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ThesisItem Open Access Biology of some winter season weeds: germination behaviour and seed bank dynamics(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Rawat, Neha; Guru, S.K.Biology of weeds include morphology of the plant, seed dormancy and germination, physiology of vegetative and reproductive growth, phenology and competitive ability. In the present study, germination and emergence of five winter season weed species of the tarai region viz., Vicia sativa, Vicia hirsuta, Phalaris minor, Rumex acetosella and Lathyrus aphaca was studied as well as the weed seed bank was estimated in long term herbicide trials and long term tillage trials. Effect of different concentrations of three chemicals, viz., KNO3, H2O2, thiourea and the growth regulator GA3 on germination was evaluated. All the chemicals and the growth regulator GA3 promoted germination of the weed species under study except Rumex acetosella at different concentrations. Emergence of weeds from different soil depths revealed maximum emergence of weed species from D1 depth (2 cm) and minimum from D4 depth (8 cm). A total of three monocot and seven dicot weed species were recorded in long term herbicide trials whereas Phalaris minor was the dominant species. A total of three monocot and seven dicot weed species were recorded in long term tillage trials and two monocot and six dicot weed species were identified in direct seeded rice trials. There were several unidentified species at each depth in all the trials. Depth distribution of weed seeds was uniform in direct seeded rice trials, whereas in the long term tillage trials, higher number of seeds was recorded in D1 depth in conventional tillage.ThesisItem Open Access Enzymatic clarification of sugarcane juice(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Basu, Lasattanu; Kumbhar, B.K.Effects of parameters namely, enzyme concentration (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 %), incubation period (1, 1.5 and 2 h), centrifugation speed (4000, 4500 and 5000 RPM) and time of centrifugation (5, 7.5 and 10 min) on enzymatic clarification of sugarcane juice were studied. Boiling was incorporated as a pretreatment which reduced the amount of impurities in the juice. Soluble solids, total solids, optical density and percent transmittance were measured and used for determining the efficacy of enzymatic clarification of sugarcane juice. The type of pan (iron and stainless steel) used for boiling was also considered. Full factorial design was used for selecting the levels of parameters in the experiment. Full second order polynomial and best fit equations were developed to predict various responses and to study individual and interactive effects of parameters on the responses. The clarification efficiency ranged between 39.97–70.41 % and 57.09–85.54 % for non-enzymatic and enzymatic clarification of sugarcane juice in iron pan, respectively. Correspondingly, it varied between 38.60–72.08 % and 56.14–85.56 % in case of stainless steel pan. Optical density varied between 1.02 and 0.56 for non-enzymatic clarification and 0.95–0.24 for enzymatic clarification of sugarcane juice in iron pan. It was 0.93–0.48 and 0.79–0.17 for stainless steel, respectively. Minimum percent transmittance was 7 and maximum was 28 for non-enzymatic treatment in iron pan and correspondingly it was 11 and 58 for enzymatic clarification. In stainless steel pan experimentation, it varied from 12-33 and 16-68, for non-enzymatic and enzymatic clarification, respectively. Enzyme concentration had highly significant effect on clarification efficiency followed by centrifugation speed, incubation period and time of centrifugation in that order. However, centrifugation speed had highly significant effect on optical density and percent transmittance followed by enzyme concentration and time of centrifugation. Incubation period did not affect these responses. It was found that the type of pan did not affect the clarification efficiency and optical density.ThesisItem Open Access Production and consumption profile of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables in Uttaranchal(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Vijaya Lakshmi, G.; Bhattacharya, LeenaThe present study was carried out in four districts of Uttaranchal namely Almora, Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital and Tehri Garhwal to study household production of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables in selected household of Uttaranchal and per consumption unit availability of these food crops, to study the actual intake of food crops in the selected households and to assess the adequacy of nutrients in the daily diet of households. For each district thirty to thirty five families were chosen for the study. Data was collected by interview method using questionnaire. Results showed that production of total cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables was highest in Nainital district and lowest in Tehri Garhwal district. Udham Singh Nagar district and Almora district occupied second and third position in production. Per consumption unit availability of cereals, pulses and vegetable was higher than the ICMR recommendations in Nainital district and Udham Singh Nagar district whereas it was lower than the ICMR recommendations in Almora district and Tehri Garhwal district. Per consumption unit availability of fruits was lesser than the ICMR recommendations in all the four studied districts. Percentage adequacy of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables was highest in Nainital district and Udham Singh Nagar was in second position in adequacy. Lowest adequacy was found in Tehri Garhwal district. Adequacy of protein, energy, calcium, iron, carotene, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin was less than the RDA given by ICMR in all the studied districts. Adequacy of fat and vitamin C in Nainital district was above the RDA given by ICMR. Production, per consumption unit availability and adequacy was better in small farm families than marginal farm families of all the studied districts.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-biochemical, diagnostic and therapeutic studies in canine cardiac arrhythmia(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Gupta, Devendra Kumar; Singh, J.L.A clinical survey was aimed for identifying the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmia among the canines in some parts of India. Overall 6.6% prevalence of cardiac arrhythmia was recorded in present clinical survey. Area wise, crime branch police dogs Delhi (34.9%) showed highest prevalence while Pantnagar showed lowest prevalence (4.7%). In other areas, prevalence rate was 7.0%, 5.9% and 5.0% in Mathura, Indore and Gwalior, respectively. In age and sex wise prevalence, cardiac arrhythmia was seen mainly in dogs aged two to six years (10.6%). Breed and sex wise, highest prevalence was in Labrador (11%). Overall females are more prone for cardiac arrhythmia as compared to males. Tachyarrhythmia (51.7%) was most commonly observed arrhythmia in canines followed by bradyarrhythmia (39.6%) and arrhythmia with normal heart rate (8.7%) was next in sequence of occurrence. Exercise intolerance, persistent nocturnal coughing, upright posture, dyspnoea and ascites were important clinical signs in cardiac arrhythmia. Among the various diagnostic procedures adopted in present study, auscultation proved to be the most valuable means of diagnosing heart diseases. ECG detected various abnormalities, which could not be detected by physical examination alone. Amplitude of P and R waves increased as per increased heart rate, while no significant alteration was reported in T wave as heart rate changes. P-R and Q-T intervals were inversely proportional to the heart rate. Radiography was found to be as useful as ECG in confirmatory diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia. Haematological profile except haemoglobin did not show any significant alteration in cardiac arrhythmia. Increased levels of serum sodium and calcium and low levels of potassium and magnesium were found in tachyarrhythmia whereas increased level of sodium, potassium and magnesium were found in bradyarrhythmia. There was significant elevation of blood glucose, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides in tachyarrhythmia while no significant alteration of these was noticed in bradyarrhythmia. AST, CK and LDH activities were found high in tachyarrhythmia while CK activity suppressed in bradyarrhythmia. Antiarrhythmic medicine atenolol and verapamil was effective in cases of tachyarrhythmia. Verapamil was found very effective in severe tachyarrhythmia (> 190 beats/min) and atenolol in mild types of tachyarrhythmia. In respect to therapeutic management of bradyarrhythmia, terbutaline was found superior in comparison to theophylline + etophylline combination.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and amelioration of heat stress in lactating buffaloes under farm conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Srivastava, Ashish Kumar; Rastogi, S.K.In order to investigate the alleviation of heat stress, 15 recently calved buffaloes were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals in each group. Group-A buffaloes were subjected to 5 hrs wallowing per day. Group-B animals were applied wet gunny bag on their back and, Group-C were maintained under control natural condition that is open shed with pacca floor and observation were recorded for 5 month during summer season from April to August. Mean ambient temperature (maximum) was 31.680.41 to 37.180.52 0C, THI value was 70.70.41 to 84.870.43, relative humidity was 65.40.84 to 91.470.61, air velocity was 4.510.31 to 7.990.47km/hr, and sunshine was 4.130.50 to 10.70.33hr., during the period study. Exposure of lactating buffaloes to heat stress caused linear increase in rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate significantly higher (P<0.05) in control group where as other two groups did not recorded such change. Haemato-biochemical characters viz, hemoglobin, packed cell and erythrocyte count volume stood significantly (P<0.05) lower in control animals during heat stress. Total leucocytic count increased with increase lymphocytic count significantly (P<0.05) in control group as compared with treated group involvement of these parameters in indicating stress conditions. Increased plasma protein and glucose, albumin and creatinine concentration were also recorded in control group. Thermal stress on serum profile of Thyroid (T4 and T3) and adrenal medullary (NE and E) hormones were estimated by standardized radioimmunoassay and HPLC respectively. Effect on the level of T3 and T4, with increase in THI was significant (p0.01) for T4 and nor-epinephrine only. Milk fat, SNF, total solid (all %) and 15 day milk yield (L) recorded were 8.13±0.14, 9.17±0.09 and 17.17±0.20 respectively. But when THI and R.H. were 84.87±0.43 and 84.6±0.69% the average milk fat%, SNF, total solid (all %) and milk yield, were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in group C buffaloes. However, Group A shown better results in term of milk composition and followed by group B buffaloes. On the basis of cilmatological, haemato-biochemical and production results it could be suggested that heat stressed lactating buffaloes required protection from exposure to heat. Both treatment applied were found to be adequate for summer stress alleviation, however, wallowing provided greater relief compared to gunny bag application.ThesisItem Open Access Development of bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) based wari and its fermentation kinetics(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Mallik, Arpita; Agrawal, Y.C.‘WARI’ is a legume based traditional fermented food of northern India. It is manufactured from Urd (black gram) or Moong (Green gram) dhal according to the traditional, technologically less advanced methods, and is produced at home or cottage industry level. Partial fermentation could take place naturally during sun drying. The Bengal gram dhal (Cicer arietinum L.), commonly known as ‘chana-dhal’, was not being used in WARI making and no studies have been reported. ‘Chana-dhal’ is cheaper than Urd and Moong dhal and could therefore be a better raw material for WARI if acceptable to consumer. The objectives of this research, therefore, were to develop a process for Bengal gram based WARI in view of organoleptic properties, to investigate the effect of fermentation temperature, and to study its fermentation kinetics. WARI were prepared from Bengal gram and Black gram dhal blends (100:0, 80:20 and 60:40) following the traditional procedure without extra fermentation and with 12 hr pre-drying fermentation at room temperature. The quality determinants of WARI were rehydration ratio and sensory characteristics in its two forms – dehydrated and rehydrated ready-to-serve. The sensory characteristics for dehydrated WARI were – color, appearance, odor and acceptability to purchase and for rehydrated ready-to-serve WARI were – color, appearance, taste, flavor and overall acceptability. The sensory data were analysed statistically using one-way Analysis of Variance. The effect of fermentation was then studied at room temperature, 30, 35 and 40°C temperature. Fermentation kinetics was studied in respect of the changes in fermented volumes with time and kinetics model was developed. It was observed that Bengal gram based WARI were possible to be made with consumer acceptance. The statistical analysis revealed that these could be made from Bengal gram dhal or its blends with Black gram dhal provided the batter was fermented before the drying of WARI. The process recommended for better quality WARI however was to make WARI from 100% Bengal gram dhal using pre-drying fermentation at 35 or 40°C for 8 or 3.5 hr respectively at which time, the corresponding batter volume expanded to about 2.3-2.4 times the original. The flavor and overall acceptability of WARI in its rehydrated ready-to-serve form and the rehydration ratio was the only quality determinants, which significantly influenced by different process conditions at 5% probability level. If the fermentation were to be carried out at room temperature, it should be initiated in the morning during warmer days and could be initiated at the night on hot summer days, so that the room temperature is 29°C or above. The maximum fermented volumes were about 1.8-2.4 times the original for chana dhal batter and for its blend with 20% Black gram, these were about 2.2-2.6 times depending upon the fermentation temperature. The fermentation kinetics of WARI batter represented by the changes in fermented volume followed the normal growth cycle pattern of microorganisms. The model for the fermentation kinetics of the WARI was developed in the form of growth kinetics of microorganisms during exponential phase of growth: V = V0 e μt where, V = volume of WARI batter at any time t, ml; V0 = initial volume of WARI batter, ml; μ = Specific Fermentation Rate, (1/hr), Table 4.24; t = time of fermentation, hr, when lag phase is negligible or nil; or t = (time of fermentation – duration of lag phase), when lag phase duration is long. The values of model parameter μ were determined from the fermented volume change data and are reported in Table 4.24. The model predicted the fermentation kinetics very well.ThesisItem Open Access Screening of tea cultivars grown in Kumaon region for their total phenolics, pigments and individual catechin contents(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-08) Pandey, Sudhanshu; Mishra, D.P.Total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b, total carotenoids and total phenolics contents and HPLC profiling of various catechins and quantitative estimation of (-)EGCG,(-)EC and (-)ECG were carried out in fresh tea leaf leaves (dried immediately after sampling), of 6 varieties grown in Kumaon region and a black orthodox tea sample processed locally. The main objective of the study was to screen these varieties for their catechin contents and other flavanoid constituents. Dried leaf powder was used to estimate chlorophylls, carotenoids and total phenols. For catechins, dried leaf powder was first extracted with aqueous methanol. This extract was subjected to separation of catechins on HPLC and identification and quantitative estimation were done using standard catechins. Contents of various parameters were variable among varieties and there was no set pattern. Kangra Jat had highest content of chlorophyll a, and total carotenoids while chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total phenols were highest in UPAS1-9. T-78 exhibited lowest content of all these parameters. Black orthodox tea had pretty high content of chlorophylls and carotenoids but its phenolics content was lowest, perhaps due to oxidation of phenolics during processing. The HPLC profiles gave eight peaks, out of which first two peak, were probably of some non-catechin compounds, hence ignored. Out of remaining 6 peaks, 3 were of (-)EGCG,(-)EC and (-)ECG. Other three were named as U1, U2 and U3.Out of them U1 was supported to be (-)EGC. By comparison of peak areas,retention times etc., quantitative estimation of (-)EGCG, (-)EC and (-)EC was performed, which revealed these three catechins comprised nearly 0.11-0.14% of dried solids (110-140 mg g-1) and (-)EGCG was nearly (69-82 mg g-1),half of all catechins estimated. On the basis of increasing catechin contents, order of varieties was: Black Orthodox tea(commercial)ThesisItem Open Access Ultrasound guided transvaginal follicular aspiration and in-vitro embryo production in Sahiwal cows(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Verma, Pawan Kumar; Misra, A.K.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the pesticide (Chlorpyrifos and Endosulphan) residues in water, milk and feed/fodder using high performance liquid chromatography(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-01) Karabasanavar, Nagappa; Singh, S.P.In the present study residual concentrations of chlorpyrifos and endosulphan residues in water (152), milk (170), feed (40) and fodder (25) samples collected from various locations of Tarai and Kumaon regions of Uttaranchal were determined. For extracting these residues from water C-18 cartridges were used, while liquid-liquid partition followed by alumina column chromatography was used for the clean up and the detection and quantification of these residues was undertaken with the help of HPLC using diode array detector. Chlorpyrifos residues were detected in 1.32 % of the samples with the mean residual concentration of 0.036 μg/ml, while 13.2 % samples showed the residues of total endosulphan with the mean residual concentration of 0.278, 0.212 and 0.276 μg/ml, respectively, for endosulphan α, endosulphan β and endosulphan sulphate; where, 1.32 % and 11.18 % samples violated the prescribed limit for chlorpyrifos and endosulphan, respectively. About 4.7 and 8.23 % of milk samples showed chlorpyrifos and total endosulphan residues, respectively, with the mean residual concentration of 0.092, 0.244, 0.566 and 0.265 μg/ml, respectively, for chlorpyrifos, endosulphan α, endosulphan β and endosulphan sulphate. Of the total 170 milk samples analyzed 8 (4.7 %) and 11 (6.47 %) samples respectively, were found to contain chlorpyrifos and endosulphan residues above the prescribed MRL. About 17.5 % of feed samples were positive for chlorpyrifos with mean residual concentration of 0.058 μg/g. On the other hand, 40 % samples were found positive for total endosulphan with the mean residual concentration of 0.402, 0.147 and 0.373 μg/g, respectively, for endosulphan α, endosulphan β and endosulphan sulphate; where in about 22.5 % samples contained residues above the prescribed limit. Out of 25 fodder samples analyzed, chlorpyrifos residues were present in 4 % of samples with mean residual concentration of 0.390 μg/g, while endosulphan α and endosulphan sulphate were found in 44 % of samples with the mean residual concentration of 0.225 μg/g and 0.248μg/g, respectively. None of the samples, however, contained the residues above the prescribed limit.