Zanthoxylum atmatum and Agave americana have beeb found to exhibit promising effect against the tea aphid and tobacco caterpillar. Laboratory experiment on the feeding propensity of the larvae of the syrphid, Episyrphus balteatus de Geer and larvae and adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. on third instar nymphs of tea aphid have been conducted. It has been observed that the larvae of these predators destroyed more number of aphids as compared to the adult of C. septempunctata (average feeding propensity 46.40, 33.20 and 29.96 third instar nymphs/ 24 hours respectively). the thesis also incorporates the results of per cent parasitisation by hymenopteran larval parsitoids on tea leaf roller, C. theivora and tea tortix, Homona coffearia at subtropical location, Kausani. Feeding propensity of common grasshopper, X. humilis observed in laboratory revealed that the insect consumed on an average of 0.550 mg of tea foliage/ 24 hours.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the effect of feeding different levels of jaggery filter cake on growth, carcass traits and blood biochemical profile in pigs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-01) Manjunatha Patel, B.H; Sharma, R.J.A study was conducted to evaluate the composition and effect of different levels of Jaggery Filter cake (JFC) feeding on growth, carcass traits and blood biochemical profile in pigs. Jaggery filter cake is a scum collected while preparing the jaggery. Thirty growers of Large White Yorkshire (3-31/2 month) were divided in to 5 dietary groups viz., Gr.I: concentrate only; Gr.II: concentrate +250 g; Gr.III: concentrate +250 g,; Gr. IV: concentrate +250 g.JFC and Gr. V: ad lib. JFC only without concentrate. Jaggery Filter cake was increased in the ratio of 50:100:150 g in group II, III and IV, respectively every fortnight during growing stage and every week during finishing stage. The DM, OM, TA, CP, EE, NFE and AIA of JFC was 35.502, 91.557, 8.445, 12.337, 9.128 70.081 and 3.077% respectively. However, none of the collected sampled showed any CF %. Further, GE ranged from 3963.308 to 4407.873 Kcal/kg. JFC is a good source of trace mineral like iron, zinc, copper and manganese. There was no significant difference between different treatment groups with respect to overall DM intake during growing stage. Supplementation of JFC increased the DM intake and reduced the concentrate intake in all the treatment groups. During growing stage, supplementation of JFC along with concentration increased the weight gain whereas, sole feeding of JFC greatly reduced weight gain which showed a highly significant (P<0.01) difference with all other groups. Similar trend was observed during finishing phase. Both during growing and finishing stage supplementation of JFC along with concentrate decreased the FCR value, whereas, sole feeding of JFC greatly increased it. DM digestibility during growing stage was higher in Gr. V than rest of the groups. Similar trend was also observed in OM, EE, NFE and total carbohydrate digestibility. On supplementation of JFC or sole feeding of JFC did not affected plasma biochemical parameters. The dressing % ranged from 64.0 to 66.74 %. However, no significant difference was observed between different treatment groups. Supplementation of JFC increased the back fat thickness in group II, III, and IV except group V where it was less than group I. The cost/kg pork was higher in Group I and lowest in Group V. In conclusion the Jaggery filter cakes can be one of the best alternative un-conventional feed for pig farmers.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on heterosis, inbreeding depression, combining ability and estimation of genetic variability through molecular markers in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-07) Pandey, Suneeta; Shrotria, P.K.
