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Open Access
Explicating the influence of Silicon in relation to growth dynamics, biotic stress and tolerance to water deficit conditions in different genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Das, Sudeshna; Shankhdhar, S.C.
Rice is one of the leading agricultural crops serving as the staple food crop for almost 50% of the existing people in the world. As the population continues to expand and climate change occurs, the escalation in food requirement is inevitable. Environmental stress (biotic and abiotic) owing to climate change alters the growth and development of plants leading to an enormous loss in crop yield and productivity. A field experiment was laid out in split-plot design replicated thrice with four treatments viz., T1: Control, T2: Si fertilized T3: Si + Drought stress and T4: Drought stress. The study was conducted during the kharif season of 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the influence of Si on growth dynamics, biotic stress and tolerance to water deficit conditions in different genotypes of rice. Various morphological, yield attributes and biochemical parameters in five genotypes namely PA-6129, US-312, KRH-4, IR-64 and Sahabhagidhan were observed. Nutrient content estimation as well as biotic stress incidence analysis was also conducted. Silicon was found to have an encouraging influence on the growth and development and yield under wellwatered as well as water-deficit conditions. Growth parameters such as plant height, tiller number, leaf number, LAI and biomass accumulation as well as yield and yield attributes such as panicle number, spikelet number, grain number, test weight and harvest index were found to enhance. Chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, protein and amylose content together with SOD activity revealed a positive response on application of silicon. Proline and MDA content was found to decline. Upsurge in nutrient content uptake was also witnessed. KRH-4 and US-312 was recognized to deliver a commendable response to silicon fertilization under well-watered as well as water deficit conditions.
Open Access
Growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of late sown rice under differential nutrient management
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Joshi, Babita; Guru, S.K.
The present study was undertaken to study the effect of differential nutrient management on growth, yield and nutrient use efficiency of rice genotypes under late sown condition. A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2017 and 2018 at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, India. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four treatments as main plot and six rice genotypes viz. PR-113, PD-22, HKR-47, PD-24, NDR-359 and PD-19 as sub-plot and was replicated thrice under late sown condition. The treatments included 50% RDF (60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1), 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1), 150% RDF (180:90:60 kg NPK ha-1) and 50%RDF+ FYM(5 t ha-1). Incremental doses of N, P and K (150%RDF) significantly improved the plant height, number of tillers, leaf growth parameters such as LAI, LAD, SLW, crop growth parameters such as CGR, RGR, NAR, leaf dry matter and shoot dry matter. Increase in CGR and RGR contributed to greater biomass production. Also the yield components such as number of panicles /m2, number of spikelets per panicle , filled grain %, increased significantly with increase in nutrient supply resulting in higher biological and grain yield. All the genotypes had increased nutrient content in plant as well as in leaf at flowering and maturity. Uptake of N, P and K by rice plant at harvest significantly increased at 150%RDF in response to nutrient supply. This ultimately resulted in increased grain yield with 150%RDF. PFP was not affected with increase in nutrient supply indicating that increasing the dose to 150%RDF increased the yield by 30-60% in all the genotypes without affecting the nutrient use efficiency at higher doses. When the dose was reduced to 50%RDF, the growth and yield parameters decreased significantly. Application of FYM along with 50% RDF could not result in yield levels comparable to 100% RDF.
Open Access
Productivity and quality assessment of Basmati rice under organic and conventional nutrient management
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Joshi, Hem Chandra; Guru, S.K.
The field experiment entitled “Productivity and Quality Assessment of Basmati Rice Under Organic and Conventional Nutrient Management” was conducted in kharif season, 2016 and 2017 at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with two modes of production (organic and conventional). This study involved the simultaneous characterization of soil chemical properties, agronomical parameters attributing yield, biochemical parameters, quality parameters and nutrient uptake in organic and conventional mode of production. There was no significant effect of nutrients system on soil pH in the practices, Available phosphorus, potassium, ammonical nitrogen and nitrate content were higher for conventionally managed soil. Plant height significantly affected by source of organic nutrients i.e. higher in the organically managed system. There were no effects of nutrient supply systems on the number of productive tillers; they were almost same in both the practices. However, the leaf area index was significantly affected by the nutrient supply system. During both the years the leaf area index was higher in the inorganic source of nutrient system. Moreover, dry matter production, biological yield, total yield were higher in rice plant under inorganic nutrient management system. Harvest index of organic rice was more as compared to the conventionally grown rice. Amongst grain quality parameter, hardness, true density and percent porosity were higher in rice grains under conventional nutrient supply. Inorganic rice had better milling quality but cooking quality was found better in organic rice as evident from higher elongation ratio and swelling rate. The organically grown rice was found to be tastier in comparison to inorganically grown rice as organic sample scored higher for all the parameters of sensory. The quality of protein was better in organically managed rice. Total ash, crude fiber and iron element were found higher in organically managed rice. Iron was found to be significantly higher in organic rice (1.32 mg/100 g). The nutritional analysis revealed that organic crops had higher level of nutrients.
Open Access
Biology and management of isoproturon-resistant Phalaris minor
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Prinsa; Guru, S.K.
The present study was undertaken to study the biology and management of isoproturon-resistant P. minor. For this investigation, field experiment as well as pot culture experiments were conducted during the winter season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre and Department of Plant Physiology GBPU&T Pantnagar, respectively. The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with 10 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments included (T1) Pendimethalin, (T2) Pendimethalin+Metribuzin, (T3) Pendimethalin+Metribuzin fb Mesosulfuron + Idosulfuron (RM), (T4) Pendimethalin+Metribuzin fb Clodinafop+Metsulfuron-mehtyl (RM), (T5) Pendimethalin fb Clodinafoppropargyl, (T6) Pendimethalin fb Clodinafop+Metsulfuron-mehtyl (RM), (T7) Pendimethalin fb Mesosulfuron+Idosulfuron (RM), (T8) Clodinafop+Metsulfuron-mehtyl (RM), (T9) Mesosulfuron+Idosulfuron (RM) and (T10) Weedy. In pot culture experiment, isoproturon-resistant P. minor was grown in pots. Different pre-emergence (Pendimethalin and Metribuzin) and post emergence herbicides (Clodinafop-propargyl, Sulfosulfuron, Metribuzin, Pinoxaden and Halauxifen methyl + Pyroxsulam) at different doses were evaluated for their efficacy to control P. minor. All the herbicides, used alone or in combination significantly reduced dry matter of P. minor during both the seasons. As Phalaris minor (grass weed) creates more competitive pressure on wheat than other weeds so that their effective control by these herbicides resulted in high grain yield of wheat. In the pot culture experiment, increasing the doses of clodinafop, sulfosulfuron, pinoxaden and halauxifen methyl +pyroxsulam to 1.5X to 2.0X times their recommended doses, significantly increased their bioefficacy in controlling P. minor. A significant reduction in dry weight of P. minor was recorded in the herbicide treatments. Among the ACCase inhibitors, pinoxaden caused maximum growth reduction in Phalaris minor followed by clodinafop-propargyl. P. minor plants sprayed with metribuzin showed a very sharp decrease in Fv/Fm ratio as compared to control after 24 hours of spray even when there were no visible symptoms of herbicide injury. A significant increase was noted in the proline content of P. minor in all the herbicide treatments. MDA content was also significantly higher in all the treatments as compared to control. These indicated the stress level in P. Minor plants which indirectly prove the bioefficacy of the herbicides used in the study. It may be concluded from the present investigation that applications of alternative herbicides were found to be very effective in controlling the isoproturon-resistant P. minor. This study shows that isoproturon-resistant P. minor could be successfully controlled by using herbicides or their combination with different mechanism of action such as PSII, ACCase and ALS inhibitors. There was no adverse effect on wheat crop at recommended dose of the herbicides.
Open Access
Elucidating the effect of salicylic acid and glycerol on physiology of malformation in mango (Mangifera indica L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Vinai Kumar; Bains, Gurdeep
Mango malformation is one of the most threatening malady of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Present investigation was carried out at Experimental Mango Garden Department of Plant Physiology and Horticulture Research Center (HRC), GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, to study the effect of salicylic {0 mM (SA0), 0.5 mM (SA0.5), 1.5 mM (SA1.5), 2.5 mM (SA2.5), 5.0 mM (SA5.0), 10 mM (SA10)} acid and glycerol {0 mM (G0), 25 mM (G25), 50 mM (G50), 100 mM (G100), 200 mM (G200) and 500 mM (G500)}on physiology of malformation in four cultivars of mango cv. Amrapali, Dashehari, Langra and Chausa. The experiment was conducted in pot and field conditions in three year old and twenty five year old grafted mango plants during years 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 respectively. The design of the experiment was factorial completely randomized design (CRD) and factorial randomized block design (RBD) respectively. The effect of salicylic acid and glycerol treatment was evaluated with respect to morphological characters and physio-biochemical characters. The ten isolates of Fusarium mangiferae were isolated from malformed floral tissues and characterized on the basis of purple orange colour on patato dextrose agar (PDA) media and conidia production on carnation leaf agar (CLA). The mycelial growth and conidial germination of Fusarium mangiferae were tested on Spezieller-Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA) media. It was observed that salicylic acid and glycerol treatment significantly reduced occurrence of floral malformation as compared to control. However, fruit yield increased up-to certain levels after that it decreased with respect to control. Salicylic acid treatment significantly increased proline content, phenolic content, SOD activity in dose dependent manner whereas relative water content was decreased. SA1.5 concentration was found best for most morphological and physio-biochemical characters. Lower doses of glycerol caused increase in chlorophyll florescence, chlorophyll content whereas higher doses of glycerol increased proline content, malondialdehyde content, phenolic content and relative water content decreased gradually with increasing concentrations. Glycerol, 100 mM concentration was found best for morphological and physio-biochemical characters. Salicylic acid decreased mycelial growth and conidial germination whereas glycerol decreased mycelial growth and promoted conidial germination of Fusarium mangiferae at acidic pH. Overall findings of the present investigation suggested that Fusarium mangiferae is not solely responsible for mango malformation. Exogenously applied salicylic acid and glycerol might reduce floral malformation either by inhibiting the infection and colonization of Fusarium mangiferae in host tissue or by strengthening plant defense mechanism.
Open Access
Physiological and biochemical characterization of Basmati rice grown under organic, inorganic and integrated nutrient sources
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Bisarya, Dipti; Shankhdhar, S.C.
The field experiment was carried out at the Organic block of Breeder seed production Centre (BSPC), G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, with an objective to investigate the effects of different organic, inorganic and integrated nutrient sources on the physiological and biochemical parameters in the two basmati rice varieties. The experiments were laid out in Split plot design replicated thrice with eight treatments as main plots viz., T1: GM+FYM (AWD), T2: Organic (AWD), T3: FYM+VC (AWD), T4: SRI with FYM (AWD), T5: DSR+Soybean (LSI), T6: Organic control (CF), T7: Chemical control (CF), T8: Integrated (CF) and two basmati rice varieties Type-3 and Taraori in the sub plots. Results showed that the organic manure such as FYM, VC and green manure had equal potential to increase the agronomical and physiological parameters of rice crop. The grain yield was reported maximum in T8 Integrated (CF) which was at par with T1 GM+FYM (AWD). Out of the two varieties, Taraori basmati was selected for further study of nutritional parameters and it was found that among all the treatments T3 FYM+VC (AWD) was best for enhancing the zinc content in the grains. However, T1 GM+FYM (AWD) was the best for enhancing the iron content in the grains. Localization of maximum zinc and iron were also reported in these treatments through staining techniques. Whereas T6 Organic control (CF) was better for increasing the ascorbic acid and protein content in the grains. Finding also revealed that milling results in huge loss of iron, zinc and protein from the edible part of the rice grain. A similar pot experiment was also conducted with Taraori basmati rice variety under the treatments GM+FYM, FYM+VC, Organic control, Chemical control and Integrated. Results of this pot experiment also showed that the treatments FYM+VC and GM+FYM were best to increase the antioxidant activity such as SOD, CAT, APX, GPOX, GR, TPC and TFC in the leaves. This may be due to the reason that these treatments were more successful in increasing the amount of physiologically active zinc and iron in the leaves of Taraori basmati rice variety. Thus it can be concluded that the application of organic manure FYM and VC, and green manure such as Sesbania are an important strategy for sustainable development that can address the current problem of low nutritional quality of rice grains without compromising it with the yields.
Open Access
In vitro studies of antioxidant potential in Rauvolfia serpentina l. under PEG induced drought
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-04) Narendra Kumar; Shankhdhar, Deepti
Drought affects the growth and development of plants but some medicinal plants are able to cope up with this condition by synthesizing and accumulation of antioxidants and secondary metabolite. Rauvolfia serpentina is one of them. In R.serpentina genotype Cim-Sheel and wild callus induction and proliferation was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 2, 4D (2. 0 mg l-1) and BAP (0.5 mg l-1), maximum (90 & 84 %) callus induction was recorded in minimum (22.90 and 23.00) days after inoculation with maximum dry weight (0.274 & 0.270) respectively. Highest (92.59 & 70.36 %) shoot induction was obtained in MS medium supplemented BAP (2.0 mg l-1) and NAA (0.2 mg l-1 ) in minimum (24.00 & 25.67) days after inoculation while maximum shoot length (5.17 & 4.17 cm) and shoot number (4.67 & 3.33) was also recorded in genotype Cim-sheel and wild respectively. A noval approach for in vitro flowering was initiated by using the BAP (1.0 mg l-1) and 2, 4 D (0.5 mg l-1). Among the all combination, this combination was found maximum (83.33 %) flowering induction obtained in minimum 28 days after inoculation in Cim-Sheel genotype. Drought stress (1, 2 & 3%) PEG treatment was given to the proliferated callus and regenerate shoots of both genotype Cim-sheel and wild. The effect of the drought was investigated by taking various parameters such as RWC, membrane stability, antioxidants and protein profiling. The minimum (22.37 and 21.85 %) RWC was found in proliferated callus and (21.70 and 18.84 %) was found in regenerated shoot of genotype Cim-Sheel and wild respectively in 3 % PEG after 45 days of inoculation. Electrolyte leakage and MDA content was found increase (71.23 and 80.00%) and (0.155 & 0.73 μmol/mg Fw) in 1 % PEG treatment at 45 days after inoculation. A significant increment was found in proline content under stress was recorded maximum (3.24 & 3.60 μmol/mg FW) is regenerated in leaves of genotype Cim-Sheel and wild at 3 % PEG after 45 days to inoculation as compare to control. The Phenol and the flavonoids as an antioxidant were enhanced significantly with increasing drought and days after treatment. The maximum phenol (337.56 mg/g FW & 404.22 mg/g FW) and flavonoids (41.33 & 47.41 mg/g FW) in callus and regenerated leaves were found increase under 3 % PEG at 45 days after inoculation respectively. While maximum ascorbate content (6.17 & 6.27 mg/g FW) in proliferated callus and regenerated leaves was found enhance at 3% PEG after 45 days of inoculation in Cim-Sheel genotypes of R.serpentina. The enzymatic antioxidant SOD and CAT was also increased significantly with days and time interval. Maximum SOD activity (3.27 & 3.40 unit/ mg protein) and CAT activity (22.67 and 23.23 unit/ mg protein) was recorded in proliferated callus and regenerated leaves in 3% PEG after 45 days of inoculation. For investigation of specific proteins under drought, 2DE approach was used. Total 40 proteins were detected. Out of these 19 spots were found unregulated and 11 spots down regulated and remaining had no effect of stress. Out of 19 regulated proteins two new proteins were expressed namely pyrophosphate energized vacuolar membrane pump and RNA directed DNA methylation 4 as compared to control.
Open Access
Cloning, characterization and functional validation of a novel stress responsive monodehydroascorbate reductase gene from Eleusine coracana
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-04) Negi, Bhawana; Arora, Sandeep
Oxidative stress, a convergent point of various abiotic and biotic stresses, is a major threat for food security all over the world. Oxidative stress generated due to accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), leads to the oxidation of vital cellular biomolecules and to cell death in extreme circumstances. Plants have evolved an antioxidant defense system to detoxify ROS and maintain redox homeostasis. Ascorbic acid, a small water soluble antioxidant molecule, plays a crucial role in detoxification of excess ROS. A high reduced:oxidized ascorbate ratio in plants is required for adaptation of plants to environmental stresses. Reduced ascorbate pool is maintained in cells through efficient reduction of oxidized forms of ascorbate.The present study delineates the role of monodehydroascorbate reductase, one of the enzymes responsible for maintaining cellular reduced ascorbate pool, under environmental stresses. The expression of monodehydroascorbate reductase (EC 1.6.5.4), as quantified through real-time PCR, was found to increase under salinity, water deficit as well as ultra violet radiation stress. The qPCR expression profiling of Ecmdar under stress indicated that mdar is an early responsive gene. Monodehydroascorbate reductase gene (mdar) was then cloned from a drought tolerant variety of Eleusine coracana (PR202). For structural validation, the cloned Ecmdar gene was subjected to in-silico analysis and for functional validation the gene was over-expressed in Brassica juncea and Arabidopsis thaliana. Structural analysis indicated that the cloned Ecmdar gene comprises of a 1437bp CDS, encoding a 478 amino acid long polypeptide. The amino-acid sequence analysis suggested that the cloned EcMDAR is a membrane bound peroxisomal isoform. The active site analysis showed presence of conserved Tyr348residue having the catalytic activity in electron transfer mechanism. String based analysis of EcMDAR predicted that mdar is coexpressed with ascorbate peroxidase and PLANT-CARE analysis of Osmdar showed presence of light responsive elements in the promoter region. Functional analysis of the transgenic lines over-expressing Ecmdar, indicated thatthe transgenic plants have better stress tolerance potential, measured in terms of standard biochemical markers, than the wild type plants. The present results clearly indicate that Ecmdar can be used as a promising candidate for developing stress tolerant transgenic plants.
Open Access
Iron sulphide nanoparticle induced enhancement in growth and development of Brassica juncea (L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Rawat, Madhu; Arora, Sandeep

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