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Subject: Genetics and Plant Breeding × End date: 2020 × Start date: 2020 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genotypic variability and stability analysis in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L., Gaertn.)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Kirti Rahul; Bandyopadhyay, B.
    Eleusine coracana L. Garten commonly known as finger millet also called Ragi. It is an annual herbaceous and self-pollinated crop. It appears as an indispensable crop to Indian agriculture as a major source of grain and straw. Finger millet is one of the most nutritious cereal crops and shows a lot of medicinal importance. It exhibits wide adaptability to diverse environmental and cultural conditions. The physiological production capacity (i.e, yield) of a plant has always been considered as one of the important topic in plant breeding but will be more concerned about the stability in yield performance by the continued variation in climatic conditions. In the present study “genotypic variability and stability analysis in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Garten)” at three locations with an object to evaluate variability, inter character association of component trait with yield and to identify high yielding finger millet genotypes stable in performance across the environments. In this investigation genotypic and phenotypic variability, genetic parameters, correlations coefficient, path coefficient and stability analysis were evaluated in a set of 11 finger millet genotypes over three different environments viz. low altitude(CRC farm Pantnagar), mid and high altitude (Paharpani, Nainital). The experiment was led out in randomized block design with replications at each location The entries considered for the experiment were PFM-1(check), PFM-2, PFM-3, PFM-4, PFM-5, PFM-6, PFM-7, PFM-8, PFM-9(check), PFM-10 and PFM-11. The experiment was conducted during June 2019.Observation was recorded on 15 characters viz. Days to 50% flowering, Plant height, The number of leaves per plant, Leaf length, Leaf breadth, Leaf area, Number of productive tillers, Days to harvest, Number of head, Average weight of the head, Number of fingers, Number of spike per finger, Number of seed per spike, Number of seed per cm², Grain yield. Experimental result revealed that significant genotypic difference appeared for days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to harvest, number of head, average head weight, spike per finger seeds per spike, seed per cm square and grain yield in all three locations. Predominance role of additive gene effect was observed for days to harvest, number of head per plot and grain yield. Non additive gene effects were registered for days to 50% flowering and plant height. Correlation studies over three environment showed that selection of days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of productive tiller, days to harvest, number of heads, average weight of heads, number of spike per finger, number of seeds per spike and seed volume(number of seeds per cm² area) exerted greater influence on genotypic improvement of grain yield among finger millet crops. A perusal of path coefficient analysis over three environment revealed that average weight of the heads emerged as major contributing traits for grain yield and consideration of 15 characters could explain the variability of grain yield among finger finger millet genotype satisfactorily. Stability parameter revealed that the performance of PFM-4 was most suitable in all three location than other genotypes as indicated by non significant deviation from regression( S2di),regression coefficient(bi) values, and average mean performance.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic diversity, variability and character association in soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] germplasm
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Prasad, Himanshu; Singh, Kamendra
    The present investigation was carried out at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during kharif, 2018 and 2019 with 185 genotypes (180 entries and 5 checks) of soybean for seven qualitative and twelve quantitative characters to assess genetic divergence, genetic variability, inter-character correlation and their direct and indirect effects on seed yield. Results showed that qualitative characters also played an important role in crop diversity as the characters like flower colour and hilum colour contributed maximum towards genetic diversity. For 12 quantitative character analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters under study, which shows that immense amount of genetic variability were present among the experimental material. Based on Hierarchical cluster analysis, the 185 genotypes were grouped into 4, 5 and 3 clusters during 2018, 2019 and pooled analysis, respectively. The maximum numbers of genotypes (157) were grouped in Cluster III (2018), (146) genotype in cluster V (2019) and (159) genotypes in cluster III (pooled) and minimum (1) genotype in Clusters I and III during 2018, 2019 and (2) genotype in cluster IV during pooled analysis, respectively. The maximum divergence was observed between Clusters I and IV (10.64) followed by cluster I and II (9.91), II and IV (8.95) and I and III (8.50) during 2018, clusters I and V (11.97) followed by I and IV (11.30), I and III (9.68) and II and V (9.49) during 2019 and clusters I and III (9.23) followed by I and II (8.73) and II and III (8.67) during pooled analysis. Based on intercluster distance, cluster mean values and per se performance, the potential parental combinations that could be considered for enhancing the overall yield levels in soybean were PS 1133×PS 1379, PS1133×UPSM 1099, PS 1133×PS 24, PS 1133×JS 335, PS 1133×PS 1427, PS 1133×PS 1428, PS 1133×PS 1225, PS 1379×UPSM 1099, PS 1379×PS 24, PS 1379×JS 335, PS 1379×PS 1427, PS 1379×PS 1428, PS 1379×PS 1225, UPSM 1099×PS 24, UPSM 1099×JS 335, UPSM 1099×PS 1427, UPSM 1099×PS 1428, UPSM 1099×PS 1225, PS 24×JS 335, PS 24×PS 1427, PS 24×PS 1428, PS 24×PS 1225, JS 335×PS 1427, JS 335×PS 1428, JS 335×PS 1225, PS 1427×PS 1428, PS 1427×PS 1225 and PS 1428×PS 1225 and should be promising to recover superior recombinants for yield and yield contributing traits. In general, the magnitudes of PCV were higher than those of GCV and ECV for all the characters with a close correspondence between the values of PCV and GCV for majority of the characters under study. This indicated a minimum role of environment in their expression and hence, selection based on phenotype could be rewarding for such characters. Highest values of PCV, GCV and Genetic advance as % of mean was observed for seed yield per plant, seed yield efficiency and harvest index. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were reported for plant height, number of pods per plant, dry matter weight per plant, harvest index, seed yield efficiency, and seed yield per plant which indicated a role of additive gene effects in their expression. Correlation studies showed that seed yield exhibited significantly positive correlations with number of primary branches, number of pods per plant, dry matter weight, harvest index and seed yield efficiency during 2018, 2019 and pooled analysis. Path analysis indicated that, dry matter weight per plant, harvest index and seed yield efficiency exhibited positive direct effect in influencing seed yield. On the basis of genetic diversity analysis, the genotypes PS-1133, PS-1379,UPSM-1099, PS-24, JS-335, PS-1427, PS-1428 and PS-1225, were identified as superior donors for yield and yield contributing traits, whereas the studies on genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis showed that the number of primary branches, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, dry matter weight, harvest index and seed yield efficiency are some of the important yield contributing characters and selection for these characters during crop improvement would be more rewarding for yield improvement in soybean.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic studies on quality associated traits and molecular characterization of protein content in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-09) Karthick Babu, S.; Panwar, R.K.
    Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an annual legume crop and its plays an important part in the total pulse production in the world. Chickpea is the major source for protein and serves as the unequivocal component in food and nutritional security. The present investigation was carried out at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research centre Pantnagar during Rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20, evaluated with 6 parents and 15 F1s in half diallel design. The objective was to study the gene action, combining ability, heritability of agronomic traits, to study the genetic parameters of protein content and other quality associated traits, to study the effect of associated traits on protein content and to evaluate/characterize the molecular markers for the major quality traits. Mean squares due to genotype were highly significant for all the traits except seed per pod and harvest index. Non additive gene action is found to be predominant, even most of the traits are having for both additive and non additive gene effects. Important yield attributes like number of primary branches has profound additive gene action where, number of secondary branches, pods per plant has profound non additive gene action. Quality attributes like protein content is showing predominant additive gene effect with h2 (0.6). 100 seed weight is an important for both yield and quality aspect.100 seed weight showed profound additive effect. PKG 2, a kabuli type and PG 3 were having significant GCA for 100 seed weight. T 39-1 and T 39-1A were having significant GCA for protein content. The genetic analysis of protein content using two diallel panels viz 6x6 and 5x5 by both Hayman’s and Griffing’s approach revealed the genotype T 39-1A was an interacting parent, which incurs the overestimate of dominance gene effect. Thus, utilization of that parent in improvement for protein content is not preferable. The effects of the protein content by other associated traits are analyzed. Protein content is found to negatively correlated with grain yield (r = - 0.69). 100 seed weight is found to be negatively correlated with protein content (r = - 0.49). The dominance effect of different seed shape was determined on the basis of crosses between angular, Owlhead and globular types. Globular/ round types are found to be recessive over angular type. Similarly, angular are found to dominant over Owlhead types. The varying dominance effect may be due to the presence of multiple alleles in the respective loci. The relationship between seed shape and seed protein content is positively correlated. Round type seeds are found to have high protein than the others. Other agronomic traits like number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, and angle between extreme branches are found to be positively correlated with protein content. SSR marker based evaluation of the genotypes showed the markers CaM1068 and H2B061 associated with protein content and markers TA130 and H1C092 were found to represent the 100 seed weight appropriately. TR26, a marker reported to be associated with protein content found to be monomorphic on high and low protein genotypes. The unique band of the marker CaM1068 of size 200bp found to be present in two high protein genotypes T 39-1 and T 39-1A. The marker based dissimilarity analysis was carried out. Genotypes are clustered into two groups, one with cultivated types and other has two high protein breeding lines. Among the cluster with cultivated types, PKG 2 was found to be dissimilar than others. PG 3 and PG 4 are more similar where PG 5 and PG 170 are more similar to each other.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on genetic diversity and character association analysis in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em.Thell)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Singh, Parul; Prasad, Birendra
    Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), also known as Bread Wheat is an allohexaploid crop (2n=6x=42), belongs to family Gramineae. It is known as ‘King of Cereals’ as it is the best staple diet for the people and can be grown in variety of soils and climates. It is also a crop where conventional plant breeding has paid rich dividend as epitomized by the Green Revolution. The present investigation was conducted at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand; during the Rabi Season 2019-20. The experiment was carried out in the Augmented Block Design containing 90 test entries, along with 3 checks Sonalika, HD 2967 and HI 8713. There were 3 blocks, each containing 30 test entries along with their 3 checks (randomly allocated). The observation were recorded for seven characters viz; days to 75% heading, plant height, number of tillers per meter, 1000- grain weight, spike length, number of grains per spike and grain yield per plot. The recorded data were analysed fir analysis for variance, variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and clustering of different genotypes. Results revealed that variance was highest for grain yield per plot and lowest for spike length. The coefficient of variability was recorded highest for grain yield and lowest for days to 75% heading. Highest heritability was recorded for tillers per meter and lowest for 1000- grain weight. Grain yield exhibited highest genetic advance in percent of mean and lowest for days to 75% heading. However, with respect to correlation with one or other traits, grain yield was positively and significantly correlated with days to 75% heading, plant height, tillers per meter, grain per spikelet, spike length and grain yield per plot. Path coefficient revealed that 1000- grain weight exerted positive effect on all characters except days to 75% heading. The genotypes were classified into 7 different cluster by Non- Hierarchical Euclidean Cluster Analysis. Cluster -I had 13 genotypes whereas cluster -II had 20 genotypes, cluster- III had 8 genotypes, cluster -IV had 12 genotypes, cluster -V had 9 genotypes, cluster-VI has 15 genotypes and cluster-VII had genotypes 16 genotypes. The maximum intra cluster distance was found for cluster-IV (2.096) and cluster-I (1.532) had minimum intra cluster distance. Inter cluster distance was found maximum between cluster –III and cluster –IV (4.166) and minimum was found in cluster –I and cluster –II (2.076). The higher inter cluster distance indicated greater genetic diversity between the genotypes of those clusters, while lower values between the clusters suggested that the genotypes of these clusters had lesser genetic diversity.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effectiveness of selection for yield and its components in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Sahoo, Santanu Kumar; Karnwal, M.K.
    The present investigation was carried out at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during kharif, 2019 with 23 genotypes (9 cross and 14 parents and each cross containing 5 lines of high yielding, 5 lines of low yielding and 5 lines of bulk) of soybean for fourteen quantitative characters to assess genetic variability, inter-character correlation and their direct and indirect effects on seed yield and the best selection practices in advance generation of soybean. Highly significant differences among the treatments were found for all traits studied, indicating the presence of sufficient amount of genetic variability among the experimental materials. Estimated values of phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for majority of the characters under study. Seed yield per plant showed highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (29.21%) as well as genotypic coefficient of variation (29.1%). The highest heritability estimates were reported in group of characters viz. plant height, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, harvesting index and seed yield efficiency which directly influence the seed yield. The value of genetic advance ranged from 0.06 (number of seeds per pod) to 89.45 (seed yield per row). The highest genetic advance as percent of mean was reported for seed yield per plant (59.84%). The highest value of heritability along with high estimates of genetic advance as per cent mean exhibited by seed yield per plant (g) followed by dry matter weight per plant (g), seed yield per row, number of pods per plant, seed yield efficiency, number of primary branches per plant and plant height (cm) which showed the presence of additive genetic action. High heritability coupled with low genetic advance as per cent mean was found in days to maturity followed by days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of seeds per pod and number of nodes per plant indicating the influence of non additive effects on the expression of such characters. Seed yield per plant showed significant positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with number of pods per plant (rp=0.974, rg=0.975), dry matter weigh per plant (rp=0.927, rg=0.927), number of primary branches per plant (rp=0.755, rg=0.767), seed yield efficiency (rp=0.740, rg=0.741), harvesting index (rp=0.723, rg=0.724), number of seeds per pod (rp=0.690, rg=0.0.690), days to maturity (rp=0.395,rg=0.402) and plant height (rp=0.348,rg=0.350). Path coefficient analysis indicated that number of pods per plant and seed yield efficiency exhibited high positive correlation coupled with high positive direct effect in influencing seed yield. Among the high yielding lines, C7(PS 1583×Bragg) showed the highest per se performance whereas C9(RVS2000-1×PS1092) showed the lowest per se performance. Similarly, among low yielding lines the highest and the lowest per se performances shown by C7(PS1583×Bragg) and C9(RVS2000-1×PS1092), respectively. The highest and lowest per se performances among the bulk lines reported in C7(PS 1583×Bragg) and C1(JS20-29×JS20-55) crosses, respectively. In advance generation, bulk method selection was found better performing than the pedigree method for yield and yield contributing traits. Investigations of inter correlation analysis within the same family as well as between families and mean seed yield per plant and row study revealed that bulk method of selection was better performing than pedigree method for all crosses except C1 (JS 20-29× JS 20-55). Among all crosses, cross C7 (PS1583× Bragg) was identified as the best cross to find out transgressive segregants in letter generations for yield improvement in soybean.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Breeding for biofortification, pod borer tolerance and yield improvement in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Singh, Satvinder; Arora, Anju
    The present investigation was undertaken to identify promising parents and crosses through diallel analysis involving five lines (PKG 2, ICC 19, ICC 21, ICC 22 and ICC 24) based on GCA and SCA effects. Crosses and parents were evaluated for different twelve agronomic traits (days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, first pod height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant and harvest index), three pod borer tolerance related traits viz. trichome density, number of damage seeds and phenol content and two micronutrient traits such as Zn and Fe content. Heterosis was also estimated to identify superior combinations. Analysis of variance for yield, micronutrient and borer tolerance related traits was found significant for all the seventeen traits studied. The analysis of variance for combining ability in yield related, micronutrient and borer tolerance traits indicated that both additive and non- additive gene actions were important for expression of the traits. The estimates of σ2 sca were found to be higher than σ2 gca for all the traits. The parents PKG 2, ICC 19, ICC 21 and ICC 22 were found to be promising general combiners for maximum number of yield attributing characters, micronutrient and pod borer tolerance related traits. Some crosses exhibited significant sca effects as well as heterosis over the three parents such as PKG 2 × ICC 19 for plant height, trichome density, phenol content and less number of damage seeds, ICC 19 × ICC 21 for number of primary branches, biological yield and 100 seed weight, ICC 19 × ICC 22 for both Fe and Zn content and phenol content and ICC 21 × ICC 22 for less number of damage seeds, trichome density but for phenol content it showed high sca and heterosis over mid and better parent. The crosses, PKG 2 × ICC 24, ICC 19 × ICC 24 and ICC 22 × ICC 24 had pea shaped seeds with blunt peak and beige in colour. While rest seven crosses were owl shaped with rough surface and had prominent beak. Correlation study suggested that trichome density and phenol content were positively correlated but each of these traits were negatively associated with number of damage seeds. The parents ICC 19 were found good for both Fe and Zn content and can be considered as good combiner for biofortification breeding and ICC 24 was found to be good for two pod borer tolerance traits namely trichome density and phenol content. The crosses PKG 2× ICC 19 showcased significant positive sca effects for Fe content and trichome density but showcased significant negative sca for number of damage seeds in desirable direction. ICC 19 was the most promising parent for maximum traits while the crosses, PKG 2 × ICC 19, ICC 19 × ICC 22 and ICC 21 × ICC 22 were found significant in desirable direction for agronomic traits, biofortification and pod borer tolerance related traits as well as for desirable seed shape. Hence, these crosses could be utilized in future breeding programs for improvement of respective traits through selection in segregating generations.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic studies on combining ability and heterosis for grain yield and its components in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) using line x tester analysis
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-09) Roy, Amitava; Anil Kumar
    The present investigation was carried out to study genetic variability parameters, combining ability, gene action, and heterosis utilizing line x tester mating design during Rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20, at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand). The experimental material consisted of eleven lines viz., K 1402, QLD 75, QLD 65, WH 1182, HPBW 01, NW 6036, QBP 12-11, SOKOLL, NAC/TH.AC//3*PVN/3/MIRLO/BUC/4/2*PASTOR/5/…, PRL/2*PASTOR*2//FH6-1-7/3/ KINGBIRD#1//…, VORB/4/D67.2/PARANA66.270 crossed with three testers viz. HD 3237, PBW 725 and HI 1621 in line X tester mating design to produce 33 F1s. These 33 F1s, along with the 14 parents and two standard checks viz., UP 2855 and HD 2967 were planted in randomized block design with three replications during Rabi season of 2019-20 and observations were recorded on thirteen traits viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, peduncle length, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index. The results revealed that there were significant differences observed among all the genotypes indicating the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability, as mean squares for all the characters were observed to be highly significant. The parental line PRL/2*PASTOR*2//FH6-1-7/3/KINGBIRD#1//… was identified as a good general combiner for maximum number of the characters viz., days to 75% heading, days to maturity, spike length and peduncle length, followed by QLD 75 for grain yield per plant and grain weight per spike and QLD 65 for number of tillers per plant and biological yield per plant. The cross combination VORB/4/D67.2/PARANA66.270 x PBW 725 was observed as a good specific combiner for days to 75% heading, days to maturity and plant height. The hybrid NAC/TH.AC//3*PVN/3/MIRLO/BUC/4/2*PASTOR/5/… x HD 3237 was recognized as the superior specific combiner for grain yield per plant and biological yield per plant, whereas, F1, VORB/4/D67.2/PARANA 66.270 x HI 1621 was a better specific combiner for 1000 grain weight and peduncle length and QLD 75 x HI 1621 was a good specific combiner for harvest index and number of grains per spike. The variance ratio between general and specific combining ability was observed to be less than one, indicating the prevalence of non additive gene actions for most of the traits. Among the crosses, F1, VORB/4/D67.2/PARANA66.270 x PBW 725 was observed as the best heterotic combination for days to 75% heading and days to maturity, whereas, F1, QLD 75 x HI 1621 exhibited maximum heterosis for grain weight per spike and harvest index. The hybrids SOKOLL X HD 3237 and QLD 65 x HI 1621 were the superior heterotic combinations for 1000 grain weight and number of tillers per plant, respectively. The most promising heterotic cross combination with high per se performance for the trait grain yield per plant was SOKOLL x HI 1621 followed by QBP 12-11 X HI 1621, NAC/TH.AC//3*PVN/3/MIRLO/BUC/4/2*PASTOR/ 5/… x HD 3237, PRL/2*PASTOR*2//FH6-1-7/3/KINGBIRD#1//… x HI 1621 and SOKOLL x HD 3237. It is advocated that, good combiner genotypes could be used in crossing programme and the crosses having significant sca effects can be utilized for getting transgressive segregants. So, from above investigation, we can select best lines and crosses for further use in the future breeding programmes.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on crossability barriers in interspecific crosses of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh]
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-08) Karn, Anandi; Verma, S.K.
    Interspecific hybridization is a powerful tool of crop improvement programme. It is used for transfer of economically useful traits (yield, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance) in pigeonpea. But, due to presence of fertilization barriers at different stages from pollination to seed set, all interspecific crosses are not successful. The present investigation was carried out at Cytogenetics and Molecular Markers Laboratory and Pulse Breeding Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B.P.U.A.&T., Pantnagar during 2018-19 and 2019-2020, with the aim to assess crossability barriers between the cultivated Cajanus cajan (PADT-16 and PUSA-992) and wild species (Cajanus scarabaeoides ICP-15683 and ICP-15703 and Cajanus platycarpus ICP-15663). Crossability and unilateral incongruity was examined by pre-fertilisation parameters like pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and abnormal pollen tubes and these paramters were studied through bright-field and fluroscence microscopy. Molecular diversity among cultivated and wild species was analysed through SSR markers. In hand-selfing and intervarietal crosses mean pollen germination and pollen tube growth was higher than interspecific crosses. Differences in crossability parameters were observed and among the two cultivated varieties, the variety PUSA-992 performed better compared to PADT-16 in interspecific crosses. In cross between C. cajan and C. platycarpus the level of crossability barriers was higher than the cross between C. cajan and C. scarabeoides. In both direct and reciprocal cross between C. cajan and C. scarabeoides pollen tube successfully reached the ovule, however, in cross between C. cajan and C. platycarpus pollen tube failed to reach to ovule when C. platycarpus was used as male, indicated presence of strong pre-fertilisation barriers in cross C. cajan × C. platycarpus. In interspecific crosses involving C. platycarpus as female, low level of reproductive barriers were observed when crossed with C. scarabeoides compared to cross with C. cajan, though pollen tube reached to ovule in both crosses. Pollen tube abnormalities like bursting of tips, emergence of two pollen tubes from a single pollen grain, growth of pollen tube away from stigmatic surface, J-shaped pollen tubes were observed in interspecific crosses. Molecular diversity analysis was carried out using 30 markers, out of which 16 markers showed polymorphism. The genotypes were grouped into two major clusters. The PIC value of primers ranged from 0.48 (CCB10) to 0.96 (ASSR 390). The size of amplified fragments varied from 100bp to 650bp. The value of similarity matrix ranged from 0.26 to 0.83. Maximum diversity was found between cultivated (C. cajan) and wild type (C. platycarpus) (0.13) and closest relationship was found between ICP-15683 and ICP-15703 (0.83).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Gene effects for yield and yield contributing traits and allelic relationship of white rust resistant genes in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.]
    (G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-08) Kandpal, Purnima; Pant, Usha
    Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important rabi oilseed crop which has a distinctive role in human diet as well as in the economy of the country. However, the productivity of mustard is limited due to many biotic and abiotic stresses and of which white rust is the major cause. Therefore, the present investigation entitled “Gene Effects for Yield and Yield Contributing Traits and Allelic Relationship of White Rust Resistant Genes in Indian [ d r a t s u M a e c n u j a c i s s a r B & n r e z C ) . L ( ] . s s o C ” e r u t l u c i r g A f o y t i s r e v i n U t n a P . B . G , C R C B E N t a t u o d e i r r a c s a w7 and Technology, Pantnagar during the year 201 -20 to study the gene effects governing various quantitative and qualitative traits and also to study inheritance and allelic relationship of white rust resistant genes. The experimental material consisted of two separate but related experiments. The material for Experiment-I consisted of five parents out of which Donskaja, PWR-13-8, and EC399301 were white rust resistant while the remaining two, Varuna and PRB-06-5, were susceptible to white rust. These parents were crossed to develop four families viz, Donskaja × Varuna (Family A), PWR-13-8 × Varuna (Family B), PWR-13-8 × PRB-06-5 (Family C), and EC399301 × Varuna (Family D) and each family consisted of six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2) evaluated in Compact Family Block Design with three replications. The data was subjected to generation mean analysis by joint scaling test (Cavalli, 1952) for obtaining the necessary information. In Experiment II, six generations of the aforementioned families along with two more crosses viz., Donskaja × PWR-13-8 and Donskaja × EC399301 with only four generations (P1, P2, F1, and F2) were used in the study and then chi square analysis (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) was done to study the inheritance and allelic relationship of white rust resistant genes. The analysis of variance showed significant variability between families and also within families (i.e. among progenies) for various traits except for plant height, number of primary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, siliquae density, and seed yield/plant. Adequacy test of different models for characters showed that both main effects and epistatic effects were found important in controlling the various traits under study. An epistatic model was adequate for most of the characters in all the four families except for plant height (in Families A, B, C, and D), length of main raceme (Families B and D) and siliquae length (Families B and C). For Family A, the preponderance of interaction effects in number of primary branches, length of main raceme, siliqua on main raceme, number of primary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, test weight, and seed yield/plant was observed. In Family B, for characters like, siliquae on main raceme, siliquae density, test weight, oil content, and glucosinolate content epistatic effect was found. Family C characters such as length of main raceme, siliqua on main raceme, number of seeds/siliqua, siliqua density, and oil content while in Family D characters like siliqua on main raceme, siliqua length, test weight, seed yield/plant, and glucosinolate content displayed epistatic effects. The presence of interaction effects and duplicate epistasis propounds on the probability of obtaining transgressive segregants in the further generations. Given the overall results in this experiment, it is obvious that most of the characters in all the four families were found to be controlled by both fixable (additive and additive × additive epistasis) and non-fixable (dominance, additive × dominance and dominance × dominance) gene effects coupled with duplicate type of epistasis. These findings will thus help in deciding effective selection and breeding strategies to get desired improvement in seed yield and related traits. Results of chi square analysis indicated that the resistant to white rust is controlled by a single dominant gene. This observation was further confirmed by screening of BC1 and BC2 generation where all BC1 plants were found to be resistant and in BC2 the ratio of 1 resistant : 1 susceptible was observed. When crosses between resistant parents from different sources were observed, a segregation ratio of 15:1 (resistant : susceptible) in F2 indicated the involvement of two different genes governing white rust resistance in these sources. Since white rust resistance has been found to be monogenic dominant, introgression breeding programme, will be the most effective breeding strategy.