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ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence, clinico-pathology and therapeutic studies of Coccidiosis in broiler birds with special reference to herbal therapy(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Sudhanshu Shekhar; Shukla, S.K.The present work was conducted to study the prevalence of coccidiosis in commercial broiler and layer farms located in the district Udham Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand, India from January 2015 to December 2015. Anticoccidial activity of some herbal extracts was evaluated in experimentally induced coccidiosis in broilers and their efficacy compared with amprolium. The prevalence of disease was higher in broiler farms (59.09%) of small flock strength (76.92%) in 3-6 week age group (92.30%). Prevalence was also high in monsoon season (55.0%). ITS-1 based nested PCR identified six Eimeria species, i.e. E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. mitis, E. acervulina, E. praecox and E. brunette, and overall prevalence of these species were 95, 65, 45, 45, 35 and 20%, respectively. The physiochemical and phytochemical analysis of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Musa paradisiaca, Ageratum conyzoides and Melia azedarach revealed that these plant were rich in crude protein, crude fiber, NFE, organic matter, minerals, alkaloids, sterols, glycosides, phenols, protein, tannins, flavanoid, terpenoids, etc. The total phenol and total flavanoid, antioxidant activity were higher and IC50 value was lower in methanolic extract as compared to aqueous extract residues of these plant. The GC-MS analysis of crude methanolic extract of these plants showed presence of several biological active compounds. Preliminary acute toxicity study of methanolic and aqueous extracts of these plant showed that all the extract residues were safe and did not produce any toxic effect even at higher dose (5000 mg/kg b.wt.) in broilers. In vivo anticoccidial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of these plants was assessed either alone or in combination and compared the activity with the standard anticoccidial drugs amprolium. For the purpose, 300 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided in 20 groups of 15 birds each. The efficacy of these extracts was evaluated on the basis of parasitological, haematological, biochemical, immunological, serum mineral level, oxidative stress and histopatholgical studies. It was concluded from the study that methanolic extract of triherb complex (1:1:1) and methanolic extract of A. conyzoides @ 1000 mg/kg b.wt. for 7 day revealed better anticoccidial activity against E. tenella infection in broiler which was comparable with amprolium.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-biochemical organ functional diagnostic and therapeutic studies of endemic goitre in goats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2001) Singh, Jawahar Lal; Sharma, M.C.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on prevalence, immunodiagnosis and herbal therapy of Bovine fasciolosis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2000) Upadhyay, A.K.; Pachauri, S.P.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on comparative efficacy of oral rehydration solutions in the treatment of induced Escherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal calves(Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), 2000) Pal, Hari Pada; Pachauri, S.P.ThesisItem Open Access Clinico-epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic studies on renal failure in canines(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-03) Tufani, Noore Alam; Singh, J.L.The present study was aimed to identify the clinico-epidemiological prevalence of renal failure in canines in some part of India during last two years (2012-2013). The overall clinical prevalence of renal failure in canine was 2.58% (236/9149). Retrospective study revealed, highest prevalence in Patna-6.82% (102) followed by Pantnagar-5.48% (100) and Jabalpur-0.58% (34). Breed wise prevalence of renal failure was highest in Labrador followed by German Shepherd and Pomeranian. Of 100 dogs affected with renal failure, acute renal failure (ARF) was 58% and chronic renal failure (CRF) was 42%. ARF and CRF was higher in >4-8 and >8 years of age, respectively. Prerenal, renal and post-renal causes of renal failures were 20%, 57% and 23%, respectively. Renal failure affected dogs were identified as idiopathic, urolithiasis, leptospirosis and pyometra in 47, 23, 20 and 10%, respectively. The most important clinical signs in uremic dogs were tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypothermia, dehydration, vomiting, anorexia, halitosis, polyuria/polydipsia, oliguria/anuria and anaemia. In the present study, dogs affected with ARF or CRF had lower value of Hb, PCV, TEC, platelets, lymphocytes, serum chloride, Ca/P ratio and glomerular filtration rate, and there was significant increase in TLC, neutrophils, ESR, BUN, serum creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, γGT, serum amylase, lipase, phosphate, CaxP product, urinary pH, leukocytes, RBCs, ketone, urobilinogen, billirubin, protein, UPC ratio. In case of ARF, there was significant increase in serum K+, glucose and urinary specific gravity and decrease in serum Na+. Whereas, dogs diagnosed with CRF had higher level of serum Na+ and decreased level of serum protein and albumin, but serum potassium and glucose levels were within normal range. Moreover, microscopic examination of urinary sediment revealed several cellular components, casts and crystals. Microscopic agglutination (MAT) was sensitive for the diagnosis of Leptospira infection in dogs. The seroprevalence of Leptospira serovars was highest for autumnalis followed by icterohemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, canicola, javanica pomona, respectively. In urine, E. coli infection was predominated followed by Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp. and were sensitive to Amoxiclav followed by Gentamicin and Ofloxacin. Distended urinary bladder, urolithiasis, cystitis, ascites, pyometra, renomegaly, end-stage kidney, hydronephrosis, cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly were diagnosed in dogs affected with renal failure, using radiography and ultrasonography. Soft tissue mineralization was evident by hyperechoic area on sonography. In ARF, lowest mortality was observed in groups IV-16.67% (dialysis+dopamine) and V-16.67% (dialysis+frusemide) followed by group III-33.33% (dialysis) and highest in groups I-66.67% (dopamine) and II-66.67% (frusemide). However in CRF, lowest mortality in group IX-0.00% (dialysis+enalapril) followed by groups VI-66.67% (enalapril) and VIII-66.67% (dialysis), and highest in group VII-100% (conventional therapy) were recorded. On the basis of clinical and biochemical recovery, it was observed that peritoneal dialysis (bid for 10 days), as a sole or in adjunction to dopamine (@ 5 μg/kg/min with drip bid for10 days) or frusemide (@ 2 mg/kg bid iv for 10 days) along with supportive medicinal therapy, in dogs affected with ARF can restore the patient's life, towards normalcy. Similarly, dogs affected with CRF can be treated successfully with peritoneal dialysis (once daily for 4 weeks), as a sole or in adjunction to enalapril (@ 0.5 mg/kg bid for 4 weeks) along with supportive medicinal therapy. Finally, it was concluded that peritoneal dialysis along with furosemide and enalapril was highly effective in dogs for the treatment of ARF and CRF, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Sero-surveillance, immunopathology and therapeutic studies on Chicken Infectious Anaemia Virus(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-08) Bhatt, Prakash; Shukla, S.K.ThesisItem Open Access Epidemiological, clinico-pathological and therapeutic studies of goitre in goats(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2010-08) Satyendra Kumar; Shukla, S.K.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of immunotherapeutic and antioxidative effects of some herbs in bovine subclinical mastitis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2010-01) Gupta, Dhiraj Kumar; Rajora, V.S.In the present study in vitro antibacterial activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Withania somnifera roots, Ocimum sanctum leaves, Azadirachta indica bark and Tinospora cordifolia stem individually and in combination against the mastitis pathogens viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli was studied and the activity of best extract mix was compared with that of standard antibiotic. The best extract mix was tried in vivo in subclinical mastitic cows to assess its immuno-therapeutic and antioxidative effects. The per cent yield of extracts of W. somnifera roots, O. sanctum leaves, A. indica bark and T. cardifolia stem was 14.6%, 9.5%, 6.1% and 5.9%, respectively. The extract mix of W. somnifera and O. sanctum was observed to be the best combination against all tested bacteria with the efficacy of 66.25%, 74.81% and 75.56% for Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Streptococcus agalactiae, respectively in comparison to enrofloxacin. The MIC of hydro-alcoholic extract of W. somnifera roots and A. indica bark was observed to be 125 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml, respectively for both Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli and 500 mg/ml and 1000 mg/ml, respectively for Streptococcus agalactiae. Whereas, the MIC of hydro-alcoholic extract of O. sanctum leaves was recorded to be 125 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and 250 mg/ml for both Streptococcus agalactiae and E. coli. Overall prevalence of SCM was 32.98% and 57.72% cow wise and quarter wise, respectively with higher involvement of right hindquarters, between 2nd to 4th parity and between 31-60 days of lactation. Staphylococcus spp. was present in maximum (67.95%) cases followed by Streptococcus spp. (23.72%). The mean CMT point score, SCC and TBC in SCM cows were recorded to be 2.15±0.06, 6.15±0.14 x 105 and 4.93 x103/ml, respectively. No statistical difference in CMT score, pH, EC, fat, protein, lactose, SNF, SCC and TBC values on day 3, 7 and 15 was observed in Gr I and Gr II during the present course of investigation. In Gr III cows (enrofloxacin treated) significant decrease in CMT score, SCC, TBC and neutrophil % was recorded on day 3. The mean phagocytic neutrophils in this group increased significantly on day 3 and 7 in comparison to day 0 post treatment. In Gr IV (extract mix treated) and Gr VI (extract and powder mix treated) CMT score, SCC, neutrophil% and lymphocyte% rose significantly on day 3 and decline subsequently on day 7 and 15 post treatment. The TBC declined gradually in this group during the period of study. Mean phagocytic neutrophils and phagocytic index significantly increased on day 3 and 7 post treatment. A significant rise in lactose and SNF values was observed in this group. Administration of PBS (Gr V) did not cause any recovery. Standard antioxidant therapy im (Gr VII) showed a significant decrease in CMT score, EC and neutrophil percentage on day 3, 7 and 15 as compared to day 0. However, the TBC varied significantly on day 7 and 15 as compared to day 0 post treatment. There was no significant alteration in the values of SCC, fat, protein, lactose and SNF and lymphocyte % in milk of cows of group VII throughout the period of study. The phagocytic neutrophil percentage in Gr VII increased significantly on day 7 as compared to day 0 post treatment. The phagocytic index did not vary significantly on day 3 and 7 as compared to day 0. No complete cure of SCM quarter in Gr VII was observed. In Gr VIII (powder mix treated) a significant decrease in CMT score, EC, SCC, TBC, lactose and SNF, neutrophil % was observed on day 15 in comparison to day 0 post treatment. However, lymphocyte % rose significantly on day 3 as compared to day 0 but afterwards declined on day 7 and 15 post treatment. Gr VIII experienced a significant increase in phagocytic neutrophils and phagocytic index on day 3 and 7 in comparison to day 0 post treatment. The activities of oxidative stress related enzymes varied significantly after treatment in Gr III, Gr IV, Gr VI, Gr VII and Gr VIII. The recovery was 91.67%, 88.33%, 75.00% and 50.00% in Gr III, Gr VI, Gr IV and Gr VIII, respectively. No adverse reaction and milk losses were observed in herbs treated groups during the period of treatment. Enrofloxacin was graded as superior treatment for subclinical mastitic cows followed by extract and powder mix of W. somnifera and O. sanctum, extract of W. somnifera and O. sanctum and powder mix. The total cost of treatment of one quarter with intramammary alone, intramammary and oral use and oral administration of herbal preparations was computed as Rs. 94.99, Rs.107.60 and Rs. 25.20, respectively as against Rs. 201.00 on intramammary infusion of enrofloxacin. The intramammary infusion of extract of W. somnifera and O. sanctum and oral administration of powder of W. somnifera and O. sanctum mix gave very encouraging results in bovine subclinical mastitis. Therefore, in future the use of combination of these herbs may be explored in clinical mastitis and the active ingredients of these herbs may be isolated and tried for their efficacy in subclinical mastitis as well as in clinical mastitis.