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Open Access
Impact of long-term balanced and imbalanced use of fertilizers on soil quality and productivity in rice-wheat cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Bhat, Manoj Kumar; Raverkar, K.P.
Open Access
Effect of nutrient management strategies on nutrients dynamics under long term fertilizer experiment with rice-wheat cropping system on a mollisol
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Sirari, Pradeep; Shri Ram
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertilizers on chemical fractions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in Mollisol at G.B. Pant University Pantnagar during 2013-14 and 2014-15. Observed results showed that application of 100% NPK+FYM gave highest yield of rice (51.87 and 51.13 q ha-1) and wheat (49.73 and 48.63 q ha-1) during 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively, which was significantly higher than all other fertilizer treatments. In surface soil nutrients status was higher in comparison to sub-surface soil depths. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by grain and straw of rice and wheat under different treatments showed significant results. Treatments 100%NPK+FYM produced highest N, P and K uptake by grain and straw and it was followed by treatment 100% NPK + Zn in both years. The lowest uptake by grain and straw of both crops was recorded in control for both the years of experimentation. A declining trends in soil organic carbon due to continuous use of fertilizers and cropping was recorded and very minute change in pH and electrical conductivity was observed. Total N in soil under all fertilizer treatments ranged from 567 to 915 mg kg-1 during 2013-14 and 563 to 932 mg kg-1 during 2014-15, respectively. Fractions of nitrogen in surface soil (0-15cm) ranged from 15.90 to 27.18, 7.00 to 18.10, 477 to 689 and 24.12 to 76.66 mg kg-1 of ammonical-N, nitrate-N, total hydrolysable-N and amino sugar-N, respectively in both years. Phosphorus fractions (available P, Ca-P, Al-P, Fe-P, Saloid P and total P) and K fractions (available K, water soluble K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K and total K) showed almost similar results as observed with N fractions under different fertilizer treatments in both crops at all depths of soils. The continuous use of 100% NPK along with FYM in rice-wheat cropping system significantly improved the soil properties, nutrient status and crops yields. The nutrients (N, P and K) uptake by rice and wheat were highest under 100% NPK+FYM (T8) treatment in both kharif and rabi season during 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively and thus it showed beneficial effect on soil fertility and yield and crop yields. Balanced use of fertilizers as 100% NPK + Zn showed higher crop yields, nutrients uptake and nutrients movement in soil as compared to 100%N+Zn and 50% NPK treatments. Significantly higher values of N, P and K fractions were found in top soils as compared to lower depths soils. Among the N, P and K fractions, NH4-N, NO3-N, Ca-P, Al-P, Exchangeable-K, soluble K were highly correlated to affect crop yields and nutrients uptakes by rice and wheat crops.
Open Access
Soil carbon dynamics and biological health of mollisols under balanced and imbalanced long-term fertilization in rice-wheat cropping system
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Mohammad Yaseen; Raverkar, K.P.
Open Access
Soil test crop response studies for balanced fertilization of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in a mollisol of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Sarvesh Kumar; Singh, Sobaran
A field experiment was conducted during the year 2013-14 and 2014-15 in a Aquic Hapludoll at D7 block of Norman E. Borlogue Crop Research Centre of The G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (290 N latitude and 79029’ E longitude), as per the technical programme of All India Coordinated Research Project on Soil Test Crop Response Correlation. The experiment was conducted in three phases. In the first phase soil fertility gradient was developed by dividing experimental field into three strips and applying graded doses of fertilizers in them (Strip I (no fertilizer), Strip II (100,100 and 100 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha) and Strip III (200, 200 and 200 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1) and growing of exhaust crop fodder Oat (Var. UPO-212). In the second phase i.e. next season test crop Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) was grown by dividing each strip in 24 plots having 21 treatments and 3 controlled plots. Response var. Pant peetabh of selected combinations of three levels of FYM (0, 10 and 20 t/ha), four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1), four levels of phosphorus (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg K2O ha-1) at different fertility levels of turmeric was studied. In third phase, a verification trial was conducted during 2014-15 to validate the fertilizer adjustment equations generated by ten treatments and three replications, with combinations of inorganic, organic and micronutrients. The values of the organic carbon, Alkaline KMnO4 extractable N, Olsen’s P and neutral normal Ammonium Acetate extractable K in the experimental field ranged between 0.58 to 1.05 per cent, 112.90 to 263.42 kg ha-1 and 16.97 to 29.27 kg ha-1, 58.24 to 189.28 kg ha-1, respectively. The total uptake of N, P and K ranged from 68.96 to 371.88, 14.31 to 54.56 and 70.23 to 489.23 kg ha-1 by turmeric, respectively. In the present investigation the total rhizome yield ranged from 113.33 to 354.17 q ha-1 and total haulm yield 9.33 to 45.00 q ha-1. The nutrient requirement for production of one quintal of rhizome yield of turmeric was found to be 0.91 kg Nitrogen, 0.32 kg Phosphorus and 1.02 kg Potassium. Percent contribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 61.45, 56.13 and 69.35 from soil, whereas from other sources as FYM was 46.31, 10.3 and 74.91 percent. Percent contribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium without FYM was 119.29, 45.13 and 201.96 and with conjoint use of chemical fertilizer with FYM 143.67, 53.94 and 265.11. Fertilizer adjustment equations developed for conjoint use of fertilizers with the help of basic data are: FN= 0.63T- 0.42 SN-0.32 ON, FP= 0.59T-2.38 SP- 0.43 OP, FK= 0.38 T-0.31 SK-0.34 OK. Coefficient of quadratic multiple regression (R2) was found highly significant (0.687**) between total rhizome yield, soil test values, added fertilizers and interaction between soil and fertilizer. Maximum response to turmeric obtained at 100 kg N, 100 kg P2O5 and 100 kg K2O ha-1. The rhizome yield of turmeric significantly correlated with haulm yield (0.587**), applied N (0.464**), P (0.599**) and K (0.636**) uptake of N (0.883**), P (0.975**) and K (0.852**). The quality parameter of turmeric i.e. curing and curcumin % were positively and significantly correlate with the soil test value and fertilizer doses. For prediction the post harvest soil test values prediction equations were developed for available N, P and K. Verification trial was conducted to test the validity of fertilizer adjustment equations. Fertilizer application based on targeted yield approach was found to be significantly superior over general recommended dose (GRD). Suitability of soil test methods was also evaluated by R2 value of multiple regression equation and concluded that Alkaline KMnO4-N, Olsen’s-P and AB-DTPA-K methods are equally suitable for the determination of available Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, respectively in Tarai region of Uttarakhand for turmeric crop. However, AB-DTPA may be recommended for use in soil testing laboratories. Findings from present study can successfully utilized for the larger parts of Tarai region of Uttarakhand as effective guide for efficient and balanced fertilizer recommendation to turmeric.
Open Access
Soil test crop response studies in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) – maize (Zea mays L.) cropping sequence
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Gangola, Poonam; Gautam, Poonam
Field experiments were conducted during the year 2013-14 and 2014-15 on Typic Hapludoll in D7 block of Norman E. Borlogue Crop Research Centre of G.B. P. U. & T., Pantnagar (290 N latitude and 79029’ E longitude) on soil test crop response studies. First experiment was conducted as per the technical programme of STCR. Sorghum was taken as an exhaust crop followed by test crops french bean and maize were grown in sequence by dividing each strip in 24 plots (21 treatments and 3 controls). Crop response to selected combinations of four levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 for french bean and 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 for maize), four levels of phosphorus (0, 35, 70 and 105 kgP2O5 ha-1 for french bean and 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 for maize), four levels of potassium (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O ha-1 for french bean and 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg K2O ha-1 for maize) and three levels of FYM (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1 for both the crops) at different fertility levels was studied. Second experiment was conducted in randomized block design to study the effect of nutrient management on grain yield and fertilizer economics of french bean maize cropping sequence. Organic carbon, alkaline KMnO4-N, Olsen’s-P and NH4OAc-K values ranged between 0.39 to 0.78 per cent, 112.90 to 245.86 kg ha-1 and 11.33 to 24.56 kg ha-1, 106.40 to 254.24 kg ha-1, respectively after soil fertility gradient experiment while, after harvest of french bean (before sowing of maize) these ranged between 0.42 to 0.84 per cent, 125.44 to 275.97 kg ha-1 and 16.02 to 25.63 kg ha-1, 153.44 to 229.60 kg ha-1, respectively. The nutrient requirement to produce one quintal grain yield was 6.91 kg nitrogen, 0.73 kg phosphorus and 8.48 kg potassium for french bean while for maize the values were 2.26 kg nitrogen, 0.74 kg phosphorus and 2.02 kg potassium, respectively. Contribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from soil was 15.16, 19.28 and 23.95 % in french bean and 26.31, 75.86 and 23.51 % in maize, whereas from FYM it was 32.52, 3.50, 53.42 %; in french bean, 20.76, 19.37, 27.80 % in maize, and from chemical fertilizer 29.10, 11.29, 85.04 in french bean and 21.97, 28.58, 74.54 % in maize. Percent contribution of nutrient from combined use of chemical fertilizer and FYM was 35.05 for nitrogen, 12.50 for phosphorus, 112.79 for potassium in french bean and 31.37 for nitrogen, 39.23 for phosphorus and 96.10 for potassium in maize. Fertilizer adjustment equations for targeted yield of french bean and maize were developed with and without FYM with the help of basic data. Coefficient of quadratic multiple regression (R2) was found highly significant (0.686** in french bean and 0.660** in maize) between grain yield, soil test values, added fertilizers and interaction between soil & fertilizers. On the basis of R2 values of multiple regression alkaline KMnO4, Olsen’s and NH4OAc methods in their combinations were found superior for determination of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Post harvest prediction equations were also developed for predicting post harvest soil test value after french bean and maize. In second experiment, significantly higher grain yield was found under 100 % STCR + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 followed by 100 % RDF + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 in french bean as well as in maize. Highest B:C ratio was recorded under 100% STCR +5 t FYM ha-1 treatment followed by 100% RDF+ 5 t FYM ha-1 and highest response ratio was recorded in 75% STCR +5 t FYM ha-1 followed by 100% STCR +5 t FYM ha-1 in both the crops. Fertilizer prescription through STCR approach was found superior than the application of recommended dose of fertilizer in terms of yield as well as economics for both the crops. Findings of present study may be used as guide for fertilizer recommendation in similar type of soils.
Open Access
Differential response of some cowpea genotypes to different zinc supply regimes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-03) Bhatt, Santosh Chandra; Srivastava, P.C.
A sand culture experiment and also a separate pot experiments were conducted to study the differential response of cowpea genotypes to different zinc supply regimes. Nine different cowpea genotypes were raised in sand culture with two treatments (with Zn and without Zn) to study the effect of Zn application on root parameters, Zn concentration and uptake in shoot and roots. A soil culture experiment was also conducted using twelve cowpea genotypes receiving three treatments namely, no application of Zn, soil application of 2.5 mg Zn kg-1soil and conjoint use of soil application of 2.5 mg Zn kg-1soil + foliar application of Zn. In sand culture pot experiment, the highest average total root length (944.9 cm), surface area (227.4 cm2), diameter (0.75 mm) and root volume (0.71 cm3) were recorded in V1.The highest average number of root tips was observed in V11 (1676.1). The highest average number of forks (7085.0) and number of crossings (1194.8) was noted in V10. The highest average cation exchange capacity of roots (0.398 meq g-1) and the highest average Zn concentration in shoots (83.8 mg kg-1) was recorded in V5. Zinc application increased the average root length, surface area, root volume and number of forks but decreased the average root cation exchange capacity. The interaction effect of genotypes and Zn levels significantly influenced only root cation exchange capacity. The highest average shoot weight per plant (0.92 g), ratios of Zn concentration and uptake in shoot and roots, Zn uptake in shoot and total Zn uptake were recorded in V6. The highest mean root weight per plant (0.190 g) was recorded in V10. The highest average zinc concentration in shoot and Zn uptake in roots were noted in V5. The highest average Zn concentration in roots was recorded in V3. Zinc application had favourable effect on these parameters except root dry weight. Based on Zinc efficiency index (ZEI) of shoot dry matter the genotype V3, V5, V6, V9 and V10 indicated tolerance to Zn deficiency. In soil culture experiment, genotypic differences were noted in plant height, thousand seed weight, seed and straw yield beside the differences in the concentration of micronutrient cations, P in seed and straw and also phytic acid and protein concentration in seeds. Soil application of 2.5 mg Zn kg-1 soil and conjoint use of soil application of 2.5 mg Zn kg-1 soil + foliar application of Zn increased the average plant height, thousand seed test weight, seed yield, straw yield and Zn concentration in seed and straw significantly over no application of Zn. Soil application of Zn and conjoint use of Zn through soil and foliar application had significant influence on Zn and Mn concentration and uptake of micronutrients cations in seeds and straw of all cowpea genotypes. A significant effect of Zn supply regimes was also noted on P concentration in straw, P uptake in seed and straw, phytic acid and protein concentration in seed. The interaction effect of genotypes and Zn supply regimes influenced the yields, the concentration and uptake of micronutrient cations by cowpea and also the concentration of phytic acid and protein in cowpea seeds. Zinc efficiency indices calculated based on soil application of Zn, genotypes V5, V6, V8 and V9 were tolerant to Zn deficiency and further based on conjoint use of soil + foliar application of Zn, genotypes V3, V8 and V9 appeared to be tolerant. Genotype V2 behaved as the most susceptible genotype under both Zn supply regimes. These tolerant genotypes need to be used for sustainable pulse production and breeding program.
Open Access
Studies on relationship of soil carbon fractions with crop productivity and soil health under long term fertilizer experiments in rice-wheat cropping system on a mollisols
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-01) Pant, Pawan Kumar; Shri Ram
Study was conducted during 2012-13 to assess the relationship between soil carbon fractions with crop productivity and soil health in an ongoing long term fertilizer experiment at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during 41 years of continuous fertilizer use. For study, surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected from individual plots and were analyzed for soil physico-chemical properties and organic carbon fractions. Observed results showed that application of 100% NPK+FYM@ 15 t ha-1 gave highest grain yield of rice (51.87 q ha-1) and wheat (46.17 q ha-1) which was significantly higher than all other fertilizer treatments. Due to continuous cropping no perceptible change in pH was observed. The status of organic carbon showed a declining trend over the years. In control, it reduced to one third of original level of organic carbon (1.48%), whereas combined use of NPK fertilizers and FYM restored its initial status. Availability of nutrients was found lower in deeper soil layers (15-60 cm) than in surface layer (0-15 cm). In absence of P, K and Zn addition, continuous cropping drastically reduced their availability in soil over the years. The bulk density exhibited an increasing trend with increase in soil depth (0–60 cm) in respective treatments. Physical properties of soil were improved with integrated nutrient management system. The greatest accumulation of different carbon fractions were observed with 100% NPK + FYM treatment while control plot showed the lowest value. Irrespective of depths, the balanced application of NPK (100% NPK) showed higher accumulation of soil organic carbon fractions over imbalanced use of fertilizers (100% N or 100% NP). All the treatments showed higher accumulation of soil organic carbon fractions in surface soil as compared to sub-surface soil. Cultivation without fertilization decreased the organic carbon fractions. Active and passive fractions of soil organic carbon were maximum with combined application of NPK and FYM at all the soil depths. The data with respect to rice and wheat yields with different organic carbon fractions viz., TOC, POC, Aggt C, MBC, MBN, KMnO4-C, WSC, HWEC, Humic C, Fulvic C and Humin C, revealed positive and significant correlations while bulk density showed negative correlation. The results indicated that integrated use of fertilizer and FYM enhanced the soil organic carbon fractions whereas continuous rice-wheat cropping without fertilizer use decreased the soil properties and soil organic carbon fraction
Open Access
Dynamics of zinc uptake and tissue partitioning in rice and wheat varieties of varying zinc sensitivity
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-01) Rawat, Deepa; Srivastava, P.C.
Under Zn deficient condition, NDR 359; a Zn-inefficient rice variety showed higher acidity while UP 262, a Zn-inefficient variety of wheat failed to do so. Under no Zn application, PD 16; a Zn efficient rice variety increased the number of root tips at 60 days after transplanting and root length, diameter, surface area and volume at 90 days after transplanting whereas NDR 359 decreased root length, number of tips and forks at 90 days after transplanting. Zinc efficient wheat variety, UP 2628, maintained higher surface area and number of root tips at 120 days after sowing. With application of 10 mg Zn kg-1 soil, the Zn-inefficient variety of rice; NDR 359 reported the highest increase (41.3 %) in grain yield over no Zn application while the increase in rest other three varieties of rice was statistically not significant. Among varieties of wheat, the Zn-efficient variety UP 2628 had the highest grain yield and least alue was noted in Zn-inefficient UP 262. Zinc efficient varieties of rice and wheat produced grains with higher Zn concentration as these varieties readily translocated Zn from the vegetative tissue to panicle/ear part. Application of 10 mg Zn kg-1 soil Zn increased the total uptake of Zn in rice and wheat varieties by 19.3 and 37.3 percent, respectively. Zinc efficient variety of rice; PS 5and PD 16 maintained higher Zn flux between 30 and 60 days as compared to Zn inefficient variety, NDR 359. In wheat varieties, the flux of Zn was higher during 60 and 90 days after sowing as compared to 30 to 60 days after sowing. During 60 to 90 days after sowing Zn efficient variety, UP 2628, maintained higher Zn flux as compared to 262 even in the absence of Zn application. Zn-efficient varieties of rice (PD 16, PS 5) and wheat (UP 2628) are needed to be explored for developing Zn efficient genotypes for sustainable grain production.
Open Access
Effect of Azotobacter and PSB formulations, rates and methods of application on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soil properties
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-02) Khandare., R. N.; Ramesh Chandra
Pantnagar, during Rabi seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the effect of different rates and methods of application of carrier based and liquid bioinoculants of Azotobacter and PSB in combination of chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat. Treatments comprising 100%, 75% and 50% of recommended dose of N and P fertilizers (120 kg N and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) alone and with application of liquid and carrier based inoculants of Azotobacter and PSB through seed treatment and in soil by mixing with vermicompost at two rates were laid out in Randomized block design in plots of 3 m x 4 m in 3 replications. The experimental soil was neutral in reaction, medium in organic C and available phosphorus and low in available N and K. The recommended agronomic practices were followed throughout experiment for raising the crop. Results revealed that application of 100% NP showed maximum plant height, grain and straw yields, nutrient uptake and available NPK in soil at different intervals. The mean grain yield due to soil application of carrier biofertilizer at 4 kg/acre rate and liquid biofertilizers at 250 and 500 ml/acre rates with 75% NP was significantly more by 10.9, 10.5 % and 10.8 over 75 % NP alone, respectively. The trend that observed in grain and straw yield was also observed in various yield attributes, viz. total tillers, effective tillers, ear length, and number of spikelet / ear, number of grains / ear and 1000 grain weight. These treatments also significantly increased N, P and K uptake by grain and straw. All biofertilizer treatments with 75% or 50% NP gave significantly more available N and P, microbial biomass C, activities of dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in soil at different intervals over respective doses of NP alone. The different biofertilizer treatments with 50 % NP also showed similar positive response for growth, yields, nutrient uptake and available N and P in soil in comparison to 50 % NP alone. The maximum gross and net returns of Rs.78328.00 and Rs. 59619.00 and B:C ration of 3.19 were noted with soil application of 250 ml/acre liquid biofertilizers in combination of 75% NP. The carrier and liquid formulations of the biofertilizers at respective rates were comparable in their performance. Irrespective of formulation and doses, application of biofertilizers in soil was found better than seed treatment for different recorded parameters. The increasing rates of the carrier and liquid biofertilizers applied in soil slightly improved the various recorded parameters. An application of 250 ml/ acre liquid biofertilizers in soil with 75% NP was found optimum for the growth, yield, nutrient uptake and available NPK, microbial properties, in soil at different intervals and gave maximum net return and B:C ratio than all biofertilizers treatments.

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