Clinico-epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic studies on renal failure in canines
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Date
2014-03
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G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
Abstract
The present study was aimed to identify the clinico-epidemiological prevalence of renal failure in canines in some part of India during last two years (2012-2013). The overall clinical prevalence of renal failure in canine was 2.58% (236/9149). Retrospective study revealed, highest prevalence in Patna-6.82% (102) followed by Pantnagar-5.48% (100) and Jabalpur-0.58% (34). Breed wise prevalence of renal failure was highest in Labrador followed by German Shepherd and Pomeranian. Of 100 dogs affected with renal failure, acute renal failure (ARF) was 58% and chronic renal failure (CRF) was 42%. ARF and CRF was higher in >4-8 and >8 years of age, respectively. Prerenal, renal and post-renal causes of renal failures were 20%, 57% and 23%, respectively. Renal failure affected dogs were identified as idiopathic, urolithiasis, leptospirosis and pyometra in 47, 23, 20 and 10%, respectively. The most important clinical signs in uremic dogs were tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypothermia, dehydration, vomiting, anorexia, halitosis, polyuria/polydipsia, oliguria/anuria and anaemia. In the present study, dogs affected with ARF or CRF had lower value of Hb, PCV, TEC, platelets, lymphocytes, serum chloride, Ca/P ratio and glomerular filtration rate, and there was significant increase in TLC, neutrophils, ESR, BUN, serum creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, γGT, serum amylase, lipase, phosphate, CaxP product, urinary pH, leukocytes, RBCs, ketone, urobilinogen, billirubin, protein, UPC ratio. In case of ARF, there was significant increase in serum K+, glucose and urinary specific gravity and decrease in serum Na+. Whereas, dogs diagnosed with CRF had higher level of serum Na+ and decreased level of serum protein and albumin, but serum potassium and glucose levels were within normal range. Moreover, microscopic examination of urinary sediment revealed several cellular components, casts and crystals. Microscopic agglutination (MAT) was sensitive for the diagnosis of Leptospira infection in dogs. The seroprevalence of Leptospira serovars was highest for autumnalis followed by icterohemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, canicola, javanica pomona, respectively. In urine, E. coli infection was predominated followed by Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp. and were sensitive to Amoxiclav followed by Gentamicin and Ofloxacin. Distended urinary bladder, urolithiasis, cystitis, ascites, pyometra, renomegaly, end-stage kidney, hydronephrosis, cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly were diagnosed in dogs affected with renal failure, using radiography and ultrasonography. Soft tissue mineralization was evident by hyperechoic area on sonography. In ARF, lowest mortality was observed in groups IV-16.67% (dialysis+dopamine) and V-16.67% (dialysis+frusemide) followed by group III-33.33% (dialysis) and highest in groups I-66.67% (dopamine) and II-66.67% (frusemide). However in CRF, lowest mortality in group IX-0.00% (dialysis+enalapril) followed by groups VI-66.67% (enalapril) and VIII-66.67% (dialysis), and highest in group VII-100% (conventional therapy) were recorded. On the basis of clinical and biochemical recovery, it was observed that peritoneal dialysis (bid for 10 days), as a sole or in adjunction to dopamine (@ 5 μg/kg/min with drip bid for10 days) or frusemide (@ 2 mg/kg bid iv for 10 days) along with supportive medicinal therapy, in dogs affected with ARF can restore the patient's life, towards normalcy. Similarly, dogs affected with CRF can be treated successfully with peritoneal dialysis (once daily for 4 weeks), as a sole or in adjunction to enalapril (@ 0.5 mg/kg bid for 4 weeks) along with supportive medicinal therapy. Finally, it was concluded that peritoneal dialysis along with furosemide and enalapril was highly effective in dogs for the treatment of ARF and CRF, respectively.
Description
Thesis-PhD
Keywords
clinical examination, epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, therapy, renal failure, canine