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20133
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Subject: Livestock Production and Management × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2013 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Awareness and adoption of scientific dairy husbandary practices: An analysis of dairy farmers in tarai region of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Tewari, Himani; Sanjay Kumar
    Present study was carried on five centres involving 160 farmers from 87 villages in U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand from August 1, 2012 to March 10, 2013 with the objective of studying socio-economic profile, awareness level, degree of adoption and the constraints faced by the farmers in the adoption of scientific dairy husbandry practices. About (66.25 %) of respondents were middle aged, (43.75 %) farmers had agriculture as main occupation, (40.00 %) respondents were educated up to graduation level, about (33.75 %) farmers were small farmers, (30.62 %) maintained large herd and (80.00 %) farmers had nuclear family. Most of the farmers (94.38 %) had access to various animal health services, (89.38 %) farmers were dependant on government hospitals for veterinary aid. The overall mean value for AP,AFS,AFCON,AFC,NSRC,LP,DP and MY in indigenous, crossbred and buffaloes were 780.85±5.44days,518±4.96 days,773.28±1.98 days,780.92±2.16days, 635.32±2.19days, 872.13±2.34 days,786.48±2.08 days, 647.08±2.35 days,876.66±2.37 days,1072.03 ±2.18 days, 932.53±2.35 days and 1184.47±2.45 days,3.88 ±0.19 times, 3.89±0.13 times, 3.43±0.12 times ,226.70±1.90 days, 288.77±0.75 days 293.33±0.76 days, 138.29±1.90 days, 76.32±0.73 days, 71.66±0.76 days, 3.60±0.24 liters, 16.23±0.36 liters and 15.07±0.21 liters, respectively. Out of all the diseases Fever, Mastitis, Surra, H.S and F.M.D in order of occurrence were found (96.25 %), (88.75 %), (85.00 %), (60.00 %) and (64.38%) respectively. All the farmers were aware about the importance of drainage, regular cleaning of shed, protecting animals against weather extremes, grazing, concentrate feeding during lean period, basis of concentrate feeding as per their milk yield and fat percentage, supplement of additional concentrate feeding to pregnant animals and heifers, adding salt in animal ration and the chaffing of fodder. About (96.25 %) were aware about the cutting of navel cord, navel cord disinfection and cleaning of teats and udder before nursing of calf. About (85.00 %) respondents were aware of ideal identification method used for calves. About (80.63 %) and (51.25 %) respondents were unaware of accurate time and repetition of de worming. All the farmers (100.00 %) of five centres were aware about the facilities like electricity, water, feeding mangers, assistance and frequency of offering water to pregnant animals, milking interval, practice of washing hands with antiseptic solution, clean clothes of milker’s, milker’s test for T.B and removal of mucous membrane immediately after birth. About (87.50 %) farmers considered body weight as the main criteria for first time mating. Majority of farmers (98.12 %) preferred A.I over natural service. Most of the farmers (88.13 %) preferred mating in their animals 8 to 12 hours after showing heat symptoms. All the farmers adopted the practice of maintenance of breeding records, followed the practice of washing of external genitalia and hind quarter of animal, offer ad-libitum feeding of water to pregnant animals. Majority of the farmers (65.62 %) practiced twice milking, about (53.75 %) farmers followed knuckling, and (60.00 %) farmers checked their animals for mastitis only when it was required. About (42.50 %),(52.50%),(31.25 %) and (56.25 %) farmers faced problems of lower socio-economic status, poor education, small farm size and less farm experience and lack of co-operation and co-ordination, respectively in adoption of scientific dairy husbandry practices. Most of the farmers (91.87 %) faced the problem of unavailability of high genetic merit bulls for semen donation and natural service, while none of the farmers faced the problem of poor conception rates through A.I. About (60.62 %), (53.75 %) and (65.62 %) of farmers were facing the problem of delayed heat occurrence, insemination at improper time and repeat breeding, respectively at various centres. None of the farmers faced the problem of unavailability of quality cattle feed and poor availability of concentrate and mineral mixture in the area. Most of the farmers (66.87 %) faced the problem of over-crowding in the animals while all the farmers faced the problem of short lactation length in animals. About (42.50 %) respondents reported the problem of delay in milk payment, whereas (38.12 %) respondents faced the problem of low price of milk offered. About (41.25 %) and (95.00 %) of the respondents were facing the problem of lack of knowledge about vaccination and de worming schedule in animals at all the five centers of study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on performance traits of Sahiwal crossbred and hill cattle under farm conditions of Tarai region of Uttarakhand
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-04) Patoo, Raoof Ahmad; Singh, D.V.
    Present study was conducted from Oct. 2011 to Dec. 2012 on 720 records of Sahiwal, crossbreds and Hill cattle on their body morphometric, performance, urine, thermo adaptability and haematology under farm conditions in Tarai region. Majority of morphometric traits in all age groups were significantly lower (P<0.05) in Hill cattle than Sahiwal/ crossbreds, were higher for crossbreds in aged animals and in males. Colostrum of Hill cows was richer in protein (9.27±0.02 %), fat (5.92±0.15 %), lactose (3.35±0.31 %), total solids (18.33±0.35 %) and ash (0.88±0.08 %) than crossbreds. Milk of Hill cows had high protein, fat, SNF, TS as compare to crossbreds and had lower pH (6.41±0.04), electric conductivity (2.31±0.08 mhos) and somatic cell count (1.19±0.06 x105 cells/ml), making them less prone to mastitis. Age at first calving of Sahiwal, crossbreds and hill cows were 1338.67±34.23, 1041.86±27.45 and 1403.45±18.71 days, service period as 246.64±2.15, 225.45±5.18 and 121.78±3.14 days, lactation length as 280.32±6.52, 331.12±5.81 and 270.56±6.78 days, total lactation milk yield as 1536.74±65.64, 2768.84±95.72 and 340.12±27.45 kg, daily milk yield as 6.52±2.65, 9.64±3.45 and 1.35±2.45 kg, peak milk yield as 8.75±3.65, 13.83±4.45 and 2.51±6.71 kg, days to attain peak milk yield as 54.12±7.21, 68.67±6.35 and 38.75±12.23 days, dry period as 220.67± 2.74, 106.56±4.67 and 126.45±5.42 days, calving interval as 489.46±3.82, 469.13±2.64 and 462.45±5.45 days and birth weight as 20.12±2.56, 25.41±1.86 and 12.24±2.41 kg, respectively, making Hill and crossbreds cows efficient reproducers and producers. Urine of Hill cows had lower pH (7.616±0.052), total solids (5.938±0.037 %), urea (256.904±0.181 mg/dl), creatinine (27.020±0.119 mg/dl), total protein (5.686±0.036 mg/dl), and ash per cent (1.969±0.043 %) compared to crossbreds. Crossbreds had higher rectal temperature, respiration and pulse rate in summer, rainy and winter season than indigenous cows. Heat tolerance indexes and physiological parameters indicated that Sahiwal was more heat resistant, followed by Hill cattle and crossbred in hot humid climatic condition of Tarai. Hill cattle had higher haemoglobin content, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count as compared to crossbreds and Sahiwal cows during all seasons, which perhaps make them adapted to hill terrains and harsh management conditions. Studied parameters indicated that Sahiwal and Hill cattle are important indigenous breeds requiring further attention for their improvement.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on early reproduction traits of female Frieswal progeny under field conditions
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-05) Sunitibala Devi, Laishram; Singh, D.V.
    Present study was carried out from August 7, 2012 to March 31, 2013 in U. S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand on 131 Frieswal heifers reared by 127 farmers under 5 AI centres, and aimed to study farmers’ profile, management practices, morphometric traits, early reproduction traits and performance traits. Maximum of the respondents were educated (73.23 %), owned small herd size of 3AUE (44.09 %), possessed up to 5 acres land (44.09 %) and very few (23.62 %) were landless. Majority of farmers followed good animal husbandry practices for pregnant heifers. Suckling was allowed for milk let down. Male and female calf born ratio was 46.7:53.3 (av. birth weight 26.67±0.74 kg), who received colostrum ad lib, and calf starter and green fodder from 3rd week and dewormers at 4th week of age. Least-squares means (cm) of 47 pubertal and 62 pregnant heifers were 118.7±1.7 and 134.1±1.9 for BL, 114.5±1.3 and 121.3±1.2 for HAW, 143.1±2.3 and 162.7±2.4 for CG, 150.9±3.0 and 173.5±3.0 for PG, 41.0±0.9 and 43.8±0.9 for FL, 29.7±0.9 and 31.7±0.9 for FW, 17.4±0.3 and 19.1±0.4 for EPL, 67.3±1.2 and 70.3±1.1 for HE, 33.6±0.8 and 37.3±1.2 for HK, 109.1±1.2 and 115.0±1.2 for HPB, 112.6±1.4 and 119.6±1.1 for HHB, 3.08±0.07 and 3.83±0.07 m2 for BSA, 5.15±0.23 and 5.62±0.24 mm for SFT and 227.0±9.3 and 331.7±10.9 kg for EBW, respectively. Land holding had significant effect on HAW, HE and HK in pubertal heifers. Whereas, stage of gestation had significant effect on BSA, SFT and EBW in pregnant heifers. Least-squares means for AP, AFAI, ACON, IPC, NAI and LLOC were 485.2±21.8 (n=131), 608.3±27.1 (n=81), 610.2±25.2 (n=77), 36.18±15.62 (n=77), 2.23±0.13 (n=77) and 30.17±3.74 (n=63) days. Significant effects of AIC, YOB, education level, herd size and SOB on AP; of AIC on AFAI; of YOB on AFAI; of AIC on ACON, IPC and LLOC were observed. Discharge and bellowing were the most frequently observed signs of estrus during puberty and conception. AI were mostly performed between 06:00 to 10:00 am. Mean duration of estrus and time of AI after onset of estrus were 21.8±1.4 and 14.69±0.27 hr, respectively. Average GL, AFC, TTC and TEP were 282.1±1.4, 807.0±28.1 days, 3.91±0.76 and 3.23±0.58 hr. Most of the calving occurred between 00:00 to 06:00 am. Average values for WP, WFAI, WS1P, WS2P, WS3P and WFC were 227.0±9.3, 270.64±8.75, 366.6±89.4, 331.1±11.8, 333.7±31.0 and 398.5±3.79 kg, respectively. Most of heifers were born during winter season. In most of the cases puberty, conception and calving occurred during spring season. A few calving were recorded for dystokia (6.76%) who delivered male calf. Milk samples collected from 14 cows on 10th day of fat and SNF percent as 4.1±0.11 and 8.67 ±0.06, respectively.