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ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence, oxidative stress and phyto-therapeutic management of subclinical mastitis with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus in buffaloes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-12) Tyagi, Arpit; Rajora, V.S.The present study was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology and to determine level of oxidative stress in dairy buffaloes suffering from subclinical mastitis with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus infection, followed by evaluation of herbal antimicrobial therapy and to compare it with standard antimicrobial therapy based upon antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis recorded in and around Pantnagar was 19.48%. The highest occurrence of subclinical mastitis was observed in high producing 4th to 6th parity buffaloes in their early stage of lactation with more predispositions towards hind-quarters. Staphylococci followed by Streptococci were found to be a major etiological agent. The overall antibiogram of the major bacterial isolates revealed the highest sensitivity to enrofloxacin. PCR assay targeting DNA sequence encoding for 23S rRNA of Staphylococcus aureus was found highly sensitive in rapid identification of S. aureus directly from milk samples as compared to milk culture. There was significant increase in levels of LPO, SOD, CAT, LDH and ALP while significant reduction in GSH was observed in buffaloes with SCM. No significant difference was observed in BUN concentration in buffaloes with SCM which suggests that there was prolonged infection by gram positive bacteria. Micromineral estimation revealed higher serum zinc and iron levels and non-significant increase in serum copper level in buffaloes with subclinical mastitis than that of healthy control. Therapeutic trial revealed the highest efficacy of intramammary infusion of enrofloxacin, followed by Trisama extracts in management of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes which needs further validation through large scale clinical trials.ThesisItem Open Access Exploring acute pancreatitis vis-à-vis experimental L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis and its amelioration by Phyllanthus emblica and Morus alba(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Radhika; Mahesh KumarThe present study was conducted to evaluate ameliorating effect of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica and leaves of Morus alba on L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Hydromethanolic extracts of M. alba leaves and P. emblica fruits were prepared and quantitative phytochemical analysis of these extracts was done. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and total flavonol content in P. emblica extract were110.92 ± 2.55 mg GAE/g, 23.36 ± 1.11 mg QE/g and 20.61 ± 1.06 mg QE/g, respectively. However,total phenolic, total flavonoid and total flavonol contents in M. alba extract were 31.26 ± 1.68 mg GAE/g, 11.45 ± 0.76 mg QE/g and 9.45 ± 1.25 mg QE/g, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography revealed presence of gallic acid (18 μg/g), quercetin (260 μg/g), rutin (35.8 μg/g) and trans-ferulic acid (14.8 μg/g) in P. emblica extract and gallic acid (12.4 μg/g), rutin (10 μg/g) and trans-ferulic acid (6.8 μg/g) in M. alba extract. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of plant extracts was done using DPPH assay and total antioxidant assay. In vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts was done by inhibition of protein denaturation and proteinase inhibitory action assays. IC50 values of extracts of P. emblica fruits and M. alba leaves were 221.21 and 361.38 μg/ml, respectively on basis of inhibition of protein denaturation assay. Whereas, IC50 values of extracts of P. emblica fruits and M. alba leaves were 292.9 and 382.77 μg/ml, respectively on basis of proteinase inhibitory action. Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by administration of L-arginine @ 2 g/kg i.p. at 1 h interval. Prepared extracts of P. emblica and M. alba were given @ 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively p.o. daily to rats in two separate groups. Haematolgy, serum biomarkers of pancreas, kidney and heart, oxidative stress in erythrocytes and pancreas, lungs, kidney and heart, histopatholgical examination were used to access therapeutic efficacy. L-arginine administrationproduced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats which was associated with production of inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNFα) and production of marked oxidative stress not only in pancreas, but also in other organs viz. lungs, kidney and heart. Histopathologic examination showed that L-arginine administration produced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats with early signs of congestion, haemorrhage and vacuolationupto6hr followed by necrosis prominent at 24 hours and reaching its peak at 3 days interval. Apart from pancreatitis, pronounced effects on heart (myocardititis, hydropic degeneration, cardiac fiber degeneration), kidneys (haemorrhage, congestion, inflammation and tubular degeneration) and lungs (congestion, haemorrhage and thickening of interstitial septum, increased cellular counts in BALF) were also noticed. Treatment with P. emblica and M. alba extracts elucidated a protective effect by abolition of edema and fibrosis, as well by bringing haematological, biochemical and antioxidant indices to almost normal levels. These results were almost comparable with melatonin given as standard preventive therapy in acute pancreatitis. Thus, it can be concluded from results of the present study that P. emblica and M. alba extracts are effective in ameliorating acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced by L-arginine in rats.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-haematobiochemical alterations and therapeutic management of canine parvovirus infection with special reference to alternative therapy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Pant, Kirti; Shukla, S.K.The present study was conducted with the aim to calculate the prevalence of Canine Parvoviral infection in and around Pantnagar along with its therapeutic management via fortification of alternative medicines to achieve better results. A total of 72 cases of gastroenteritis were reported in Teaching Veterinary and Clinical Complex, Pantnagar from December 2018 to May 2019. Out of these, 48 cases were found positive for Canine Parvoviral infection showing an overall prevalence of 66.66%. Confirmation of positive cases was done based on observed clinical signs and Rapid Parvovirus Antigen Detection Kit. Total six groups of 36 dogs were made for the study. Group I comprised of healthy dogs with no infection. Thirty dogs found positive for Canine Parvoviral infection were divided in 5 groups I, II, III, IV, V comprising of six dogs each. Group II comprised of infected dogs which were treated symptomatically. Group III comprised of infected dogs which were given Astragalus along with symptomatic therapy orally @ 1-2 ml bid for 5 days. Group IV comprised of infected dogs which were given Arsenicum album (30C) orally @ 1-2 drops bid for 5 days along with symptomatic therapy. Group V comprised of infected dogs which were given Mercurius corrosivus (30C) orally @ 1-2 drops bid for 5 days along with symptomatic therapy. Group VI comprised of infected dogs which were given Zingiber (3X) orally @ 1-2 drops bid for 5 days along with symptomatic therapy. Maximum affected cases were in males ranging about 62.5% of age group 0-3 months (43.75%) having body weight < 5 kg (45.83%). Maximum (75%) cases were seen in the month of February and April followed by March (68.75%), December (66.66%), January (62.5%) and least in May (50%). Breed wise maximum prevalence was seen in non-descript or mixed breed (39.58%) followed by Labrador (16.66%), Rotweiler (12.5%), Bhutia and German Shephard (10.42%), Spitz and Mastiff (4.16%) and least in Pitbull (2.08%). Total 75% pups which were not vaccinated against canine parvoviral infection were found prone to infection as compared to those which were vaccinated (25%). Most common clinical signs observed were anorexia (89.58%), vomition (87.5%), bloody diarrhea (79.16%), dehydration (50%), sub-normal rectal temperature (62.5%), pale conjunctival mucous membrane (58.33%) and reduced body weight (45.83%). Haematological parameters like haemoglobin, total leukocyte count and lymphocyte percentage showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in all groups with maximum increase in group VI on day 5 post – treatment. Biochemical parameters like total protein, albumin, globulin also improved significantly (P < 0.05) in all groups V and VI on day 5 post – treatment. AST, ALT (P< 0.05) and ALP (P < 0.05) values which were increased on day ‘0’, decreased significantly after treatment in group III and VI. Group II showed similar results but mean values of all haematological and biochemical parameters of dogs from group II were less significantly changed as compared to other groups. Mean values of these parameters in dogs from group I remained within normal physiological limit during study period. Better results were seen in Group VI followed by Group IV, Group V, Group III and Group II, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-therapeutic studies on canine mycotic dermatitis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Joshi, Preeti; Prasad, AmitThe.present work was undertaken to record the prevalence of canine dermatological disorders at Veterinary hospitals of Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital districts of Uttarakhand including Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Pantnagar from (May, 2018-April, 2019) with special reference to mycotic dermatitis. Clinico-therapeutic trials were also carried out at TVCC, Pantnagar to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of standard formulations viz. Terbinafine, Itraconazole and Griseofulvin with sunflower oil in group of dogs affected with mycotic dermatitis. A group of six healthy dogs were also included for comparison of results. Prevalence of various dermatological disorders were recorded,out of 12,556 dogs; 3929 dogs were suffering from various dermatological disorders recording an overall prevalence of 31.29%. Highest prevalence was found at Haldwani (53.66%) followed by Shantipuri (49.09%), Kicchha (38.67%), Kashipur (28.39%), Lalkuan (26.66%), Gadarpur (22.65%), Rudrapur (20.55%), Pratappur (14.47%) and Bajpur (17.56%) and lowest at Pantnagar (10.43%). At Pantnagar, dermatoses were recorded in 239 out of 2291 dogs comprising of 97 (40.58%) fungal, 66 (27.61%) tick/flea/lice infestation, 45 (18.82%) mange, 31 (12.97%) miscellaneous infection. In Pantnagar maximum cases were recorded in August (15.46%) followed by July (14.43%). In general, a higher percentage of dermatoses, was found in males with no age limit. It was observed that maximum cases of dermatological findings were recorded in mongrel dogs (32.63%) followed by German Shepherd (19.66%), Labrador (18.82%), other breeds (15.06%), toy breeds (13.80%). Microscopic and cultural examination of skin scrapings remarked maximum fungal affections were caused by Microsporum spp. (42.26%), Trichophyton spp. (24.74%), and Malassezia spp. (32.98%). Estimation of hemato-biochemical profiles revealed leucocytosis and increase in ESR in all dermatological cases. Average values of Hb, PCV, and TEC were significantly lower in fungal dermatological conditions when compared to control, while neutropenia and eosinophilia were evident in cases of fungal infection. Monocytes were significantly decreased in affected animals as compared to the healthy control. Significant increase in total protein and globulin and decrease in serum albumin, A/G ratio in dogs affected with mycotic dermatitis. Thirty six out of 97 dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6) for therapeutic evaluation of standard formulationsviz. Terbinafine, Itraconazole, Griseofulvin with sunflower oil. The clinical examination at an interval of 7 days for 21 days treatment was performed. Terbinafine was found superior to Itraconazole followed by Griseofulvin with sunflower oil in mycotic dermatitis. On the basis of the results of the present study, selected therapeutic regimen can be used to combat canine mycotic dermatitis.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of economic losses due to poultry coccidiosis using conventional anticoccidials and alternates in Uttarakhand state(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Sangeeta; Bhatt, PrakashThe present work was conducted to study the prevalence of coccidiosis in commercial broiler and layer farms located in different rearing region in Uttarakhand state (Garhwal and Kumaun region) from August 2018 to March 2019. Anticoccidial efficacy of 50% hydromethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides was evaluated in a commercial poultry farm and compared with Amprolium. The economic loss was assessed with help of various parameters viz. chemoprophylaxis cost, chemotherapeutic cost, mortality loss, reduced body weight gain, increased FCR etc. in broilers. Total economic losses were `7,171 in herbal treated group as compared to amprolium treated group it was `7,317. A total of 34 commercial poultry farms were screened and 8 were found positive for coccidiosis. The overall prevalence of coccidiosis was 23.52% in Garhwal and Kumaun region of Uttarakhand district. The identification of the coccidian parasite was confirmed by gross lesion site, oocyst morphology and sporulation time of oocyst. Clinical signs included bloody droppings, ruffled feather, anemia, intestinal hemorrhages. Anticoccidial activity of 50% hydromethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides plant (herbal drug) was assessed and compared the activity with the standard anticoccidial drug Amprolium. It was concluded from the study that 50% hydromethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides @ 1000 mg/kg body weight for 7 days revealed better anticoccidial activity against mixed infection of different Eimeria species namely E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima E. mitis in broiler which was comparable with Amprolium.ThesisItem Open Access Diagnosis and clinico-therapeutic studies on canine hepatic dysfunction(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Jeena, Anjali; Rajora, V.S.The present was undertaken with the objectives of diagnosing hepatic dysfunction on basis of clinical, hematobiochemical, digital imaging and monitoring the therapeutic response to different regimens. For this, a comprehensive study was undertaken on 18 dogs suffering from hepatic dysfunction. Hepatic dysfunction was found to be predominant in the dogs of senile age group >8years (33.33%), followed by 4- 8 years (27.78%), <1 year (22.22%) and 1-4 year (16.67%). Breed wise occurrence revealed that most hepatic dysfunction cases were in Labrador Retriever (22.22%). Sex wise occurrence revealed that males (61.11%) were predominantly affected than females (38.88%). Clinical manifestations recorded in hepatic dysfunction were lethargy to depression, anorexia, vomition, pale mucosa, diarrhoea, polyuria/polydipsia, pain on abdominal palpation, fever, ascites, icterus, peripheral oedema, emaciation, melena, and petechial haemorrhages. The overall haemato-biochemical changes of dogs with hepatic dysfunction revealed anaemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, prolonged prothrombin time, hypoproteinemia, hyperbilirubinemia and rise of serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and GGT). The acute hepatic dysfunction had significantly higher albumin level than globulins level as compared to the chronic hepatic dysfunction. Hepatic radiography and ultrasonography were very useful in diagnosing hepatic dysfunction; however, with ultrasonography, detailed information pertaining to the liver dysfunction could be obtained. The presence of bilirubinuria and bilirubin crystals in the urine was suggestive of canine hepatic dysfunction. In the therapeutic management of hepatic dysfunction, incorporation of Ursodeoxycholic acid and SAMe with silybin (Lisybin) to therapy enhances clinical improvement in hepatic dysfunction and helps restoring normal haemato-biochemical values. Regular screening of apparently healthy dogs will help in early detection of hepatic dysfunction.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiology, clinico-pathological and therapeutic studies on canine babesiosis in tarai region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Kunwar, Vidhi; Bhatt, PrakashThe present study was under taken in two heads viz. clinico-epidemiological study and therapeutic study for the epidemiological study data was collected from different veterinary hospitals in and around Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The overall prevalence of canine babesiosis was recorded as (23.63%) out of which 55.44% dogs were infested with ticks on hospital records. Canine babesiosis was more prevalent in Pantnagar area (28.82%) and least prevalent in Lalkuan region (18.87%). It was most prevalent in males (25.89%) as compared to female dogs (19.74%). The maximum prevalence was seen in German shepherd (29.03%) and minimum prevalence in bull mastiff (5.25%). Young dogs of 1 to 3 years of age were comparatively more affected as compared to adult dogs. The highest prevalence was found in the month of July (33.33%) whereas least was recorded in the month of December (8.04%). High rise of temperature, tick infestation, anorexia, dehydration, lethargy, etc. were the characteristic clinical signs recorded from dogs suffering with babesiosis. For therapeutic study 18 dogs positive for babesiosis were randomly divided into three equal (group I to III) and referred as infected groups. One group with six healthy animals was taken as control (group IV). Dogs of group I, II and III were administered Dimenazine aceturate, doxycycline + clindamycin and Imidocarb dipropionate respectively at prescribed doses along with symptomatic and supportive medication. Various hemato-biochemical parameters viz. Hb, TEC, PCV, platelet, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocyte count, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, Creatinine and total bilirubin were recorded at 0, 7, 28 day of study in infected groups. There was significant decrease in Hb, TEC ,PCV, platelet, neutrophils, total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose while significant increase in eosinophils, lymphocyte count, ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, Creatinine and total bilirubin in infected groups at different intervals. The study revealed that all the drugs under study could clear the babesia spp. infections from the affected dogs, however, based on the clinical improvement and lowered degree of parasitemia in diminazene aceturate was considered as the most efficacious drug against babesiosis followed by Imidocarb dipropionate and Doxycycline and clindamycin combination therapy.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on experimental pancreatitis in rat model with special reference to diagnosis and alternative therapy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Singh, Jitendra Pratap; Mahesh KumarThe present experiment was conducted to evaluate the ameliorating effect of rhizome of Curcuma longa and Moringa oleifera leaves on the acute pancreatitis induced by cerulean in SD rats. Rhizome of C. longa was purchased from the VRC, Pantnagar and leaves of M. oleifera collected from surrounding local area of Pantnager, processed by standard methods to prepare hydro-methanolic extract of powder of rhizome and leaves. Rhizome of C. longa yielded 10.74% extract while leaves of M. oleifera 15.16%. The result of the quantitative phyto-chemical analysis of extract of both plants revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, glycosides, reducing sugar, proteins and sterols. In proximate analysis, there was presence of 90.38% dry mater, 9.62% moisture content, 7.18% ash, 66.37% carbohydrate, 6.64% crude protein, 4.45% fat and 5.74% crude fiber in C. longa and 91.20% dry matter, 8.80% moisture content, 8.37% ash, 45.46% carbohydrate, 22.27% crude protein, 3.76% fat and 11.34% crude fiber in M. oleifera. Mineral estimation revealed presence of high levels of Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe and Zn in both powder and extracts. Acute pancreatitis was induced by using cerulein intraperitonealy @ 50 μg/kg b wt at hourly interval for 7 h in SD rats. Therapeutic effect of C. longa and M. oleifera was evaluated in acute pancreatitis by using @ 500 mg/kg b wt and 400 mg/kg b wt, respectively, in two separate groups in comparison of standard treatment protocol, normal control and cerulein control. The parameters evaluated included clinical observation, faecal changes, haematological, pancreatic enzymes, liver enzymes, kidney function tests, cardiac function, oxidative stress related parameters and serum calcium levels. Pancreatic and heart tissues were collected for the histopathology and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that hydro-methanolic extract of C. longa and M. oleifera were found effective in treatment of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rat model by bringing the haematological, biochemical parameters to almost normal levels. The alteration at histopathological levels was also reduced markedly in treatment groups than cerulein control group. Thus, it can be concluded from the present study that hydro-methanolic extract of C. longa and M. oleifera are able to manage the cases of acute pancreatitis.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence of neonatal diseases of caprine with special reference to neonatal septicemia in Nainital and U.S Nagar districts of Kumaon region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Bhujel, Suchitra; Singh, J.L.The present study was undertaken to study the prevalence of neonatal diseases of caprine and clinico-pathological and therapeutic studies of Neonatal Septicemia in Nainital and U.S Nagar districts of Kumaon region. The prevalence study revealed an overall prevalence of Neonatal diseases to be 47.52 % and overall mortality of 12.16 %. Maximum morbidity was due to Enteritis (43.89 %) followed by Pneumonia (22.04 %), Pneumo-enteritis (21.25%), Neonatal Septicemia (9.44 %), Miscellaneous condition (2.36 %) and Congenital defects (0.98%). With respect to season and sex, highest morbidity was seen in winter season (51.77 %) and in males (52.16 %). Mortality rate was also highest in winter season (56.15 %) and in male kids (54.61 %). Out of 120 blood samples cultured, 48 samples were positive for Septicemia, of which 41 were due to gram negative bacteria and 7 were due to gram positive bacteria. Kids infected with Neonatal Septicemia showed signs of depression, inappetance, absence of suckling reflex, dehydration. Diarrhoea, omphalitis and arthritis was also seen in most of the kids. A significant (P≤0.05) increase in temperature (104.89±0.33˚F), heart rate (128.37±3.96 beats/min) and respiration rate (37.72±1.7/min) was seen in all kids before treatment. Hemogram revealed leukopenia (6.38±0.45 x103/μl) and neutopenia (1.68±0.16 x103/μl) with no significant changes in Hb (11.22±0.40gm/dl), PCV (31.87±1.45%) and TEC (12.72±0.76 x 106μl). Biochemical analysis revealed a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in serum protein (5.37±0.19 gm/dl), albumin (2.63±0.11gm/dl), IgG (15.29±2.04 mg/dl) and glucose (42.68±1.08 mg/dl) with significant (P≤0.05) increase in serum creatinine (1.73±0.6 mg/dl), BUN (27.66±1.1 mg/dl), ALT (21.62±1.46 U/L), AST (516.20±27.88 U/L), ALP (124.15±6.44 U/L) and LDH (441.45±17.37 U/L). Based on recovery and therapeutic scoring Ceftriaxone + Tazobactum (6.469) were graded superior to other anti-microbials. Amoxicillin + Sulbactum (6.424) showed better recovery but based on total score it was graded 2nd followed by Marbofloxacin (6.391) and Amikacin (6.345) respectively.
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