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Open Access
Effect of long term application of fertilizer and crop residues on soil properties and crop yield under rice–wheat system in a mollisol
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-04) Negi, Jyoti; Singh, Ajeet Pratap
The present experiment “Effect of long term application of fertilizer and crop residues on soil properties and crop yield under rice-wheat system in a Mollisol” was carried out during kharif – rabi season of 2015-16 at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid in RBD and replicated four times with twelve treatments. The soil pH and EC ranged from 7.25 to 7.63, 0.27 to 0.33 dSm-1, respectively. Experimental findings indicated that application of chemical fertilizer with organic residues non-significantly influenced soil pH and EC. The content of organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and available micronutrient cations Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu improved significantly over the control. The content of organic carbon, N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe ranged from 0.56 to 1.14%, 221.37 to 327.61 Kg ha-1, 14.04 to 26.46 Kg ha-1, 112.63 to 133.72 Kg ha-1, 16.88 to 30.42 mg kg-1, 0.57 to 2.95 mg kg-1, 1.97 to 5.41 mg kg-1, 4.64 to 7.75 mg kg-1 and 20.56 to 34.83 mg kg-1, respectively. The partial replacement of N through FYM, wheat straw and mung straw caused significant improvement in soil properties and crop yield. The grain yield of rice and wheat in the year 2015-2016 ranged from 2552.7 to 5700.7, 1850.0 to 4315.7 Kg ha-1, respectively. The partial replacement of N through FYM, wheat straw and mung straw caused significant improvement in soil properties and crop yield. The treatment where 50 per cent N was applied through FYM, 25 per cent through FYM, where 50 per cent N was applied through mung straw and 50 per cent through wheat straw were found best among all the treatments and improves soil properties, nutrient content as well as yield. The Farmyard manure and green gram straw were observed to be the best organic sources of N for substitution of chemical N, with respect to soil fertility and grain yield. It is concluded from this study that continuous use of crop residues in partial replacement of fertilizer significantly improved the soil properties, nutrient status of the soil and crop yield.
Open Access
Periodic release of micronutrients and other ions from different organic amendments
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Dey, Ahana; Srivastava, P.C.
A laboratory incubation study was conducted both in quartz sand and soil at Department of Soil Science, G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar to study the periodic release pattern of micronutrients and other ions from different organic amendments. Treatments consisted of Farmyard manure (FYM), Mushroom compost, Poultry manure, Vermicompost, Biogas slurry and Biochar each applied @ 15 t/ha along with control, in a two factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The experiment was carried out at room temp for 120 days. The present investigation revealed that application of organic amendments in soil did not show any significant effect on pH over control after the incubation period except vermicompost, which slightly increased soil pH. Irrespective of the type, all organic amendments increased electrical conductivity due to release of nutrient ions during their mineralization. Organic C level of soil improved due to addition of organic amendments. More or less periodic release of all the micronutrients and other ions in quartz sand was initially low till one month but increased afterwards. The release pattern from organic amendments mainly depended on their initial reaction and also on the ease of their decomposition. The release of all ions except- Ca, Mg and Cu mainly depended on their total content in organic amendments. The per cent release of nutrients from different organic amendments applied to quartz sand revealed that biochar could be a good source of Zn, Fe and Mn while, the poultry manure would be a good source of Cu, B, Mg and S. For P and K, FYM might serve as a promising source. For soil application, poultry manure was proved as a good source of Zn, Cu, Mn, B, P and K nutrients while, mushroom compost released more Ca and Mg. The farmyard manure and vermicompost were a plentiful source of S and Fe, respectively but in case of Fe none of the amendments in soil registered higher release over control.
Open Access
Assessment of soil health under different land use systems in a mollisol
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Pandey, Varsha; Gautam, Poonam
The present study was undertaken to assess the soil health under different land use systems in a Mollisol. The study area was located at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, which lies at 290 N latitude, 790 3’ E longitude and 243.84 m above the mean sea level altitude. The land use systems selected for study were rice–wheat–green gram, rice–pea(vegetable)-maize, rice potato –okra, rice–berseem + oat + mustard(fodder)-maize + cowpea(fodder), maize–wheat–cowpea, sorghum(fodder)-yellow sarson-black gram, guava + lemon, poplar + turmeric, eucalyptus + turmeric and fallow(uncultivated land). Soil samples were taken from 0-20cm depth and analyzed for their physical (soil colour, percent sand, percent silt, percent clay, bulk density, particle density, porosity and water holding capacity), chemical(soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, available sulphur, and available micronutrients) and biological (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, Azotobacter, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and enzymatic activity) properties under different land use systems. Results revealed that different soil properties varied significantly under different land use systems. Soil pH ranged from 7.38 to 7.49, electrical conductivity varied from 0.249 to 0.326 dSm-1, CEC varied from 22.21 to 36.51 C mol(p+) kg-1 soil, porosity ranged from 47.62 to 49.71 percent, bulk density ranged from 1.29 to 1.43 g cm-3, organic carbon varied from 0.54 to 1.52 percent, available N varied from 148.02 to 311.09 kg ha-1, available P ranged from 14.29 to 25.97 kg ha-1, available K varied from 153.66 to 259.62 kg ha-1, available S varied from 16.99 to 32.03 mg kg-1, available Zn varied from 0.77 to 2.16 mg kg-1, available Cu ranged from 3.83 to 5.89 mg kg-1, available Fe varied from 14.07 to 33.84 mg kg-1, available Mn varied from 5.93 to 7.89 mg kg-1 and total microbial count ranged from 1.64 to 4.80 × 108 cfu g-1soil under different systems. Further, a significant positive relationship between organic carbon and macronutrients, micronutrients, enzymes, total microbial count, water holding capacity and clay percent was also observed. However, bulk density and particle density were inversely correlated with organic carbon. Micronutrients in the soil were significantly and negatively correlated with the soil pH. Overall, the soil health index was found in the order eucalyptus + turmeric (83%) > poplar + turmeric (80%) > rice - potato – okra (77%) > rice – wheat – green gram (73%) = rice – berseem + oat + mustard(fodder)- maize + cowpea(fodder)(73%) > rice – pea (vegetable)- maize(70%) = maize – wheat – cowpea(70%) = sorghum ( fodder)- yellow sarson-black gram(70%) = guava + lemon(70%) > fallow(uncultivated land)(69%) under different land use systems. Therefore, among the different land use systems, agroforestry based systems i.e. eucalyptus + turmeric and poplar + turmeric were found superior with regards to soil health and soil fertility.
Open Access
Isolation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from soils of north- western himalayan region of Uttarakhand, their characterization and evaluation in vegetable pea (Pisum sativum)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Shivani; Raverkar, K.P.
The studies were conducted to isolate various plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of vegetable pea by raising it in soils of different locations of North-West Himalayan region of Uttarakhand; their characterization and evaluation for improved growth of vegetable pea under controlled conditions. The microbiological and chemical analyses were carried out in the Central Analytical Laboratory and Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) during 2016-2018. Total of forty-three isolates were isolated and purified from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of vegetable pea grown in the soils from varying locations of the North-West Himalayan region of Uttarakhand. Further these isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, biochemical characteristics and plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. Out of forty-three rhizobacterial isolates 29, 25, 35, 37 and 32 tested positive for amylase, protease, catalae, oxidase, and chitinase, respectively. However, 32.55, 13.95, 9.30, 69.76, 67.44 and 100 percent isolates were P-solubilizer, Zn-soubilizer, HCN producer, IAA synthesizer, GA synthesizer and ammonia producer, respectively. These rhizobacterial isolates also expressed the great diversity in terms of carbohydrate utilization. On the basis of the PGP traits expressed by various isolates 30 were selected for evaluating their potential to improve growth and development of vegetable pea in sand under controlled conditions. After 45 days of plant growth i.e. at the time of flowering PGPR isolates A17-RP-KB (T7) produced maximum shoot length (40.24 cm), root length (20.62 cm), lateral root emergence (61.17 number plant-1), dry root biomass (1.06g plant-1), total dry weight (2.11g plant-1) and root: shoot ratio (1.01). The highest root volume (7.3 cm3 plant-1), fresh root weight (9.023 g plant-1), fresh shoot weight (7.87 g plant-1), shoot: root ratio (2.84) and dry shoot biomass (1.13 g plant-1) was produced due to an inoculation with PGPR isolates LG-RS-1-KB (T8), A15-RP-KB (T28), SH-RP-NA (T15), PL-RS-1-NA (T16) and P2-RP-KB (T1), respectively. Inoculation with PGPR isolate CRC-RP-NA (T20) facilitated synthesis of higher amount of chlorophyll ‘a’; 14.23 mg g-1) and ‘b’ ( 6.44 mg g-1) while the highest leaf area (5.35cm2 plant-1) was produced due to LG-RS-1-KB (T8). Total N and P-uptake of 28.22 and 2.51 a l p g m t n -1 R P G P h t i w n o i t a l u c o n i o t e u d t s e h g i h s a w , a e p e l b a t e g e v n i , y l e v i t c e p s e r ,7 isolate A1 -RP-KB (T7). However, highest amount of total K-uptake (32.41 mg plant-1) was recorded in plants inoculated with PGPR isolate CRC-RS-2-NA (T6). The highest root acid phosphates activity (12.76 mg p-nitrophenol g-1 fresh root hr-1) was demonstrated due to inoculation with PGPR isolate SH-RS-2-KB (T24).
Open Access
ZnO nanoparticles synthesis and assessment of their efficacy on rice (Oryza sativa L.) and mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Sahoo, Sanjib Kumar; Dwivedi, G.K.
An experiment to assess the efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles on rice and mungbean crops, was conducted in kharif season of the year 2017 in glass house at College of Agriculture of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid out in a three factorial experiment with CRD with two mode of application viz., seed soaking (in mungbean)/ seedling root dip (in rice) and foliar spray with ZnOG and ZnOC and tested with 0, 10, 20 and 50 ppm concentration replicated thrice. The confirmation of ZnO nanoparticles and its size and shape were studied under SEM and UV-vis spectroscopy. The particle size ranged from 74 to 148 nm with an average of 111 nm with triangular to spheroidal shape (in ZnOG) whereas it ranged from 180 to 250 nm with an average of 215 nm and spherical in shape (in ZnOC). The size of the ZnOG was much smaller than ZnOC. The absorption peakmax was recorded at 368 and 371 nm wavelength for ZnOG and ZnOC, thereby confirming the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The results revealed that ZnO nanoparticles at varying levels of concentration i.e. 10, 20 and 50 ppm significantly increased the growth and yield parameters. Highest grain, straw and biomass yield was recorded at 50 ppm in rice while it was recorded best at 20 ppm in mungbean. Among sources, both ZnOG and ZnOC showed comparable effects on growth and yield parameters. Among mode of application, the response of seedling root dip and seed soaking were better to foliar spray during early growth periods whereas foliar spray was better during later stages in both the crops. The content and uptake of zinc by both rice and mungbean crops were greatly influenced by concentration, source and mode of application. Highest content and uptake was recorded at 50 ppm and foliar spray was found superior to seedling root dip or seed soaking. Both the sources were at par with each other. ZnUE in terms of AE, RE, PE and IUE was recorded maximum at 10 ppm and decreased drastically thereafter up to 50 ppm. However, the efficacy of ZnOG was better than ZnOC. Seedling root dip and seed soaking was found better than foliar spray. ZnOG nanoparticles at 10 ppm with seedling root dip (in rice) and seed soaking (in mungbean) greatly influenced the use efficiency of zinc by the crops at an economical cost and found beneficial as 48, 26, 36; 28, 18, 24 (AE); 23, 20, 22; 13, 14, 14 (PE); 14, 23, 29; 21, 30,37 (IUE) for mode of application, source, concentration of ZnOG for rice and mungbean crops, respectively. AE and PE was recorded highest with rice whereas IUE with mungbean, respectively thereby indicating more response exhibited by rice to zinc as compared to mungbean. From this study, it is concluded that ZnO nanoparticles played an important role in increasing the zinc use efficiency of crops to a great extent.
Open Access
Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to irrigation under varying water table conditions and crop coefficients through non-weighing lysimeters filled with silty clay loam soil
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Joshi, Renu; Kushwaha, H.S.
Lysimeter experiment was conducted at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Center of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Latitude 290N, Longitude 79030’ E and Altitude 243.84 m above MSL) during rabi season of 2016-17 to study the response of chickpea cv. Pant Gram-3 under four irrigation schedules including Irrigation at 30% depletion of available soil moisture (ASM) (I1), Irrigation at 40% depletion of ASM (I2), Irrigation at 50% depletion of ASM (I3) and irrigation at growth stages (I4) and three water table depths (30±1.5, 60±1.5 and 90±1.5 cm). Irrigation was given using sprinkler method. The experiment was conducted using split plot design with three replications in lysimeters. The analyzed data of experiments have shown that in chickpea maximum plant height (60.21 cm), number of branches per plant (23.60), and number of root nodules per plant (28.19) were obtained in lysimeters associated with 30±1.5 cm water table depth. However, Maximum number of days taken to 50 % flowering (79) and physiological maturity (145) were also observed under lysimeters associated with 30±1.5 cm water table depth. Chickpea receiving irrigation at 30 % depletion of ASM (I1) gave maximum plant height (58.26 cm), number of branches per plant (23.26), and number of root nodules per plant (25.93). However, days taken to 50 % flowering and physiological maturity were also maximum (76.89 and 142, respectively) at 30 % depletion of ASM irrigation treatment. Numbers of pods plant-1, grain pod-1 and 100-grain weight (g) were more under 60±1.5 cm water depth with irrigation scheduled at 40 % depletion of ASM (I2). Grain yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (kg ha-1), and harvest index were high in irrigation treatment in which irrigations were scheduled based on 40 % depletion of ASM (I2). The maximum grain yield of chickpea (2572.00 Kg ha-1) was obtained under irrigation scheduled at 40 % depletion of ASM (I2) in lysimeters associated with 60±1.5 cm water depth (2740.93 Kg ha-1). Maximum water use efficiency (WUE) in lysimeters (5.59 kg ha-1mm-1) was observed when irrigations were given at 50 % depletion of ASM (I2) under 90±1.5 cm water table conditions. Results also showed that remarkably higher values of grain yield and yield attributes were obtained, when crop was irrigated at 40 % depletion of ASM (I2). Total water use varied from 411.91 to 444.28 mm among various irrigation treatments and water table depths. Total water use was more under 30±1.5 cm water table depth compared with 60±1.5 cm and 90±1.5 cm water table depths. Total seasonal water use increased with successive increase in moisture supply through irrigation or rainfall. With increase in number of irrigation, ET and seasonal water use increased. Crop coefficient as calculated from potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration for chickpea crop varied from 0.60 at one week after sowing to 1.67 at flowering stage and then declined to 1.13 with an average value of 1.03 during the crop season. From this study it is concluded that among different irrigation schedules and water table depths, maximum grain yield of chickpea was obtained under I2 treatment where irrigations were given based on 40 % depletion of available soil moisture (ASM) in lysimeters associated with 60±1.5 cm water table and minimum grain yield of was obtained in I1 treatment where irrigations were given based on 30 % depletion of ASM. In general grain yield was more under 60±1.5 cm water table depths and lowest under 30±1.5 cm water table depths. It is also clear from these results that water table contribution and total water use decreased with increase in water table depth. Among irrigation schedules, I2 (40 % depletion of ASM) was found to be best under all three water table depths. From crop coefficients for chickpea thus obtained from this study, the crop water requirement for chickpea can be determined easily if weather data of that location are available.
Open Access
STCR approach for optimizing integrated plant nutrients supply to obtain better growth and yield of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Garten.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Ayushi; Srivastava, Ajaya
A field experiment was conducted during the year 2016-17 in an Aquic Hapludoll at D7 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar under AICRP on soil test crop response correlation to develop fertilizer adjustment equation for computing nutrient doses for target yield of finger millet on the basis of initial soil fertility. Response of finger millet to selected combination of three levels of FYM (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1), four levels of nitrogen (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1), four levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg K2O ha-1) of finger millet at different fertility levels was studied. Chemical analysis was carried out to estimate organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil. Nutrient requirement to produce one quintal of finger millet grain was found to be 1.78 kg, 0.40 kg, and 2.37 kg of N, P and K, respectively. Percent contribution of N, P and K was 28.05, 69.82 and 44.59 from soil and 21.84, 4.56 and 56.84 from FYM, 73.76, 74.30 and 81.86 from chemical fertilizer and 80.79, 82.10 and 83.82 from combined use of chemical fertilizer with FYM. Fertilizer adjustment equations were developed with and without FYM with the help of basic data. Coefficient of determination (R2) was found highly significant (0.896**) between fruit yield, soil test values, added fertilizers and interaction between soil and fertilizer. Suitability of soil test methods was also evaluated by R2 value of multiple regression equation and concluded that organic carbon or alkaline KMnO4 , Olsen’s and Normal neutral NH4OAC methods are suitable for the determination of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium , respectively for finger millet crop grown on Mollisol of Uttarakhand. Findings could be used as guide for efficient fertilizer management for finger millet grown in Mollisol of Uttarakhand, which provides not only balanced nutrition to crop but also may fetch good profitability.
Open Access
Soil test crop response study in chilli (Capsicum annum L.) for fertilizer recommendation
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Deepak; Srivastava, Ajaya
A field experiment was conducted during spring and summer 2011-12 at Crop Research Centre, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar under AICRP on soil test crop response correlation to develop fertilizer adjustment equation for computing nutrient dose for targeted yield of Chilli on the basis of initial soil fertility and nutrient dose. Test crop Chilli was grown using three levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with control in three different fertility gradient stripes. Twenty four treatments were randomised in each strip and three blocks were made with different organic manure (FYM) level (0 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1). Chemical analysis was carried out to estimate organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil. Nutrient requirement to produce one quintal of Chilli was found to be 3.21 kg for nitrogen, 1.57 kg for phosphorus and 3.96 kg for potassium. Percent contribution for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 42.37, 30.65 and 7.7 from soil; 20.57, 36.0 and 56.0 with FYM; 8.0, 35.0 and 51.0 from chemical fertilizer, respectively. Multiple regression type response function were fitted in to the data by selected soil test methods. Response type for nitrogen - + -, while for phosphorus it was + + - type and for potassium it was - - + type. Fruit yield was positively and significantly correlated with plant yield (0.571**), nitrogen uptake (0.611**), nitrogen (.611**) phosphorus (0.620**) and potassium (0.483**). Significant correlation of fruit yield was found with fertilizer nitrogen (0.476**), phosphorus (0.419**) and potassium (0.398**), and FYM (.317**). Suitability of soil test methods were evaluated by R² value of multiple regression equation and concluded that alkaline KMnO4 and Organic Carbon, Olsen’s and AB-DTPA and Normal neutral NH4OAC and AB-DTPA methods are suitable for the determination of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. These findings may be used as guide for efficient fertilizer management by reducing cost of cultivation and increasing fertilizer use efficiency. Therefore soil test based fertilizer recommendation may be a useful tool for balanced fertilization of nutrients.
Open Access
Effect of irrigation schedules and methods on growth, yield and nutrient uptake in cowpea and nutrient balance in soil under varying water table conditions
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Dasila, Binny; Singh, Veer

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