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Open Access
A study on some characteristics of Lochia collected from crossbred cows
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-07) Suresh Kumar, N.; Singh, D.V.
The study was conducted from October, 2008 to March, 2009 at Pantnagar on lochia (post-partum uterine secretion) collected from ten crossbred cows. The objective was to study physical, biochemical and microbial nature of lochia. On an average 21.3±1.7 ml of lochia could be collected from the cows. The colour of lochia was reddish brown, due to the autolysis and liquefaction of most superficial layers of uterine epithelium. The consistency of lochia was medium and slightly thicker than water and blood. The mean pH and electrical conductivity of lochia were 6.63±0.06 and 3.79 ± 0.64 ms/m, respectively. Typical fern pattern of cervical mucus of estrus was not observed with lochia. The mean glucose, urea nitrogen, albumin, globulin, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations of lochia samples were19.97±1.77 mg/dl, 30.99±3.33 mg/dl, 2.30 ± 0.09 g/dl, 4.69±0.14 g/dl, 7.00±0.20 g/dl, 11.26±0.46 mg/dl, 0.38±0.02 mg/dl, 116.50±4.96 mEq/l, 5.46±0.34 mEq/l, and 98.86±3.66 mEq/l, respectively. The glucose concentration in lochia samples was higher than that of uterine luminal fluid but lower than that of blood serum. Urea nitrogen content of lochia was higher than that of normal blood serum level. Protein concentrations in lochia samples were within normal range of blood serum. The calcium content in lochia was more than that of post-partum uterine fluid and blood serum level. Potassium and serum were within normal range of blood serum. The mean bacterial load of lochia was (4.53±0.48) x 103/ml, and significantly lower than lochia collected during uterine infections. Above findings indicate that lochia may be considered as uterine secretory product. Further analysis of lochia may reveal some specific constituents in it which may have role in improving fertility.
Open Access
Effect of addition of lochia on some characteristics of crossbred bulls’ semen
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2009-06) Iqbal, Syed Mohsin; Singh, D.V.
The study was conducted on lochia (postpartum uterine secretion) samples collected from ten crossbred cows and semen from two crossbred bulls. The objective was to standardize the technique of lochia collection from crossbred cows and to study the effect of addition of lochia on progressive sperm motility percentage, live sperm percentage and abnormal sperm percentage of crossbred bulls’ semen. Lochia collection from uterus was done by using Foley’s catheter with syringe which helped to collect varying amount of lochia aseptically. The lochia added semen samples were divided into three treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3) composing different (0.5 ml, 1 ml and 2ml, respectively) volumes of semen and 0.1 ml of lochia. In Control group 0.1 ml normal saline was added instead of lochia in semen sample. The values of overall mean of progressive sperm motility1, Live2 and abnormal3 sperm count in T1, T2, T3 and control group were (64.9 ± 1.7, 36.0 ± 0.6 and 13.6 ± 0.9)1, (64.6 ± 2.0, 66.1 ± 1.8, 65.0 ±2.2, 66.3 ±1.8)2 and (4.9 ± 0.7, 4.8 ± 0.8, 3.9 ± 0.7 and 4.4 ± 0.6)3 at 0 hour, (36.0 ± 0.63, 36.6 ± 1.18, 35.2 ± 1.25, and 37.1 ± 1.32)1, (43.2 ± 2.0, 42.1 ± 1.7, 43.1 ± 2.2 and 42.7 ± 1.8 )2 and (5.5 ± 0.6, 5.3 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.9 and 4.4 ± 1.0)3 after 4 hours and (13.6 ± 0.97, 12.7 ± 1.20, 14.3 ± 1.19 and 14.57 ± 1.35)1, (25.3 ± 1.6, 24.1 ± 1.1, 26.0 ± 1.3 and 24.2 ± 1.3)2 and (5.5 ± 0.6, 5.3 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.9 and 4.4 ± 1.0)3 after 8 hours, respectively. There were no significant differences among these values of control and treatments. The results show that the lochia is not detrimental to the survivability of the sperm. Further detailed investigation with more purified lochia at other dilution rates is needed.
Open Access
Studies on behaviour and performance of murrah she-buffaloes under cold stress ameliorating measures at organized farm in tarai region
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2006-10) Ekanayake, B.M.M.; Singh, D.V.
The present investigation was conducted in two parts viz. studying the performance of Murrah she-buffaloes at IDF, Nagla over the years and conducting an experiment on 25 normally calved Murrah she-buffaloes to study the effect of cold stress ameliorating measures on their physiological, performance and behavioural responses during winter. The animals were divided into four groups viz. T1 - provided with paddy straw bedding and gunny bag jacketing T2- provided with luke warm water, T3- provided with provided with paddy straw bedding, gunny bag jacketing and luke warm water and T4 –control. LL was found to be significantly (P<0.05) more during the period 2 and 3 where as, LMY was significantly higher in buffaloes who calved during November-January and during period 2 and 4. Maximum 305-dMY was found in November and December calvers as well as in the period 2 and 4. AMY was significantly (P<0.05) higher in buffaloes calving during 2 peaks (November-February and June- August months) and period 4. PMY was significantly (P< 0.01) higher during 2nd lactation, February, June, November and December calvers as well as period 4. However, significant variation on DAPY due to any effect could not be ascertained. Morning and evening RR were significantly (P<0.01) different among groups. Morning RT and evening ST were significantly different among groups. Both morning and evening MD were significantly different among groups. Both morning and evening CC also varied significantly among groups. Buffaloes consumed significantly (P<0.01) more warm water than water at ambient temperature in morning. Morning, evening and daily milk yield were significantly (P<0.05) higher in warm water treatment groups. Milk pH and fat per cent were significantly (P<0.05) differ among groups. Frequency (%) of behavioural traits viz no raising head were significantly (P<0.01) and no ears pointing and stood up were significantly (P<0.05) different among groups. Urination while standing, total urination, no urination, defecation while standing, total defecation, no defecation, tail wagging and no tail wagging were significantly (P<0.05) different among groups. Overall mastication, mastication while sitting at left side and continuation of mastication were significantly (P<0.05) different among groups. It is concluded that cold stress amelioration during winter is important to improve the performance and well being of buffaloes.
Open Access
Evaluation of phenotypic and genetic diversity in different colour variants of Badri cattle using neutral and functional markers
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Dar, Aashaq Hussain; Sanjay Kumar
The present study was conducted on Badri cattle and its three colour variants viz., grey, brown and black from Uttarakhand state of India. Efforts were made for phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Badri cattle. For genetic characterization, microsatellite (SSR) and gene based markers were utilized to assess the general and functional genetic diversity in Badri cattle. Sampling was done from both Kumaon and Garhwal divisions of Uttarakhand, covering five hilly districts from each divisions. For genetic characterization, a total of 96 blood samples collected; 90 samples from the breeding tract (9 samples each from the 10 districts) and 3 samples each from University Dairy Farm, GBPUAT, Pantnagar and State Breeding Farm, Champawat . Phenotypic characterization of Badri cattle indiacted that it is a small sized cattle with an average adult body weight of about 200-250 kg. The body is compact and cylindrical with tight skin. The muzzle, horn, eyelids, switch of tail and hooves are mostly black in colour. Udder is small sized and trough (bowl) type. The fore and hind quarters of udder were small and medium sized respectively. The teat shape was cylindrical (70 and 78 %) and funnel type (30 and 32%) in Kumaon and Garhwal respectively. Data analysis revealed that breeding tract regions had no effect while as sex and age has significant effect on morphometric traits of Badri cattle. Badri cattle produce about 1.61 ±0.02 kg milk per day of lactation. The average lactation length, dry period, age of puberty, age at first calving, service period and calving interval were found to be 323.10 ±2.71, 82.20 ±0.99 days, 3.38 ±0.05 years and 4.38 ±0.05 years and 5.12 ±0.09 and 14.05 ±0.09 months respectively. The milk constituents viz. fat, protein, lactose, SNF and total solid percentage was higher than exotic cattle and some Indigenous breeds. The present study revealed that the mineral composition of Badri cattle milk is comparable with other cattle breeds. Ca, Mg, P, and Na content increased significantly in the third stage of lactation while potassium showed a reverse trend. The average serum glucose, total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine and urea were found to differ significantly in summer and winter seasons. Using light microscopy, it was revealed that the hair shaft and medullary diameter at medial region and both regions of body i.e. dorsal and ventral, differed significantly within colour variants of Badri cattle, i.e. Grey, black and brown variants. At both dorsal region and ventral region within the colour variant groups, there was a significant difference between cortical thickness of hair shaft at proximal, medial and distal part. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the medullary diameter was significantly higher in medial region of hair shaft as compared to proximal and distal part in all the colour variants at both dorsal and ventral regions of the body. The genotypic characterization revealed that there was ample of genetic diversity in all the colour variants. Bottle neck analysis revealed that Badri cattle and its colour variants are under bottleneck. Structure analysis revealed that all the three colour variants of Badri cattle are actually single breed. Further it showed Badri cattle is a distinct breed as revealed by structure analysis with Red sindhi, Sahiwal, Jersey and Holstein Fresian. Individual assignment using GENECLASS software revealed that the individuals in three colour variants were assigned to all the 3 colour groups while a few individuals were assigned to other breeds at a negligible probability. The polymorphism at kappa-casein, beta-casein, alphalactalbumen, beta-globulin, butyrophilin, growth hormone and prolactin were in close range with other Indigenous cattle breeds.
Open Access
Effect of ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaf powder feeding on the performance of Pantja goats
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Mishra, Vaidehi; Palod, Jyoti
A study was conducted on 16, 6-8 months old Pantja kids for a period of 90 days to study the effect of feeding ardu (Ailanthus excelsa) leaf powder on growth performance, haemato-biochemical parameters and faecal egg counts in Pantja goats. The experimental animals were randomly divided into three treatments and one control group each with four goats having approximately same body weight. The goats of control group (T0) were offered 100 per cent concentrate with grazing while those of T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed ardu leaf powder replacing 25, 50 and 75 per cent concentrate respectively. With this diet schedule, grazing and ad libitum water was provided to all the experimental goats during the entire experimental period. Growth performance i.e. body weight was observed fortnightly. Blood samples were collected on 0, 30th, 60th and 90th day of experiment from all the animals for haemato-biochemical studies. Faecal samples were also collected on 0, 30th, 60th and 90th day. The results of the experiment indicated that ardu leaf powder supplementation showed significantly increased body weight, haemoglobin concentration, TEC, PCV, MCH, MCV, lymphocytes, serum HDL cholesterol, serum protein profile and serum calcium whereas significantly decreased serum glucose, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, AST and ALT levels as well as faecal eggs count with best results found in goats fed 75% ardu leaf powder in place of concentrate. There was non- significant effect of ardu leaf powder feeding on serum urea and creatinine levels. All the treatment groups fed with ardu leaf powder showed reduction in feed cost with minimum feed cost noted in treatment group fed with 75% ardu leaf powder. From the results of present study it can be concluded that feeding ardu leaf powder replacing 75 per cent concentrate in the diet of goats may be advised to improve growth performance, haemato- biochemical parameters and faecal egg counts in Pantja goats. Further research should focus on use of ardu leaves/powder taking into consideration meat as well as milk production in goats.
Open Access
Studies on economic traits and replacement rate in crossbred cattle
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Panwar, Vijay Amrit Raj; Sharma, R.K.
The present study was undertaken on 2204 calvings of 390 crossbred cattle produced by 54 sires and maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand). The data had a spread of over of period of 36 years (1981-2016).The least-squares analysis of variance for the first lactation traits revealed that the effects due to sires were significant for age at first calving (AFC), first lactation 305 days milk yield (FLMY-305), first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation length (FLL) and first service period (FSP), and non-significant for first dry period(FDP) and first calving interval (FCI). The effects due to the period of calving were found significant for FLL, FSP, whereas they were non-significant for all other traits. The effect due to the season of calving was found to be significant on FLMY-305 whereas nonsignificant effects were found for all other remaining traits. The effect due to the AFC was found highly significant (P 0.01) for FLMY whereas non-significant effects were found for all other remaining traits. The overall least-squares means for first lactation traits viz. age at first calving, first lactation 305 days milk yield, first lactation milk yield, first lactation length, first service period, first dry period and first calving interval were found as 1277.75 ± 101.56 days, 2673.48± 81.29 kg, 2746.23± 85.51 kg, 346.02 ± 7.44 days, 245.91± 5.39 days, 139.15± 7.53 days and 489.01± 9.79 days respectively. The heritability estimates for first lactation traits viz. age at first calving, first lactation 305 days milk yield, first lactation milk yield, first lactation length, first service period, first dry period and first calving interval were observed as 0.31 ± 0.14, 0.37 ± 0.12, 0.27 ± 0.07, 0.17 ± 0.08, 0.17 ± 0.08, 0.17 ± 0.11, 0.24 ± 0.13 and 0.21 ± 0.09 respectively.The period effect on replacement rate and its components viz., mortality, culling and replacement rate were found to be significant. The season of birth had significant effects on abnormal birth and replacement rate whereas they were nonsignificant for female mortality and culling rate in female calves.The average values of abnormal births, mortality and culling of female calves upto AFC were found to be 9.12, 15.70 and 30.15 percent respectively. The replacement rates on female calf basis and total pregnancies basis were estimated as 54.18 and 25.27 percent, respectively. About half (45.18percent) of total female calves were lost from the herd till they attain AFC due to mortality and culling. Only one fourth (25.27 percent) of the total pregnancies turned into replacement heifers. It may be concluded that performance of crossbred herd under study is comparable to other herds. Low to moderate heritability estimates obtained indicates presence of adequate genetic variation within the herd and hence improvement in traits under study is possible by genetic selection along with managemental interventions.
Open Access
Study on efficient utilization of different livestock wastes
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Budhalakoti, Mohit; Anil Kumar
India has the largest livestock populations in the world (13% of total global livestock population). In India, millions of tones of livestock excreta are produced. Vermicomposting and vermiwash are commonly adopted potent technique for the utilization of different livestock wastes for their economic utilization. However, there is very less data regarding vermicomposting of combination of different livestock wastes. So, present study explores the potential of an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida to compost different livestock excreta and their different combinations (cattle, buffalo, goat and poultry) into value added products (vermicompost and vermiwash) at the laboratory scale. For the present study, pits were made of 8ft, 2ft, 2ft, length, width, height respectively. Total 16 treatments were made, in which 15 treatments consist of livestocks dung and poultry manures and their combinations of different proportions and one treatment is of bio gas slurry were tested. Sample was taken from each treatment at the period of 0, 20 and 90 day and was analyzed for physico-chemical properties, growth of worms and economic viability of vermicompost and vermiwash production from livestock waste management point of view. Vermicomposting result in lowering of pH ranges from 6.26 – 7.09 at final compost with lowest pH in goat dung and highest in poultry manure. As the decomposition of substrate were in process, dry matter and total organic carbon (TOC) content getreduced due to utilization of organic matter by microbes for feed and release of CO2. NPK content was higher in vermicompost than the fresh manure, with highest NPK value seen in poultry manure. C: N ratio is used as an index for maturity of organic wastes. C: N ratio was higher in fresh manure as compare to final vermicompost and minimum ratio was seen in poultry manure due to high N content in poultry manure in final cast. Production of vermicompost, recovery per cent of vermicompost and increase in vermiculture were higher in cattle and buffalo dung as compare poultry manure. There were high monetary return and B: C ratio in buffalo and cattle dung treatment as compare to other treatments. In vermiwash production, B: C ratio was very high because of production of vermiwash liquid along with vermiculture and vermicompost. It can be concluded that economically vermicompost of cattle and buffalo dung was better but nutritionally vermicompost obtained from poultry manure was better than rest all other treatments.
Open Access
Evaluation of Pantja goat milk for gross composition and selected minerals
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-05) Chauhan, Surya Pratap Singh; Sanjay Kumar
Present work was carried out on Pantja goats, reared at goat unit of Department of Livestock Production Management (LPM), College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), during Nov 2018 to April 2019. The main objectives of the investigation were to study the physico-chemical properties of Pantja goat milk and to study the effect of lactation order and stage of lactation on physic-chemical properties of Pantja goat milk. The salient findings emerged from the present investigation are summarized as follows. During the entire study the fresh goat milk samples of Pantja goats according to lactation order and also during their 1st (up to 30 days), 2nd (31 to 60 days) and 3rd (above 61 days) stage of lactation were analyzed for physic-chemical properties such as color, specific gravity, boiling point, water, fat, protein, lactose, total solids, SNF, total ash, titratable acidity and pH of Pantja goat milk. The average specific gravity, the boiling point of milk was 1.036 and 100.12, respectively and color of milk was perfectly white. The overall mean chemical composition of milk was 85.27 percent water, 14.67 percent total solids, 10.06 percent SNF, 5.09 percent carbohydrate, 0.78 percent total ash, 0.130 percent titratable acidity and 6.44 pH. The values of milk composition were significantly affected by lactation order and stage of lactation. The mean values of specific gravity, boiling point, fat, protein, total solids, SNF, ash, titratable acidity content of Pantja goat milk significantly increased from 1st to 3rd stage of lactation. While water, carbohydrates and pH content of milk significantly decreased during 1st to 3rd lactation order as well as the stage of lactation. The overall average minerals (mg/L) content of Pantja goat milk i.e. Calcium 893.06; Magnesium 114.78; Phosphorus 1122.26; Potassium 1168.49; Sodium 635.35; Zinc 2.36; Manganese 0.137; Selenium 0.013 and Iron 0.50, respectively. The mineral concentration of condensed milk was higher than fluid milk. In condensed milk minerals content were Calcium 1964.73 mg/L; Magnesium 241.03 mg/L; Phosphorus 1795.61 mg/L; Potassium 1869.58 mg/L; Sodium 762.42; Zinc 6.57 mg/L; Manganese 0.60 mg/L; Selenium 0.020; Iron 3.37 mg/L, respectively. In another part of this research work manufacturing toffee using Pantja goat milk and select the best product on the basis of sensory evaluation of toffee. The microbiological and sensory characteristics of toffee were studied on different storage intervals at refrigeration temperature, room temperature and 37°C to assess the storage life. The microbiological study revealed significant increase in total plate count and yeast and mold count with the advancement in storage period. The rate of increase in the microbial count was higher for higher temperatures. However, none of the samples showed the presence of coliform bacteria. Sensory quality (color and appearance, flavor, body and texture and overall acceptability) decreased significantly with increased temperature and duration of storage. The samples remain acceptable for 12-14 days at refrigeration temperature, 9-10 days of room temperature and 6-8 days at 37°C.
Open Access
Amelioration of summer stress in lactating crossbred cows under farm conditions of tarai region
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2005-05) Uday Narayan; Singh, D.V.
Crossbreed cattle contribute about 9.8% of cattle population and substantially to the milk production of the country. These animals are high producing but less heat tolerant than the indigenous ones. Present study was aimed to ameliorate summer stress in lactating crossbred cows under farm conditions of Tarai region. Study was carried out during April to August, 2004 with 34 normally calved animals. Water showering helped in favorably maintaining physiological (rectal temperature, respiration rates), behavioral, hematological (hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, total erythrocyte count), hormonal (epinephrine and nor-epinephrine), reproduction (service period) and production parameters (specific gravity, fat, SNF, TS of milk and milk yield and average daily milk yield, 4% FCM yield, persistency of peak milk yield). While, sodium bicarbonate feeding alone was found effective in maintaining specific gravity, fat, solids not fat and total solids per cent of the milk and helped in improving the hemoglobin and packed cell volume.

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