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ThesisItem Open Access Dynamics of area, production and export of grapes in India(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Thorat, Vishal Shankar; Bhogal, T.S.Grape is one of the most important fruit crops of the world and contains many of the valuable ingredients necessary for life. It is also one of the important horticultural crops grown in India. Exports are must for economic growth of any country. The grape export from India was started in the year 1991 after economic liberalization. Total area under grape in India is 63700 ha. with production of 1667.7 thousand tonnes and export of about 85897.78 tonnes (5.15 per cent of total production) in the year 2006-07. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh are major grape producing states. The total area under grape in the world is around 75 lakh ha. with a production of 66.27 million tonnes (2006-07). Major grape exporting countries are Chile, South Africa, Spain, Italy, France etc. The present study was undertaken primarily to analyze India‟s performance in production, productivity and export of grapes with different dynamics. Growth rates in relation to area, production, yield and export of grapes were measured by using exponential function. Direction of grape export was analyzed by calculating the share of Indian grapes in the import of major grape importing countries of the world vis a vis share of other grape exporting countries. Export competitiveness of grape for the country has been assessed by using Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC). Garrett‟s ranking technique was used to study the problems faced by grape growers in production and marketing as well as that of by exporters in grape export. The results of the study showed that area, production and yield of grapes increased in all major producing states and India as a whole except in Andhra Pradesh. The export of grapes from India increased over the years and Netherlands and Bangladesh were the major growing markets for Indian grapes. Growth in export to UK, UAE and other countries also showed positive trend. Chile and South Africa were major exporters of grape to the world. Preference to Indian grapes in developed countries was low. The Nominal Protection Coefficient (NCP) for grape ranged from 0.269 to 0.539 indicating highly price competitiveness of Indian grapes in international market. The major problems faced by grape growers in production were inadequate supply of manures and fertilizers and high price/non-availability of plant protection chemicals. Problems faced in marketing of grapes were Unremunerative prices and price fluctuation for market. Problems faced by grape exporters were poor preference to Indian grapes in the world market and lack of demand from importing countries in current year due to recession. In the light of results obtained, there is need of improvement in production technique and thereby quality of grapes to boost our international trade.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on conventional and improved tillage practices for sowing wheat in paddy harvested field(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-09) Rathod, Sunil Laxman; Pateriya, R.N.ThesisItem Open Access Immunopathological effects of kitazin, an organophosphorous pesticide in broilers(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-05) Kohila, P.; Thathoo, A.K.The present experiment was carried out to assess the acute and sub acute toxic effects of Kitazin, an organophosphorous pesticide in broiler chicken. To assess the acute toxic effects of Kitazin, a total of 48 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided in four groups of 12 birds each. After one week of acclimatization period, a single oral dose of Kitazin was administered @ 300mg, 600mg and 900 mg/ Kg body weight to group 2 (T1), group 3 (T2) and group 4 (T3) respectively. To assess the sub acute toxic effects of Kitazin, a total of 48 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided in four groups of 12 birds each. After one week of acclimatization period, Kitazin was incorporated in the feed @ 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 400 ppm to group 2 (T1), group 3 (T2) and group 4 (T3) respectively for a period of 6 weeks. In both the studies the group 1 birds served as control (C). Blood and serum samples were collected once in a week in acute toxicity study, and once in two weeks interval in sub acute toxicity study to assess the haematological and biochemical parameters respectively. In acute study, the birds were sacrificed at the end of 14th and 21st day of age, to study the pathomorphology of organs. In subacute study, the birds were sacrificed on 49th day of age. Acute toxicity of Kitazin produced typical neurological signs such as ataxia, in coordination, drooping of wings, tremors, convulsions and death. The average body weights of experimental birds measured at once in 14 days interval revealed a significant decrease in Kitazin treated birds in both acute and sub acute toxicity study. Effects of Kitazin on the haematological parameters were significantly decreased haemoglobin, PCV and TEC values in both acute and sub acute toxicity study. A significant decrease in TLC, lymphocyte count, MCV and MCH values were also observed. The results of the biochemical studies had a significant increase in serum glucose, total cholesterol, SGOT and creatinine values in both the studies. A significant increase in SGPT and BUN values were observed in sub acute toxicity study. The levels of total proteins, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio were significantly decreased in both the studies. Results of Lymphocyte Stimulation Test (LST) showed a significant decrease in mean delta OD values of both Con-A and LPS stimulated lymphocyte cultures from treatment groups in comparison to control group.A significant reduction in the organ/body weight ratio was observed for liver, spleen and bursa in both the studies. Grossly, congestion of all organs was noticed. Histopathological examination of liver showed hyperemia, mononuclear cell inifiltration and hepatocytes undergoing various stages of degeneration. Kidney showed glomerular nephritis, nephrosis and haemorrhages. Desquamation of bronchial epithelium, edema, emphysema and congestion were observed in the lungs. Degenerative and necrotic changes were observed in the spleen and bursa. The lesions in the brain were congestion, perivascular cuffing, chromatolysis, neuronophagia and extensive spongiform changes. From the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that, Kitazin has adverse effects on the general health, body weight and immune status of the birds and these effects are dependent on its dose and duration of exposure.ThesisItem Open Access A study on some characteristics of Lochia collected from crossbred cows(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-07) Suresh Kumar, N.; Singh, D.V.The study was conducted from October, 2008 to March, 2009 at Pantnagar on lochia (post-partum uterine secretion) collected from ten crossbred cows. The objective was to study physical, biochemical and microbial nature of lochia. On an average 21.3±1.7 ml of lochia could be collected from the cows. The colour of lochia was reddish brown, due to the autolysis and liquefaction of most superficial layers of uterine epithelium. The consistency of lochia was medium and slightly thicker than water and blood. The mean pH and electrical conductivity of lochia were 6.63±0.06 and 3.79 ± 0.64 ms/m, respectively. Typical fern pattern of cervical mucus of estrus was not observed with lochia. The mean glucose, urea nitrogen, albumin, globulin, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations of lochia samples were19.97±1.77 mg/dl, 30.99±3.33 mg/dl, 2.30 ± 0.09 g/dl, 4.69±0.14 g/dl, 7.00±0.20 g/dl, 11.26±0.46 mg/dl, 0.38±0.02 mg/dl, 116.50±4.96 mEq/l, 5.46±0.34 mEq/l, and 98.86±3.66 mEq/l, respectively. The glucose concentration in lochia samples was higher than that of uterine luminal fluid but lower than that of blood serum. Urea nitrogen content of lochia was higher than that of normal blood serum level. Protein concentrations in lochia samples were within normal range of blood serum. The calcium content in lochia was more than that of post-partum uterine fluid and blood serum level. Potassium and serum were within normal range of blood serum. The mean bacterial load of lochia was (4.53±0.48) x 103/ml, and significantly lower than lochia collected during uterine infections. Above findings indicate that lochia may be considered as uterine secretory product. Further analysis of lochia may reveal some specific constituents in it which may have role in improving fertility.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of hybrids and parents of Antirrhinum under tarai conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-05) Singh, Narayan; Ajit KumarThesisItem Open Access Assessing market opportunities for organic products of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-05) Bhakuni, Mohit; Saxena, RakaThesisItem Open Access Effect of irrigation on growth, yield and water requirement of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) under varying water table conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Jha, Kanchan; Kushwaha, H.S.Lysimeter and field experiments with Wheat crop var. UP-2425 were conducted at Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Latitude 29 oN, Longitude 79o 30` E and Altitude 243.84 m amsl) to know the effect of various irrigation treatments on growth, yield and water use by wheat crop during rabi season of 2007-08. Six irrigation treatments in lysimeters associated with three water tables viz; 30, 60 and 90 cm included I0 (rainfed), I1 (irrigation at 21 DAS), I2 (irrigation at 21 and 65 DAS), I3 (irrigation at 21, 45 and 80 DAS), I4 (irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of available soil moisture (ASM) and I5 (irrigation at 60 per cent depletion of ASM) in lysimeters as well as in field experiments. The analysis of data in lysimeter with six irrigation schedule, three water tables and in field with six irrigation treatment revealed that the optimum water use with irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM in lysimeter with 60 cm water table was 636.06 mm and 329.09 mm, respectively for better growth and development as well as for higher wheat yield. Maximum height of the crop (91.57, 86.96 cm, respectively), maximum number of leaves per plant (8.90, 7.05) and maximum number of tillers per plant (1.10, 1.58 respectively) were observed for irrigations scheduled at 40 per cent depletion of ASM and 60 cm water table and under field experiment at 135 DAS. The results also showed that minimum days required for 50 per cent flowering were 81.00, 79.62 days and for 75 per cent flowering 82.50, 82.75 days, respectively. However, the optimum grain yield was observed to be 53.06, 38.83 q ha-1 with irrigation at 40 per cent depletion of ASM in lysimeters and in field conditions, respectively. The interaction effect studied between irrigation schedules and water table served to be significant for both yield and water use efficiency in lysimeter and field plots.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of architects’ knowledge regarding the housing bye-laws of residential buildings at Bareilly Mahanagar(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Saxena, Rakhi; Shukla, ChhayaHousing bye-laws are the formulation of adequate housing. Housing bye-laws are essential for harmonious, respectable and peaceful living thereby to promote a healthy, happy, and brotherly environment among all residential buildings. In general housing structure is built by somebody else (architect) and used by somebody else. So, a lot of considerations are required for adequate housing. There is a huge gap between bye-laws given by various government agencies and their practical applications at the time of construction. One of the major reasons behind that may be architects’ knowledge level regarding the housing Bye-Laws. The need was felt to assess the knowledge level of architects’ regarding housing bye-laws of residential buildings. The snow ball sampling technique with combination of purposive and random sampling technique design was used to select the respondents. A total sample of 70 architects from Bareilly Mahanagar, Uttar Pradesh. The descriptive data was collected with the help of interview schedule through personal interview method in Bareilly Mahanagar of Uttar Pradesh. The collected data was tabulated and analyzed with the help of subjective (Frequencies, percentage and mean) and relational statistics (Chi-square test) were calculated. It was concluded that the overall knowledge level regarding housing bye-laws of residential buildings at Bareilly Mahanagar was average for majority of respondents. The knowledge level pertaining specifically to technical terminology was found excellent to outstanding. Contrary to this majority of respondents were found to have below average knowledge level with regard to bye-laws related with construction of building. The knowledge level pertaining bye-laws related with safety of building was found average to good of majority of respondents. There were found a lot of deviation in housing bye-laws at the time of construction of residential buildings. Customer interest and customer choice along with financial limitations were the major factors responsible for these deviations. Deviations were found in terms of additions and deletions in doorways, windows and shelves of various areas of residential buildings. Financial factors along with value and belief of customer werefound the major limitations in implementation of housing bye-laws. Statistical analysis resulted in no association among architects’ knowledge and their age, present job experience and educational qualification.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of mango varieties for preparation of ready-to-serve beverage(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-08) Phool Chand; Chopra, C.S.The present study pertaining to evaluation of different cultivars of mango for preparation of ready-to-serve beverage (RTS) was conducted in the Department of Food Science & Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar (Uttarakhand) during the year 2008-09. The cultivars differed significantly in terms of fruit weight (110.0-574.5g), length (7.18-14.59 cm), breadth (5.23-9.07 cm), specific gravity (0.953-1.061) and content of flesh (58.18-79.90%), peels (9.10-22.52%) and stone (11.05-20.55%). Variations in pH (3.75-4.49) and content of TSS (11.5-17.33%), moisture (76.32-88.65%), acidity as citric acid (0.16-0.31%), vitamin C (15.30-107.27 mg/100g), ash (0.24-0.43%); reducing, non reducing and total sugars (3.08-4.64, 8.91-15.71 and 12.52-20.36%) in flesh were statistically significant, Fazli recorded highest fruit weight, length and breadth while these were minimum with Alphanso. Fazli having maximum flesh also had highest acidity while Pant Sindoori and Dashehari recorded minimum flesh and acidity, respectively. Langra flesh was found to be the richest source of vitamin C. Dashehari, Langra and Chausa varieties were selected for making RTS of composition 10% pulp, 10% TSS and 0.30% acidity, on the basis of their highest overall acceptability score (8.67, 7.89 and 7.33, respectively). The sulfited and in-bottle pasteurized drinks prepared from these selected cultivars had >6 months of shelf-life at ambient conditions.