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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of antibacterial activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves in clinic therapeutic management of salmonellosis in poultry(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Negi, Anjali; Prasad, AmitThe present study was conducted to assess the antibacterial activity of hydromethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves in clinico therapeutic management of salmonellosis in poultry. An inhibition zone of around 14 mm was seen around disc impregnated with 500 mg/ml concentration of plant extract against Salmonella Typhimurium. A total of 80, day old broiler chicks were procured and divided into 4 groups (I to IV) with 20 chicks in each group. Group I served as healthy control without any infection and treatment. Group II was kept as infected control. At 8 day old of age, birds of group II, III and IV were challenged with 3x109 CFU/ml of Salmonella Typhimurium. Birds in group III and IV were treated with antibiotic (ofloxacin) and hydromethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves in drinking water respectively. Growth performance, clinical signs, mortality rate, haematological and biochemical parameters were recorded to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of herbal extract. Clinical signs and mortality rate were less severe in antibiotic and extract treated group than infected control group. Extract treated group had better FCR, weight gain and feed intake than infected control group. Among the hematological parameters, higher values of TLC and heterophils and lower lymphocyte percent were recorded in infected control group. Heterophil count was higher in extract supplemented group than antibiotic group whereas lymphocyte percent in both treatment groups was similar to healthy control group. Biochemical studies revealed no significant difference in total protein, albumin and globulin level in both treatment groups at 14 and 21day post infection. Higher ALT and AST values were observed in infected control group. Plant extract treated group had significantly lower ALT and AST values than ofloxacin treated and infected control group. It was therefore concluded that supplementation of herbal extract in drinking water was effective in controlling Salmonella Typhimurium infection as it not only controlled infection but also improved growth performance, alleviated clinical signs, showed hepatoprotective activity and also resulted in lesser mortality rate.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on prevalence of canine cardiac ailments and clinico-pathological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of endocarditis in dogs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Sawan Kumar; Singh, J.L.The present research work “Studies on prevalence of canine cardiac ailments, clinico-pathological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of endocarditis in dogs” was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, C.V. A. Sc, GBPUAT, Pantnagar from July 2020 to June 2021. In addition, a prevalence study of Canine Cardiac ailments was carried out by conducting the Retrospective study and Routine Heart Health screening at different Veterinary polyclinics, of Dehradun, Haldwani and Rudrapur of Uttarakhand & nearby Veterinary Institutions (NDVSU, Jabalpur and DUVASU, Mathura). The prevalence study comprised 51655 cases of the total canine population. 3056 (5.91%) of canine population had clinical evidence of cardiac problems and 57 (0.11%) cases of cardiac diseases were determined to be positive for Endocarditis. Out of 3056 cases studied for different cardiac diseases, the highest prevalence was of cardiac arrhythmias (1352, 44.14%) followed by Dilated Cardiomyopathy (728, 23.82%), Mitral valve insufficiency (413,13.51%), Pericardial effusion (275, 8.99%), Heart worm infection (156, 5.10%), Coronary artery disease (75, 2.45%) and, Endocarditis (57, 1.86%). Maximum prevalence of endocarditis was found in Mathura (0.137%) followed by Rudrapur (0.126%), Dehradun (0.121%), Pantnagar (0.102%), Haldwani (0.094%) and, Jabalpur (0.070%). Out of 57 cases of Endocarditis of different regions, the males were more affected as compare to the females. The prevalence of Endocarditis was uppermost in the 7-9 Year age group (33.33%) followed by > 9 year age group (24.56%), 4-7 year age group (19.29%), 2-4 year age group (15.78%). The breed wise prevalence of Endocarditis of breeds like Labrador, German sepherd, Pomeranian, Non Discript, Doberman, Beagle, and Dalmantian was 29.82%, 22.80%, 14.03%, 12.28%, 10.52%, 7.01% and, 3.50%, respectively. Most of the clinical cases were presented with a history of fever, Exercise intolerance, Anorexia or Inappetance, Ascites, Pedal edema, Dyspnoea at rest, Hepato-jugular pulsation, lameness or arthritis. An extracardiac murmur was heard during the auscultation of dogs is considered to be the differential point of diagnosis from other cardiac disorders. Respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature were increased in dogs affected with canine endocarditis and shows significant variation as compare to the healthy control group. There was significant decreases observed in levels of haemoglobin, PCV, TEC. while significant increase in Neutrophils and TLC throughout the entire study. The Overall results of the present study shows that the dogs of therapeutic groups were having hypoproteinemia, hyponatremia, increased ALT, AST, BUN, Total cholesterol, LDH, and serum CKMB levels as compared to the healthy control group of dogs. Arrhythmias were found in 60 % to 70 % of affected dogs, with ventricular arrhythmias, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and Premature ventricular complexes being the foremost common. Radiographic findings of endocarditis in present study were cardiomegaly, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal area, cardiac chamber enlargement, lesions of cardiopulmonary involvement, pneumonitis, severe cardiomegaly with right side enlargement, Pulmonary congestion with pleural fluid. M- mode echocardiography was used and findings were vegetative lesions on the valves, increased internal diameter of cardiac chambers and erosive lesions on the valve. From the comparative treatment of canine endocarditis, it was established that the combination of Cefotaxime and Amikacin is best followed by Amoxicillin+Clavulanate, Marbofloxacin, and Doxycycline, with percent recovery of 66.66%, 50%, 33.33%, and 16%, respectively. Ancillary and supportive treatment was provided to the dogs according to the clinical signs observed. Dogs suffering from pedal edema and ascites were treated with furosemide, dogs showing dyspnoea were provided Theophylline+Etophylline to combat the condition, and atenolol, enalapril, antipyretics, and multivitamins were also the part of treatment.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on ameliorative efficacy of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Zanthoxylum armatum in gentamicin induced acute renal toxicity rat model(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Thakur, Neeraj; Shukla, S.K.Acute kidney injury is a wide-ranging term that refers to a variety of conditions. In this study, experimental rat model was used to evaluate the in vivo therapeutic efficacies of hydroethanolic extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Zanthoxylum armatum. The present study was carried out for 8 days, and was divided into 6 groups viz. group I: healthy control, group II: disease control (Gentamicin (GM) @ 100 mg/Kg BW Intraperitoneally (IP)), group III: standard treatment (GM @ 100 mg/Kg BW IP + Cystone syrup @ 5 mL/Kg BW PO), group IV: O. tenuiflorum extract EC50 (GM @ 100 mg/Kg BW IP + O. tenuiflorum extract @ 400 mg/Kg BW PO), group V: Z. armatum extract EC50 (GM @ 100 mg/Kg BW IP + Z. armatum extract @ 400 mg/Kg BW PO) and group VI: vitamin D (GM @ 100 mg/Kg BW IP + vitamin D @ 0.4 μg/kg/day SC). On day 4 and 8, urine volume, urine creatinine, urine urea nitrogen and potassium levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group II than healthy control, whereas in group III, IV, V and VI, these levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than group II. In group II, urine total protein, albumin and sodium levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than group I, while group III, IV, V and VI were having significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels than group II. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and potassium levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group II, III, IV, V and VI as compared to group I, while in group III, IV, V and VI these levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than group II. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group II as compared to group I. GSH, SOD and CAT levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and LPO levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group III, IV, V and VI as compared to group II. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and interleukin 10 (IL 10) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group II, while in treatment groups, TNF α levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and IL 10 levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher as compared to group II. Cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM 1) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group II as compared to group I, whereas in group III, IV, V and VI, these levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower as compared to group II. Gross and histopathological examination of kidney and other vital organs also revealed reduction in severity of damage in groups treated with O. tenuiflorum and Z. armatum plant extracts. Urinary cystatin C, KIM 1 and GGT as well as serum cystatin C and KIM 1 can be employed for detection of early kidney injury. The present study findings revealed the nephroprotective efficacy of O. Tenuiflorum and Z. armatum plant extracts, but further detailed studies are warranted to find the constituents responsible for such activity.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico hematobiochemical studies and comparative therapeutic evaluation of Ageratum conyzoides and Andrographis paniculata in poultry Coccidiosis with special reference to economic impact assessment(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-02) Singh, Anand Kumar; Bhatt, PrakashThe present investigation was undertaken to study the prevalence of coccidiosis in commercial broiler and layer farms of Uttarakhand, India from July 2019 to December 2020 along with the economic losses assessment due to coccidiosis. Anticoccidial activity of some herbal extracts along with the economic assessment was evaluated at commercial poultry farm where coccidiosis was observed on the basis of faecal examination and clinical signs. The identification of the coccidian parasite was confirmed by gross lesion site, oocyst morphology and sporulation time of oocyst. Clinical signs included bloody droppings, ruffled feather, anemia, intestinal hemorrhages. The efficacy of herbal drugs was compared with amprolium. The economic loss was assessed with help of various parameters viz., chemoprophylaxis cost, chemotherapeutic cost, mortality loss, reduced body weight gain, increased FCR, etc. The prevalence of disease was recorded to be 22.50% and in above 03 week age group (100%). The physiochemical and phytochemical analysis of crude Ageratum conyzoides, crude Andrographis paniulata and ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniulata revealed that these plants were rich in crude protein, crude fiber, NFE, organic matter, minerals, alkaloids, sterols, glycosides, phenols, protein, tannins, flavanoid, terpenoids, etc. The HPLC analysis of crude and ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata showed presence of several biological active compounds. In vivo anticoccidial activity of crude and ethanolic extracts of these plants was assessed either alone or in combination and compared the activity with the standard anticoccidial drugs amprolium. 100 broiler chicks were taken and randomly divided in 5 groups of 20 birds each. The efficacy of these extracts was evaluated on the basis of parasitological, haematological, and biochemical studies. It was concluded from the study that ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata, herb complex (1:1) and crude Andrographis paniculata revealed better anticoccidial activity against mixed Eimeria infection in broiler which was comparable with amprolium. Total economic losses were Rs. 1407.12, 1146.26, 992.45 and 2406.99 in herbal treated groups treated with crude extract of Ageratum conyzoides, Andrographis paniculata, combination of Ageratum conyzoides and Andrographis paniculata and ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata as compared to amprolium treated group in which the loss was Rs. 1597.44.
