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20213
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Subject: Plant Pathology × End date: 2021 × Start date: 2021 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of biofortified oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) using Zinc Sulphate nanoparticle
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-11) Shivani; Kushwaha, K.P.S.
    Pleurotus spp. commonly known as oyster mushroom in english and Dhingri in hindi, is one of the most important edible mushrooms cultivated in all around the world and is rich in nutritional as well as medicinal properties. Zinc is an essential trace element next to iron and its deficiency can lead to growth retardation, loss of appetite, and impaired immune function. Since the human body does not store excess zinc, it must be consumed regularly as part of the diet. Biofortification of food crops for increasing the zinc content and its bio-availability is one of the potential alternatives for combating zinc deficiency. The present study pertains to the development of zinc bio-fortified Pleurotus spp. (P. sajor-caju, P. florida and P. flabellatus) using zinc sulphate nanoparticles (ZnSO4 NPs). Zinc sulphate nanoparticles was sprayed at different concentrations (10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm and 40 ppm) after complete spawn run and nutritional and antioxidant properties of the fruiting bodies were analysed. The maximum mycelial radial growth and growth rate per day (mm) was obtained in all the tested species of Pleurotus at 10 ppm concentration of ZnSO4 NPs. Moreover, there was maximum increase in the growth parameters (pileus width, stipe length and stipe width), total yield and biological efficiency was obtained at10 ppm concentration of ZnSO4 NPs of as compared to the control. The highest increase in zinc content was obtained in 40 ppm concentration of ZnSO4 NPs i.e., 115.63% in P. sajor-caju followed by P. flabellatus (113.58%) and P. florida (106.35%). Similarly, at 40 ppm concentration of ZnSO4 NPs the phenol and flavonoid content was also found maximum. Whereas, the highest sodium and potassium content was bioaccumulated at 10 ppm concentration. The nutritional status of Pleurotus spp., measured in terms of crude protein, total ash and total soluble sugars, was found highest at 10 ppm concentration. The maximum increase in DPPH, ABTS and FRAP radical scavenging activity was observed at 10 ppm concentration of zinc sulphate nanoparticle. In case of, DPPH radical scavenging activity the highest increase was observed in P. sajor-caju followed by P. flabellatus and P. florida. Whereas, in case of ABTS radical scavenging activity the highest increase was obtained in P. sajor-caju followed by P. florida and P. flabellatus. Furthermore, in case of FRAP radical scavenging activity the highest increase was obtained in P. flabellatus followed by P. sajor-caju and P. florida. Therefore, Pleurotus spp. when biofortified with zinc sulphate nanoparticle at 10 ppm concentration has positive effect on the mycelial growth, biological efficiency, growth parameters, bioaccumulation of micronutrients, nutritional as well as antioxidant activities of Pleurotus spp. Thus, 10 ppm ZnSO4 NPs can be used for getting maximum yield of oyster mushroom and to combat zinc deficiency.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of Iron–biofortified button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) using nanoparticle
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Singh, Omkar; Kushwaha, K.P.S.
    Nutrient deficiency is one of the major global health problem, with iron deficiency being a leading cause of many ailments. Amongst several approaches that have been tried to combat this problem, use of bio-fortified foods is one of the most promising one. It not only increases the intake of nutrient but also augments its bioavailability. Mushrooms have been a source of good nutrition since ancient times; among which Agaricus bisporus is a widely consumed species. Due to its high nutritional value, but relatively low iron content, an attempt was made in the present investigations to developed iron bio-fortified Agaricus bisporus, using iron oxide and iron sulfide nanoparticles. Different concentrations of iron nanoparticles (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 ppm) were used to supplement the mushroom at three different stages i.e at spawning stage, before casing stage and pin head initiation stage. Treated mushroom was analyzed for various attributes viz. mycelial growth, crop yield, iron content, sensory evaluation and antioxidant activity. Highest mycelial growth, crop yield and iron content were obtained in 9ppm in case of iron oxide and at 12 ppm in case of iron sulfide nanoparticle treated Agaricus bisporus. The antioxidant status measured in terms of flavonoid and phenol content was also recorded to be highest in 9ppm in and 12 ppm treated samples respectively. Phenol content increased with increasing concentration of iron nanoparticles, with 15ppm having maximal content. Proline and hydrogen peroxide content decreased continuously from 0 to 15 ppm. Thus from the above investigations it can be concluded that use of nano-biotechnology could be an efficient way to bio-fortify Agaricus bisporus along with enhanced iron and antioxidant activity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Survey, identification and management of potato cyst nematode (Globodera spp.)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-07) Joshi, Vijay; Satya Kumar
    Potato is an important root vegetable and staple food in world over. It is produced throughout the year in terrain and hilly regions of Uttarakhand and also plays a significant role in the economy of the state. Phytoparasitic nematodes are one of the limiting factors in potato production leading to a yield loss of 23%. Among phytoparasitic nematodes related to rhizosphere of Potato, the Potato Cyst Nematode (Globodera spp.) causes significant yield loss of up to 80% reducing the quality and quantity of the potato tuber. Keeping in view the importance of crop and visualizing the emergence of PCN in Uttarakhand extensive survey were conducted in nine districts of the state, focusing on major potato growing areas and GPSMF to assess the status of important phytoparasitic nematodes. The multilocation trials were conducted to study the effect of different altitudes, soil temperature and weather temperature on development of PCN Cyst at different locations followed by management experiments at GPSMF Balanti (Munsyari) to explore the effect of new chemical nematicides viz., Fluensulfone, Fluopyram and Fluazaindolizine and biological control agents viz., Pochonia chlamydosporia, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pant Bioagent-1 (Trichoderma harzianum) and Pant Bioagent-3 (Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens). Survey studies revealed the presence of three cyst forming nematodes viz., Globodera spp. (G. rostochiensis and G. pallida), Cactodera spp. and Punctodera spp. along with eleven other genera of phytoparasitic nematodes viz. Meloidogyne spp., Ditylenchus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Tylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Trichodorus spp., Criconemoides spp., Xiphinema spp. and Aphelenchus spp. Three GPSMF viz., Balanti Farm, Tixen Farm (Munsyari, Pithoragarh) and Koti Farm Auli (Chamoli) were found to be highly infested with PCN. While, PCN was not observed in the soil samples of Bhattka Farm (Pithoragarh), Patwariya Farm (Almora), Dwari Farm, Kund Farm (Uttarkashi) and Khateda Farm (Champawat). Based on the morphological and molecular identification studies it was confirmed that there are two species of genus Globodera prevalent in Uttarakhand i.e., G. rostochiensis and G. pallida. Multilocation experiment studies revealed that reproduction factor of PCN is positively correlated to increasing altitude, while it is negatively correlated to increasing weather and soil temperature. Among nine locations, PCN cyst were developed in Gagar Farm (Nainital), Mukteshwar (Nainital), Nathuakhan (Nainital), Tixen Farm (Pithoragarh) and Shama Dana (Bageshwar). New nematicides molecules viz. Fluopyram @ 1000 ml/ha, Fluazaindolizine @ 0.06% and Fluensulfone @ 3kg a.i./ha effectively reduced PCN reproduction factor and subsequently increased Yield and Chlorophyll content as compared to Carbofuran. Biological Control Agents viz. Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Pant Bioagent-1 and Pant Bioagent-3 were more efficient in managing PCN as compared to chemicals reducing PCN reproduction factor and increasing yield and chlorophyll content.