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ThesisItem Open Access Bio-monitoring - a tool for assessment of biotic and abiotic parameters in two major Riverine ecosystem(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Sumit Kumar; Saxena, AmitaBiomonitoring of two major riverine ecosystem Ganga and Yamuna was carried out to know the present situation of rivers. In Ganga river three sites from each district viz: Haridwar (A1), Bijnor (A2) and Muzaffarnagar (A3) and One site from Union territory Delhi (B1) and two sites from districts of U.P. viz: Mathura (B2) and Agra (B3) were selected from Yamuna river.In Ganga river a total of 39 fish species belonging to 8 orders and 16 families were recorded whereas in Yamuna river a total of 45 fish species belonging to 8 orders and 16 family were recorded. The Physico-chemical parameter of Ganga river was found better than Yamuna river. The occurrence of heavy metals in fishes of Ganga river were in order Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > Hg > Cd. The level of Pb was found above the recommended level of WHO in fishes.The occurrence of heavy metals in Yamuna river were found in the order Zn> Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd > Hg. The level of Pb, Cd, Hg & Cr were found above the recommended level of WHO in fishes. In Ganga river water heavy metals were found in the order: Pb> Cu> Zn> Cr> Cd> Hg while in Yamuna river found in the order: Cr> Zn> Pb> Cu> Cd> Hg. Pb in Ganga &Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr & Zn in Yamuna water was found above the recommended level of WHO. The accumulation of heavy metals in Eichhornia crassipesof Ganga and Yamuna river was found in the order: Zn >Cr >Pb > Cu >Cd >Hg and Zn >Pb >Cr > Cu >Cd >Hg respectively. The level of heavy metals in sedimentof Ganga and Yamuna river was found in the order: Zn >Cr >Pb >Cu >Cd >Hg and Cr >Zn >Pb >Cu > Cd >Hg. In macro-benthic community of Ganga river were found in the order:Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>Hg while in Yamuna Zn>Cr>Pb>Cu>Hg>Cd. Planktonic density was greater in Yamuna river. Suitable bio-indicators from both the rivers were also documented.ThesisItem Open Access Design, development and performance evaluation of hand operated coating machine for horticultural produce(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Sumit Kumar; Khan ChandEdible coating is a preservation technique that increases the shelf life of horticultural produce and also maintain its quality characteristics during storage. This technique of horticultural produce preservation has been in use since long back in post harvest processing industries. Application of coating solution on horticultural produce is doing using dipping, spraying, panning and fluidized bed coating methods. In industries spraying coating machine is available for coating of horticultural produce. Coating machines are not available in market for commercial horticultural produce producers. Therefore, it has become essential to develop hand operated coating machine for commercial use of producers. Large amount of fruits and vegetables produces in whole world every year and around 40-45 % of it gets wastage due to improper post harvest management. Therefore, this research work was undertaken to develop hand operated coating machine for horticultural produce which is round in shape that aimed to shelf life enhancement. Hand operated coating machine working on the principle of reciprocating motion of perforated plate upward and downward was designed and fabricated. The cost of hand operated coating machine was Rs. 20540. The hand operated coating machine was designed by studying the physical and mechanical properties of apple fruit and was fabricated in the department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, G. B. Pant university of agriculture and technology, Pantnagar. The physical and mechanical properties of apple fruit was calculated at the initial moisture content of 80 % (w.b) and average value of length, width and thickness of apples were 64.35±1.20 mm, 62.71±2.1 mm and 59.30±0.8 mm respectively. The geometric mean diameter, bulk density and angle of repose were found to be 7.9-8.5 mm, 460-170 kg/m3 and 19-200. Machine coating efficiency, change in colour and coating machine capacity were determined in range of 71-93 %, 14.58-32.35 and 30 kg/hr, respectively. A best performance of coating machine for maximum machine coating efficiency were found to 0 m/s dryer air velocity and 6 s dipping time and model was found to be significant.ThesisItem Open Access To study the field efficacy of newer insecticides as seed treatment and foliar application against various insect pests of potato(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-07) Sumit Kumar; Srivastava, R.M.The present experiment was conducted from November- February, 2013 at Vegetable Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar situated in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. A total of 10 species of insect pests belonging to 10 genera, 8 families and 4 orders were found to be associated with potato. Associated to these pest, 2 predators of aphids belonging to family Coccinelidae (Coleoptera) and 4 parasitioids belonging to families Eulophidae, Icheneomonidae, Braconidae and Pteromalidae were also reported. Out of 10 potato insect pests collected, the aphid (Myzus persicae), White fly (Bemesia tabaci) and leaf hopper ( Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla) were the predominant species infesting the potato crop. The initial appearance of potato aphid M.persicae during the cropping season 2013, (0.79 aphids/3 leaves) was observed during 47th standard week, attains its peak in 51st standard week whereas the appearance of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and jassid (Amrasca bigutulla bigutulla) at 47th, 47th standard week respectively and these pests attain peak with a population of (24.10 and 6.48 /3leaves) at 52nd and 50th standard week respectively. During the cropping season winter, 2013. As seed treatment Imidacloprid 200SL@0.04% solution was found as the most effective insecticides against aphids (Myzus persicae),whitefly (Bemesia tabaci), Jassid (A.bigutulla bigutulla) followed by Imidacloprid 600FS@15ml/100kg. During the cropping season winter, 2013. As foliar application Imidacloprid 70WG @90gm a.i./ha was found as the most effective insecticides against aphids (Myzus persicae),whitefly (Bemesia tabaci), Jassid (A.bigutulla bigutulla) followed by Thiomethaxam 25WG @90gm/ha while Imidacloprid 70WG @50gm/ha was appeared safest insecticides for existing natural enemy population.ThesisItem Open Access Threshold sensitive energy efficient multi-sink routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Sumit Kumar; Mishra, P. K.The prominence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has expanded massively in late time because of development in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) innovation. WSN has the possibility to associate the physical world with the virtual world by framing a system of sensor nodes. Here, sensor nodes are typically battery-driven gadgets, and consequently energy consumption of sensor nodes is a noteworthy design issue. This thesis addresses ‘WSN’s lifetime and stability period optimization problem” which is to design an energy efficient protocol in such a way that energy consumption of every node in the wireless sensor networks is minimized which results in an improved stability period and prolonged lifetime of WSNs. This thesis solves the problem by introducing a static clustering based multi-sink routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. The idea of threshold aware transmission is also utilized to accomplish these objectives. The results are compared with two well known traditional clustering protocols namely LEACH and SEP using stability period, network lifetime, instability period and throughput as performance metrics. The proposed work performs better than the other protocols under consideration.ThesisItem Open Access Observations on zooplankton community of Nanak Sagar Reservoir, Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-06) Sumit Kumar; Trakroo, M. DasNanak Sagar is an important reservoir situated in Sitarganj, district Udham Singh Nagar on the bank of Deoha stream. The zooplankton density and diversity along with important physico-chemical parameters were studied on forthnightly basis during the period of eight months from August, 2016 to March, 2017. Three sampling sites of the Nanak Sagar reservoir i.e. (A1, A2 & A3) were selected according to human intervention for regular sampling of zooplankton and water. Site A1 is the Baoli Sahib, the second site is A2 which is known as Kati pulia which is about .92 kilometers from site A1 and has a steady environment. The third site was the Dam area which is about 1.63 kilometers from site A2 and 2.5 kilometers from site A1. The range of physico-chemical parameters i.e. water temperature, dissolved O2, free CO2, transparency, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, NO3-N and PO4-P during the study period were 16.9 to 34 0C, 3.2 to 9.6 mgL-1, 0 to 6 mgL-1,67.9 to 194 cm, 7 to 8.7, 118 to 336 μS cm-1, 91.7 to 156 mgL-1, 60 to 140 mgL-1, 0.22 to 0.64 mgL-1 and 0.043 to 0.2 mgL-1 respectively. The zooplankton mainly consists of Rotifera, Copepoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda and Diptera, Out of 24 genera, 10 were from rotifera, 6 from cladocera, 5 from copepoda, 2 from ostracoda and 1 belonged to diptera group. The observed zooplankton ranking was in order of: Rotifers > Copepods > Cladocerans > Ostracods > Dipterans. The average density of zooplankton was 6250 ind. L-1, 4125 ind. L-1 and 4000 ind. L-1 at site A1, A2 and A3 respectively. Rotifers constituted a significant component (37.93 %) followed by copepods (35.81 %); cladocerans (31.06 %); ostracods (1.43 %) and dipterans (0.62 %). Diversity of zooplankton shown their own maximum and minimum abundance during a particular season. Zooplankton diversity was high at site A2 as compared to site A1 & A3 throughout the study because of stable environment and less human intervention. The water quality parameters of Nanak Sagar reservoir reveals that the environmental conditions are good from fisheries point of view .ThesisItem Open Access Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil carbon storage and enzymatic activity under rice-wheat cropping system(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-05) Sumit Kumar; Jai PaulAn ongoing long-term field experiment established in 1983 on beni silty clay loam soil at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the Govind Ballaph Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand (India) was selected to study the long term effect of various rates of chemical fertilizers and fertilizer substitution with organic manures (farmyard manure, mung straw and wheat straw). Continuous application of fertilizers either alone or in combination with organic sources decreased the soil pH with lowest pH value of 7.01 in the treatments where 25% of recommended dose of N-fertilizers was substituted by mung straw. However, a reverse trend was obtained in case of EC of soil with maximum increase of 46% in treatment where integration of fertilizers and FYM was done in 50: 50 ratio. But no significant difference was observed in values of soil bulk density among different treatments upto 30 cm depth. Continuous cultivation of rice-wheat cropping system for 32 years could not sustain the initial level of N in all the treatments however level of soil phosphorus was increased in all the treatments over initial value with maximum increase of 48% in treatment where recommended dose of nitrogen was applied through both fertilizers and mung straw. The level of available potassium was decreased with sole application of fertilizers but increased slightly with integration of fertilizers with either FYM or mung straw. In both surface and sub-surface soil organic carbon content was increased significantly in treatments receiving either fertilizers alone or in combination with organic manures over control, however, none of the treatment was able to maintain initial soil organic carbon status. Integrated nutrient management raised organic carbon content to a higher level as compared to fertilizers alone. Similar trend was followed in soil organic carbon stock and total carbon. In surface soil highest values of soil organic carbon (1.19%), soil organic carbon stock (22.49 t ha-1) and total carbon (1.57%) were observed in treatments where 50% of N-fertilizer was substituted through mung straw. Active pool (Cfrac1 and Cfrac2) of soil organic carbon contributed more to total carbon in comparison to contribution of passive pool (Cfrac3 and Cfrac4). Application of inorganic fertilizers cause slight increase in carbon fractions but increase was higher when integrated nutrient management was done. In the surface soil Cfrac1, Cfrac2, Cfrac3, and Cfrac4 constituted about 32.4-37.3%, 15.7-16.4%, 6.9-8.2%, 17.0-22.3% respectively, of total carbon and about 27.8-32.0%, 14.2-15.9%, 3.9-7.2% and 17.3-21.7% respectively, of total carbon in the sub-surface soil. Maximum increase of 78.02% in urease activity was recorded in the treatment where 50% of recommended fertilizer dose substituted through green gram straw. Maximum increase of 84.0%, 76.38% and 130.27% in dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acidc phosphatase activity, respectively was recorded in the treatment where 50% of RDF was substituted through FYM. So, it can be concluded that farmyard manure and green gran straw were best organic sources with respect to soil fertility and can be used as substitute of chemical fertilizers.