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2008 - 200912010 - 20162
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Subject: Livestock Production and Management × End date: 2016 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) supplementation in roughage based diet on growing male calves
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-07) Kadam, Chandrakant V.; Shive Kumar
    An on farm trial was conducted at Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar of U.S.Nagar district, Uttarakhand State to assess the effect of urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) supplementation on growth performance of male calves. Ten crossbred calves were divided in to two groups (T1 and T2) consisting 5 animals each. Calves in T0 group are fed concentrate and roughage comprising green maize (chaffed) and wheat straw at 3:1 ratio. T1 group calves were fed the same concentrate and roughage but additionally supplemented with 100g urea molasses mineral block (UMMB). Roughage was given once a day in the morning hours. DM intake, growth rate, various physical parameters were recorded at fortnight intervals in a 120 days of trial. The average total DMI and average DMI through concentrate were non-significant, however the average DMI through roughage (kg/day) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in UMMB supplemented group (3.54) than that of control group (3.33) due to better palatability of diet resulting higher voluntary DM intake. Supplementation of UMMB in T1 significantly (P<0.05) improved DM, OM, CP and CF digestibility with non-significant difference in EE and TCHO digestibility due to establishment of conducive environment in the rumen which enhanced the growth and multiplication of rumen microbes as a result the digestibility of nutrient was higher due to more microbial enzymatic activity on substrates (feed particles). The CP and CF intake during the digestibility trial were significantly (P<0.01) lower in T0 group as compared to that of T1 group. It significantly (P<0.05) improved plasma protein level in blood without any significant (P<0.05) difference in blood glucose and blood urea nitrogen might be due to increased supply of balanced nutrients through UMMB supplementation and higher diversion towards protein synthesis. Similar significant (P<0.01) results were also obtained in terms of increase in chest girth and body length. The average body weight gain (g/d) over the whole period of 120 days was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 (310) than in T0 (260) group with no difference in thickness of skin coat and tail thickness. Reduced intake of concentrate mixture and increased roughage intake over control diet resulting higher (P<0.05) growth rate which was attributed to higher supply of nutrients in the form of protein, energy and minerals. The average feed conversion efficiency (%) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T0 (5.98) than that of T1 group (6.94). It was concluded that UMMB supplementation economically improved the feed efficiency and growth rate of male calves at Instructional Dairy Farm, Nagla of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar of U.S.Nagar district, Uttarakhand State. Hence UMMB supplementation in roughage based diet to growing animals would help to acquire impetus to the most desirable livestock development in mountain areas.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of feeding probiotic , prebiotic and synbiotic as feed additives on the performance of crossbreds
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Dar, Aashaq Hussain; Singh, S.K.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on early reproduction traits of female Frieswal progeny under field conditions
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-05) Sunitibala Devi, Laishram; Singh, D.V.
    Present study was carried out from August 7, 2012 to March 31, 2013 in U. S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand on 131 Frieswal heifers reared by 127 farmers under 5 AI centres, and aimed to study farmers’ profile, management practices, morphometric traits, early reproduction traits and performance traits. Maximum of the respondents were educated (73.23 %), owned small herd size of 3AUE (44.09 %), possessed up to 5 acres land (44.09 %) and very few (23.62 %) were landless. Majority of farmers followed good animal husbandry practices for pregnant heifers. Suckling was allowed for milk let down. Male and female calf born ratio was 46.7:53.3 (av. birth weight 26.67±0.74 kg), who received colostrum ad lib, and calf starter and green fodder from 3rd week and dewormers at 4th week of age. Least-squares means (cm) of 47 pubertal and 62 pregnant heifers were 118.7±1.7 and 134.1±1.9 for BL, 114.5±1.3 and 121.3±1.2 for HAW, 143.1±2.3 and 162.7±2.4 for CG, 150.9±3.0 and 173.5±3.0 for PG, 41.0±0.9 and 43.8±0.9 for FL, 29.7±0.9 and 31.7±0.9 for FW, 17.4±0.3 and 19.1±0.4 for EPL, 67.3±1.2 and 70.3±1.1 for HE, 33.6±0.8 and 37.3±1.2 for HK, 109.1±1.2 and 115.0±1.2 for HPB, 112.6±1.4 and 119.6±1.1 for HHB, 3.08±0.07 and 3.83±0.07 m2 for BSA, 5.15±0.23 and 5.62±0.24 mm for SFT and 227.0±9.3 and 331.7±10.9 kg for EBW, respectively. Land holding had significant effect on HAW, HE and HK in pubertal heifers. Whereas, stage of gestation had significant effect on BSA, SFT and EBW in pregnant heifers. Least-squares means for AP, AFAI, ACON, IPC, NAI and LLOC were 485.2±21.8 (n=131), 608.3±27.1 (n=81), 610.2±25.2 (n=77), 36.18±15.62 (n=77), 2.23±0.13 (n=77) and 30.17±3.74 (n=63) days. Significant effects of AIC, YOB, education level, herd size and SOB on AP; of AIC on AFAI; of YOB on AFAI; of AIC on ACON, IPC and LLOC were observed. Discharge and bellowing were the most frequently observed signs of estrus during puberty and conception. AI were mostly performed between 06:00 to 10:00 am. Mean duration of estrus and time of AI after onset of estrus were 21.8±1.4 and 14.69±0.27 hr, respectively. Average GL, AFC, TTC and TEP were 282.1±1.4, 807.0±28.1 days, 3.91±0.76 and 3.23±0.58 hr. Most of the calving occurred between 00:00 to 06:00 am. Average values for WP, WFAI, WS1P, WS2P, WS3P and WFC were 227.0±9.3, 270.64±8.75, 366.6±89.4, 331.1±11.8, 333.7±31.0 and 398.5±3.79 kg, respectively. Most of heifers were born during winter season. In most of the cases puberty, conception and calving occurred during spring season. A few calving were recorded for dystokia (6.76%) who delivered male calf. Milk samples collected from 14 cows on 10th day of fat and SNF percent as 4.1±0.11 and 8.67 ±0.06, respectively.