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ThesisItem Open Access Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of different rice varieties(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2007-05) Lohani, Nidhi; Bains, GurdeepRice not only forms the mainstay of diet but also is the livelihood for a large percent of world’s population. Nitrogen directly affects yield contributing parameters as it is an important constituent of various biomolecules. Rice plant requires nitrogen during vegetative and reproductive growth phases which is made available through soil mineralization and nitrogen fertilizer application. Rice accounts for approx 35 % of worldwide nitrogen used, however nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of rice is respectively between 30-35 % and 25-30%. Increase in nitrogen uptake is highly correlated with the grain yield, hence to meet the world’s ever growing rice demand, appropriate fertilizer management practices are a must. Plant parameters were undertaken with the idea to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency of nine rice varieties HYVs Ajaya, BPT-5204, NDR 359, aromotic varieties Pusa Basmati-1, Tarouri Basmati, Vasumati and hybrid varieties KRH 2, PA 6444, PHB 71 under three nitrogen treatments viz. urea @ 0, 100 and 200kg N/ha.. The morphological and physiological parameters viz plant height, number of leaves, LAI, TDM, LAR and NAR gave maximum values at N-200 and minimum at N-0. RGR gave maximum values at N-100 while RLAGR and HI were found maximum at N-0. SPAD gave maximum value at N-200 (33.73 at Tmax and 33.72 at flowering for HYV BPT-5204) & minimum at N-0 (26.23 at Tmax and 29.93 at flowering for aromatic rice variety Tarouri Basmati). NRA was maximum for hybrid PHB 71 at N-100 & minimum for aromatic rice variety Vasumati at N-0. Grain protein was also recorded maximum at N-100 (for hybrid PHB 71) & minimum at N-0 (for HYV NDR-359). The nitrogen estimated in plant parts at Tmax was recorded maximum at N-200 (3.54 % for hybrid PHB 71) & minimum at N-0 (1.09 % for BPT-5204), however at flowering no specific correlation was found among the nitrogen treatments & percentage nitrogen estimated in plant parts. The residual soil nitrogen before fertilizer application was constant in whole field. After fertilizer application, it increased with increasing amount of nitrogen applied to the field. Most of the yield components like primary and secondary branches per panicle, spikelet per square metre, number of grains per panicle, panicle TDM, grain yield and straw weight increased linearly with nitrogen applied. The number of panicles per square metre were recorded maximum for N-100 (475 for HYV BPT-5204) & minimum for N-0 (237.5 for NDR-359). Overall, the quantitative characters were recorded maximum at N-200 while the qualitative characters were recorded maximum at N-100. Hence, to obtain higher NUE, nitrogen should be applied @ 100 kg/ha. Further, the studies can be exploited in nutrient management in different rice varieties to enhance nitrogen efficiency.ThesisItem Open Access Biology of some winter season weeds: germination behaviour and seed bank dynamics(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-07) Rawat, Neha; Guru, S.K.Biology of weeds include morphology of the plant, seed dormancy and germination, physiology of vegetative and reproductive growth, phenology and competitive ability. In the present study, germination and emergence of five winter season weed species of the tarai region viz., Vicia sativa, Vicia hirsuta, Phalaris minor, Rumex acetosella and Lathyrus aphaca was studied as well as the weed seed bank was estimated in long term herbicide trials and long term tillage trials. Effect of different concentrations of three chemicals, viz., KNO3, H2O2, thiourea and the growth regulator GA3 on germination was evaluated. All the chemicals and the growth regulator GA3 promoted germination of the weed species under study except Rumex acetosella at different concentrations. Emergence of weeds from different soil depths revealed maximum emergence of weed species from D1 depth (2 cm) and minimum from D4 depth (8 cm). A total of three monocot and seven dicot weed species were recorded in long term herbicide trials whereas Phalaris minor was the dominant species. A total of three monocot and seven dicot weed species were recorded in long term tillage trials and two monocot and six dicot weed species were identified in direct seeded rice trials. There were several unidentified species at each depth in all the trials. Depth distribution of weed seeds was uniform in direct seeded rice trials, whereas in the long term tillage trials, higher number of seeds was recorded in D1 depth in conventional tillage.ThesisItem Open Access Biogenesis of chloroplast and photosynthetic efficiency in mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-08) Sah, Chitra; Singh, M.Mango (Magnifera indica L.) is an important fruit crop of India. The fruit yield depends upon flowering and proper fruit set, which is largely influenced by the environmental variables. Vegetative growth in mango is periodic with major number of flushes occurring in the months of April-June when temperature is high coupled with strong irradiance and low humidity. The proposed study was undertaken to correlate the effect of environmental variables with biogenesis of chloroplast and acquisition of photosynthetic ability in expanding immature leaves. These leaf flushes were analysed morphologically, anatomically and bio-chemically. The growth stages classified as S1, S2 and S3 were studied for plastid/chloroplast development through transmission electron microscopy. The chlorophyll fluorescence variable yield (Fv/Fmax) was monitored to study the acquisition of photosynthetic efficiency. Immature and mature leaves differentially acquired photosynthetic ability. The young leaves were found susceptible towards mid-day depression of their Fv/Fmax compared to the mature leaves. The mature leaves were less affected under high temperature. Investigations related to PS II performance showed ca. 50 % less photosynthetic efficiency in young leaves as compared to the mature leaves. Thus, our findings suggest that acquisition of photosynthetic machinery in the form chloroplast biogenesis seems to be coupled with photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the growth, development and some physiological and biochemical parameters of problematic weed spp. of winter season(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2004-06) Bisht, Smita; Guru, S.K.The experiment was conducted in Plant Physiology Department of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, to study the growth, development and some physiological and biochemical parameters of ten problematic weed species, two monocot and eight dicot of winter season. Studies on germination and the effect of various chemicals and growth regulators on the process were carried out in petri dishes under laboratory conditions. Seed production potential was maximum in C. album, while its test weight (1000 seeds) was the lowest. All the chemicals such as potassium nitrate, H2O2 thiourea and the growth regulator GA3 promoted the germination of all the weed species, their concentration being specific for each species. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf number as well as leaf growth parameters; physiological growth parameter such as RGR and NAR, dry matter production, biochemical parameter such as chlorophyll and carotenoid content were estimated at different days after seedling emergence. Concentrations of N, P and K were determined at harvest. Chlorophyll fluorescence values (Fv/Fm) and SPAD meter reading were also recorded from time to time: Plant height of monocots weed were higher than dicots whereas the i,ea.f area was higher in dicot leaves. Shoot dry matter production was highest in I?. acelosella and lowest in L. aphaca. Total chlorophyll contents of weed species was positively correlated with their chlorophyll fluorescence values. But SPAD values could not be correlated with their chlorophyll contents. NR activity was higher during the initial growth stages (upto 45 to 60 DAE) and it correlated with the nitrogen-assimilating capacity of almost all the weed species. Contents of N, P and K were usually higher in the dicot weed species than in monocots. In all the weed species, N content was lower in the stem, whereas P and K contents were higher as compared to those of the leaves.ThesisItem Open Access Plant performance and yield characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L Wilczek) as affected by differential nitrogen application(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-06) Sharma, Ashish; Singh, MunnaTo feed the vegetarian masses of the world including Indian subcontinent and that too without deteriorating their protein composition pulses play immense role. Vigna radiata is one of the most important pulse crop grown in our country, accounting for about 9% of the total pulse production. The production of pulses including mung bean faces a set back because of the adverse climatic conditions prevalent in the major production zones of the country. Nitrogen plays an indispensable role in the production of any crop including pulses. Although pulses are thought to be self sufficient for nitrogen nutrition. The unavailability of nitrogen at the initial stages of growth results in the poor crop stand. To rectify this problem, exogenous application of nitrogenous fertilizer can be done to overcome with this problem to increase the yield and production in our country. Several parameters related to growth and yield of mung bean were studied in the present investigation to evaluate the best nitrogen dose in mung bean cv. Pant Mung-5 to increase its yield. Consequently, plant growth, development (plant height, leaf area, grain yield, etc.) and other associated physiological and biochemical processes were found to be optimal functional incase nitrogen applied as per its normal dose (20 kg/ha). The higher dose i.e., 200 kg/ha also seems to be effective similar to the normal dose of nitrogen. The micronutrients viz., Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe availability was found to be bit improved with the seeds harvested from the plants given exogenous nitrogen fertilizer. Hence, application of nitrogen fertilizer may be recommended to achieve better crop management, improvement and yield eventually.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of silicon solubilizers on yield, pest and disease resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Goyal, Manish Kumar; Shankhdhar, S.C.Rice is one of the most important cereals of India and occupies second position after wheat. A field experiment was conducted in kharif season of 2012 to investigate the effect of silicon solubilizers on different rice genotypes namely, Akshayadhan, Varadhan, Nagarjuna, Shanthi, Sampada, KRH-2, PA-6129, PA-6201, PA-6444 and PHB-71. Two different forms of silicon solubilizers, solid and liquid treatment at maximum tillering and panicle initiation were given. Various physiological & biochemical parameters such as plant height, harvest index, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, yield, number of chaffy grains, number of filled grains, disease and pest infestation were recorded at different growth stages. Maximum plant height (146.38 cm) was observed for PA-6201 at liquid treatment and minimum (126.06 cm) for Shanthi. In liquid treatment the leaf area index (LAI) was 31.03 % increased as compared to control at maximum tillering and 48.36 % increased at panicle initiation and 33.06 % at flowering in PA-6201. Maximum biological yield was observed for PA-6201 (19.97 t ha-1) at liquid treatment and minimum (15.25 t ha-1) for Shanthi. A 14.85 % enhancement in the grain yield was observed with maximum for PA-6201 (9.66 t ha-1) and minimum 5.41 % for Varadhan (5.41 t ha-1) at liquid treatment of silicon solubilizer. Chlorophyll content was also increased from 1.06 mg/g to 1.24 mg/g and the maximum was found in PA-6201 when treated with liquid treatment of silicon solubilizer as compared to control. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), internal CO2 concentration and protein content were also increased with treatment of silicon solubilizers. In liquid treatment chaffy grains per 3 panicles were decreased 59.04% and an increment of 42.17% in fully filled grains per 3 panicles were found as compared to control in PA-6201 at 1.20 specific gravity. The dead heart infestation in liquid treatment was found to be decreased 49.11 % as compared to control in PA-6129. At flowering, the percent incidence of rice false smut was decreased 48.81 % and 43.78 % reduction in severity of rice false smut was found as compared to control in PA-6201. Amongst ten genotypes of rice PA-6201 was the most efficient for utilizing silicon under foliar spray of liquid treatment of silicon solubilizers.ThesisItem Open Access influence of silicon solubilizers on induced stress tolerance in rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Singh, Sukhdev; Shukla, AlokThesisItem Open Access Effect of different doses of nitrogen on yield and grain quality in rice (Oryza sativa l.) genotypes(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Das, Sudeshna; Shankhdhar, S.C.Rice is one of the most important agricultural crops which serve as a staple food crop for almost 50% of the people existing in the world. As the population continues to expand, the demand for food crops also continues to increase. Injudicious use of nitrogenous fertilizers by the farmers in order to increase the yield has led to a detrimental impact on the crop as well as the environment. A field experiment was conducted during the kharief season of 2015 to evaluate the responses of different nitrogen doses (N0, N50 and N100) on the various morphological characteristics (plant height, harvest index, yield, chlorophyll and nitrogen content), yield attributes and grain quality in six genotypes namely NBTPP-1 (Varadhan X BPT5204/6), NBTPP-4 (Sampada X Jaya/3), NBTPP-6 (Rasi X Jaya/2), NBTPL-1 (Varadhan), NBTPL-3 (Sampada) and NBTPL-5 (MTU-1001) were observed. Maximum plant height at tillering was recorded for NBTPL-5 (55.56 cm) at N100 level and minimum height was observed for NBTPL-3 (38.22 cm) at N0 level. Maximum height at flowering was observed for NBTPL-5 (139.11 cm) at N100 level and minimum height was observed for NBTPP-6 (85.22 cm) at N0 level. Maximum harvest index was observed for NBTPL-1 (45.35 %) at N50 level and minimum harvest index was observed for NBTPL-5 (30.99 %) at N0 level. Yield and chlorophyll content was found to be highest at N100 and lowest for N0. Nitrogen content was highest for NBTPP-1 (1.53 %) at N100 level and minimum for NBTPP-6 (1.30 %) at N0 level. Silicon and amylose content was found to have a decreasing trend with increasing level of nitrogen. NBTPL-5 was found to perform better in N50 level of nitrogen dose. NBTPP-4 had the maximum grain yield and thus can be suggested for the N100 level.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of physiological and biochemical parameters of rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.) under high temperature stress(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Rukaiya; Shankhadhar, Deepti