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Open Access
Effect of Vitamin C supplementation in feed of sodium fluoride exposed amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Rajinder Kaur; Saxena, Amita
The present study was carried out to study the effect of sodium fluoride on growth, hematological, serum biochemical parameters and tissue changes in Amur carp and also to study the effect of vitamin C supplementation in feed of sodium fluoride exposed Amur carp. Firstly, 96-hrs LC50 experiment was conducted to finalize the dose of sodium fluoride (NaF) for the main experiment. The 96-hrs LC50 value of sodium fluoride to Amur carp fry (average weight 8.73±0.14 g and average length 5.52±0.25 cm) at water temperature 26.6 ± 0.40 ºC and water hardness 226.00 ± 30.00 mg/L was found to be 986.28 mg/L. The duration of main experiment was 90 days. A total of 150 fish of average weight of 170 g were randomly divided into five groups with 30 fish each viz. group G1 (Control), group G2 (NaF @100 ppm), group G3 (Vit C @100 ppm), group G4 (NaF + Vit C @100 ppm) and group G5 (NaF @100 ppm + Vit C @200 ppm) and each group was set in triplicates. Fluoride concentration estimated in the ground water was 0.05 mg/L. After 10 days of acclimatization period, fish were exposed to NaF in groups G2, G4 and G5 whereas fish in groups G3 and G4 were fed with vitamin C supplemented diet. During the experimental period, blood and tissue sampling was done after every 15 days. No significant changes were observed in the group G1. Groups G2 and G4 showed significant decrease in the growth (PWG and SGR), hematological (TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC) and serum-biochemical (total serum protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, serum glucose, serum triglyceride) parameters whereas TLC, serum creatinine, AST and ALT levels were increased in the group from 0th DPT to 90th DPT. All these changes were higher in the group G2 than G4. In the group G5, from 0th DPT to 60th DPT, variation in the values were similar to the Group G2 but at 75th and 90th DPT, the values showed the reverse trend towards the normal values. Fluoride residues were found to be highest in the group G2 and lowest in the group G4. The gills accumulated the highest levels of fluoride followed by the liver > intestine > kidney > muscle > gonads. No histopathological changes could be recorded in the group G1 and G3 throughout the study period. In the gills of groups G2 and G5, the histopathological lesions were comprised of overall thickening of secondary gill lamellae (SGL) at places, mucoid hyperplasia, blunting and clubbing of the tip of SGL at places, congestion of the large blood vessels of gills, curling and severe congestion of the SGL. Liver showed severe vacuolar degeneration leading to the swelling of hepatocytes, kupffer cell hyperplasia, pancreas showed huge infiltration of RBCs and severe shrinkage of the hepatic cells leading to increased sinusoidal spaces. Spleen showed multi focal hemosiderosis at many places. The histopathological changes of intestine included necrosis and sloughing of the villi, fusion and blunting of villi, infiltration of mono-nuclear cells, degeneration of villous epithelium, shrinkage of glomeruli, swelling of kidney tubular epithelial cells and at places complete absence of glomeruli from the Bowman’s space. In the group G4, the histopthaological lesions were less severe than the group G2. In the group G5, at 75th DPT and 90th DPT, severity of the lesions was less in comparison to the group G2 at these DPT. Thus, the study concluded that vitamin C supplementation @100 ppm partially reduced the effect of NaF @100 ppm.
Open Access
Population characterization of three different stocks of C. catla by using microsatellite markers
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Singh, Garima; Singh, I.J.
The present study was conducted to assess the genetic variation in Catla catla from three different sources, namely, the hatchery of College of Fisheries, Pantnagar, the fish farm at Sainik farm, Pattharchatta and the Baigul reservoir using well-characterized microsatellite DNA markers. A total of 90 fin samples, 30 fish from each of the three sampling sites and seven microsatellite primers (CcatA7, CcatA12, CcatG2, Cc-1, Cc-31, Cc-40, Cc-42) showing successful amplification and polymorphism were used in the present study. Various genetic variability indices like observed and expected heterozygosity, fixation index or inbreeding coefficient, Shannon’s Information Index, AMOVA and cluster analysis were calculated by using software GenAlEx and POPGENE Version 1.32. Least observed heterozygosity as compared to the expected heterozygosity was found in Pantnagar population. Along with this, the maximum value of the coefficient of inbreeding was also observed in Pantnagar population indicating a little more level of inbreeding as compared to all the three populations. The increased amount of inbreeding in atchery stock may be due to low effective population size, hatchery breeding of farmed stock and a lack of regular germplasm exchange of appropriate genetic diversity. The heterozygosity in the reservoir stock was also found to be significantly lower than expected alike the hatchery population. The genetic variability of stock of the fish farm was however found to be moderate, which subsequently indicates a better handling and management of the fish stock by the farm managers. Shannon’s Information Index (SI) was in the optimum range for all the populations suggesting the good abundance and evenness of the species studied. AMOVA results showed that there was a low i.e. 12% but significant molecular variance among populations because of the populations representing three different sources with varied hydro-biological conditions and there was a high i.e. 85% individual variance indicating almost no impact of inbreeding on the genetic variance at the individual level. UPGMA dendogram based on Nei’s genetic distance was prepared at the end and the maximum genetic distance value was found in between the stocks of Sainik farm and Pantnagar hatchery mostly due to the distant origin of broods. However, the stocks of Baigul reservoir and Pantnagar population were found to be more closely related with the lowest extrapolated genetic distance value giving a hint of some past parental relationship of Baigul reservoir with the stock of Pantnagar Hatchery.
Open Access
Morphometric and meristic characteristics of Rohu and Nain as a measure of stock variability in different habitats
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Negi, Deepti; Ram, R.N.
The present study was undertaken to obtain a current database of the hydrological parameters and planktonic communities of the selected habitats (Baur reservoir, Haripura reservoir and stocking pond) and to study their impact on the health of the candidate species (Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) in order to develop effective strategies and appropriate management measures. Water samples were collected and plankton was filtered monthly from September 2018 to April 2019. Various physicochemical parameters of water such as temperature, TDS, pH and DO were analysed. The values of K for L. rohita were observed to be 1.34 (Baur), 1.21(Haripura) and 1.31 (pond). On the other hand, for C. mrigala, the values were 1.19 (Baur), 1.14 (Haripura) and 1.05 (pond) revealing better fish growth in Baur as compared to other habitats. Furthermore, the specimens of L. rohita selected from Baur reservoir manifested positive allometric growth (b=3.17) while those from Haripura (b= 2.85) and pond (b= 2.42) showed negative allometric growth. C. mrigala specimens showed positive allometric growth for all the three habitats with b= 3.83 (Baur), b= 3.46 (Haripura) and b= 3.12 (pond).A relation between the morphometric lengths and TL was established and it was noted that in Baur and Haripura reservoirs, two morphometric characters were environmentally controlled for both the species suggesting that presently the habitats are less affected by environment. In Haripura, intermediate characters were more i.e. ten for Rohu and nine for Nain, evincing that if proper management techniques are not implemented in the future, they would be converted into nvironmentally controlled characters and the habitat may get further degraded. This study concluded that Baur has a better hydrological regime and is less environmentally degraded, providing favourable environmental conditions from fisheries point of view. Thus, the need for the scientific management and development of the reservoirs has been taken into consideration not only to harness the optimal benefits of the system but also to maintain the ecosystem that they represent. The ecological monitoring of these reservoirs is very significant in the sustainable use and protection of water resources in the country. Herein, lies the relevance of the conducted study.
Open Access
Evaluation of tempo-spatial climatic changes in Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal lake using geospatial technology
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-03) Kuveskar, Sagar Vijay; Saxena, Amita
The present study was conducted to study the decadal changes occurring in Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal Lake catchment area. 4 classes were defined as Agriculture, Forest, Water and Built-up land. Maximum changes have been observed in built-up area in Bhimtal Lake and Naukuchiatal Lake catchment area. Decadal changes of water-spread area of both the Lake were studied by ENVI 4.7 software which showed that the decadal change in pre-monsoon i.e. from 2008 to 2018 was observed to be decrease in 4.05 ha whereas in post monsoon it was observed to increase by 0.72 ha in Bhimtal Lake. In Naukuchiatal Lake the decadal change in pre-monsoon i.e. from 2008 to 2018 was observed to be increase in 1.44 ha. Whereas in post monsoon it was observed to increase by 0.54 ha. Monthly physico-chemical parameter like DO, CO2, alkalinity, transparency, pH, TDS and temperature of both the Lakes were studied. Naukuchiatal Lake had better DO. Thematic map of planktonic bloom showed that highest phytoplankton distribution was found in May 2018 at 79ᵒ 33’ 25 “ E longitude and 29ᵒ 20’ 49.82 “N latitude. In Naukuchiatal Lake phytoplankton were more concentrated at 79ᵒ 35’ 1.5 “ E longitude and 29ᵒ 19’ 12.05 “N latitude in May. The highest zooplankton distribution was found in May 2018 at 79ᵒ 33’ 38 “ E longitude and 29ᵒ 20’ 26“ N latitude in Bhimtal Lake. In Naukuchiatal Lake zooplankton were more concentrated at 79ᵒ 35’ 8.5 “ E longitude and 29ᵒ 19’ 17.05 “N latitude in May. In broad sense Zooplankton were more in Bhimtal Lake and phytoplankton were more in Naukuchiatal Lake. Biodiversity of fishes and macrophyte was more in Bhimtal Lake. Among which commonly occurred species in both lakes were Tor tor, Nemachilus montanus, Tor putitora, Barilius bendelisis, Schizothorax progastus, Chanda spp, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus carpio.
Open Access
Characterization of Schizothorax richardsonii stocks of different lotic water bodies of Uttarakhand using truss network analysis and microsatellite markers
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-01) Lohani, Vibha; Ram, R.N.
Uttarakhand state has plenty of water resources in the form of rivers, streams and the glaciers of Western Himalayas make these rivers more sacred and eye-catching. Schizothorax richardsonii is an indigenous Himalayan fish species commonly called as Snow trout” due to its similarity with trout that is sharp teeth. It contributes to the cold water fishery in the Himalayan region and dwells in fast flowing snow-fed rivers (8-22°C), streams and lakes. The present study investigated the patterns of phenotypic and genotypic variations of this economically important fish. The sampling sites included four natural lotic water bodies of the state Uttarakhand and one farmed stock of the target fish i.e. Kosi River, Alaknanda River, Chirapani stream, Gaula River and captive stock of DCFR Farm, Bhimtal. Biometrics revealed that Alaknanda River showed isometric growth (b = 3.08) while the others have negative allometric growth and the condition factor was also highest in Alaknanda River (K=1.81). Phenotypic study was performed using Truss Network of 14 landmarks making 31 characters which reported high degree of significant morphometric heterogeneity among the populations with size within landmarks and shape as major factors of divergence in the selected ecosystems. Between-groups Principal Component Analysis revealed that the first and second principal components accounted for 91.2% and 5.4% of variance respectively. 94.5% of original grouped cases were correctly classified each original group for morphometric measurements of S. richardsonii and formed separate clusters supporting the fact that environment plays a vital role in shaping the phenotypic characters. Inter- population microsatellite assay analyzed that mean of observed number of alleles were 5.20, mean of effective number of alleles were 3.50, Observed heterozygosity was 0.57, expected heterozygosity was 0.63, Shannon’s Information Index was 1.40, Fixation Index (FST) was 0.12 and gene flow (Nm) was 1.83. The results revealed a low molecular variance of 13% among populations, 3% of difference within populations and 84% of molecular variance within individuals. The genotypic results suggested moderate level of genetic diversity among populations. The complimentary study of phenotypic and genotypic variations is an attempt of stock assessment of Snow Trout in Uttarakhand for the rational exploitation, conducting conservation and sustainable management measures.
Open Access
Relative variability in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of golden Mahseer (Tor putitora) stocks of different habitats
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Pant, Bonika; Ram, R.N.
Uttarakhand state is blessed with numbers of water bodies swirling and rumbling along the rugged mountains which harbour Golden mahseer, one of the 20 mega fishes of the world, an elusive and intelligent large cyprinid and the toughest among the fresh water sport fishes. In this milieu, the present study investigated the patterns of phenotypic and genotypic variations of Tor putitora in different habitats. The sampling sites included four lentic and lotic water bodies of the hilly state Uttarakhand and one captive stock of the target fish i.e. River Kosi, River Saryu, Lake Bhimtal, Nanak Sagar Reservoir and captive stock of DCFR Farm, Bhimtal. Biometrics revealed that River Kosi showed isometric growth (isomeric, b = 3.013) and the condition factor was highest in River Saryu (K=1.65) Phenotypic study was performed using Truss Measurement Network (TMN) of 14 landmarks making 31 characters which reported high degree of significant morphometric heterogeneity among the populations with size within landmarks and shape as major factors of divergence in lotic and lentic systems respectively. Between-groups Principal Component Analysis revealed that the first and second principal components accounted for 87.7 and 6.7% of variance respectively. All the 31 truss variables loaded heavily in the first factor. 91.8% of individuals were correctly classified in each original group for morphometric measurements of T.putitora. Morphometry of lentic, lotic and farmed systems formed separate clusters supporting the fact that environment plays a vital role in shaping the phenotypic characters. The study deciphered that Golden mahseer exhibits phenotype plasticity and truss measurement network has the potential to provide an alternative tool for the stock characterization. Genotypic study revealed lotic ecosystems have higher genetic diversity than lentic ecosystems. Microsatellite assay analysed 14% of molecular variance among populations, 3% of difference within populations and 83% of molecular variance within individuals. The study spells out the felicitousness of microsatellite markers as a simple, reliable and distinguished molecular tool for the diagnosis of genetic distinction. Studies of patterns of morphometric and genetic variations are complimentary and this knowledge is vital to ensure conservation and management of Golden mahseer.
Open Access
Some physiological and hormonal changes in relation to reproductive status of amur common carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in tarai region of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Soranganba, Ningthoukhongjam; Singh, I.J.
The present investigation was conducted to study the correlation of reproductive profile with physiological indices (GSI, HSI, K, Ks), steroidal hormonal patterns (T, E2, DHP, cortisol) and biochemical parameters (TP, CHO, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, PHO) in blood plasma/serum, muscle, gonadal and hepatic tissues in 1+ and 2+ year’s age groups and hormonal and biochemical parameters of blood samples in 0+ year’s age group specimen of Amur common carp, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus in Tarai region of Uttarakhand. Water quality parameters were recorded on seasonal basis. Sampling for 1+ and 2+ year’s age groups were carried out in four different seasons – summer (July), autumn (October), winter (January) and spring (March) whereas sampling for 0+ year’s age groups was conducted during summer, autumn and winter seasons. Estimation of steroidal hormone was carried out using RP-HPLC and analytical kit method for biochemical studies. In 0+ year’s age group, plasma T and cortisol levels were detected in all three seasons whereas plasma E2 and DHP levels were detected only during winter season. All the biochemical parameters (except serum TP) showed an increasing trend from the initial detection in summer until winter season. Comparison of physiological profiles in 1+ and 2+ year’s age groups of Amur common carp revealed two major peak periods - spring season and summer season. There was inverse correlation of GSI and HSI in all seasons irrespective of age and sex. The hormonal and biochemical changes showed significant positive correlation with GSI. The physiological indices, hormonal and biochemical changes were observed to be of higher amplitude in 2+ year’s age group specimens than 1+ year’s age group except HSI. Based on the present study, it may be inferred that onset of maturity in 0+year’s old Amur common carp might start as soon as in next 3-4 months from hatching but could not reach to final maturity within six months as observed in Cyprinus carpio. Seasonal changes in hormones and biochemical parameters were found to have profound effect on the scale of reproductive success of Amur common carp, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, during spring and summer seasons and 2+ year’s age group showed better reproductive potential.
Open Access
Reproductive profile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis) in relation to age
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Sharma, Lovedeep; Ram, R.N.
The present study was conducted at College of Fisheries, of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology. The investigation consisted of evaluation of effect of age on reproductive performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var.communis) broodstock during September, 2017 to March, 2018. Two age groups (virgin and +1 year) were selected for the study. Samplings were done monthly for recording different growth and reproductive characteristics of both male and female. Conditions of both groups were satisfactory in the environment based on condition factor which was always greater than one in both virgin and +1 year and somatic condition factor. GSI and HSI had a negative relationship in both age groups. No significant effect of male age was recorded on its reproductive performance in both age groups, except spermatocrit which was significantly different in both groups. In female the age had shown a positive effect on fecundity as well as ova diameter. Ova diameter and absolute fecundity both had positive relationship with age, while relative fecundity decreased with age and was higher in virgin group females. Fertilization, hatching and survival rate showed a positive increase with age. Fertilization had a positive correlation with ova diameter. The overall progeny performance had shown that +1 year group was better than virgin group. The present study states that age consideration of broodstock may support for high quality production.
Open Access
Assessment of antioxidant, immunostimulatory Ficus racemosa on growth and health of carp fingerlings
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-06) Tamta, Ekta; Saxena, Amita
The present study was conducted to study the effects of Ficus racemosa on the fingerlings of Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala. A total of 1500 carp fingerlings with average weight 25 g were randomly dived into four groups. After one week of acclimatization period, gullar powder incorporated in the fish diet at the rate 10% ,20% and 30 of total feed were given for a period 90 days in T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Growth parameters (Weight gain, Survival rate, SGR, FCR, FCE, CF), Serum biochemical parameters (Total serum protein, albumin, globulin, ceratinine, cholesterol, urea, Ca and P), haematological parameters (Hb, TLC, TEC, PCV,MCV, MCH, MCHC), muscle proximate composition (Total protein, fat, ash and moisture) were analyzed at regular time interval. Also the water quality parameters were analyzed during the study. All the growth parametrs(Weight gain, Survival rate, SGR, FCR, FCE, CF) increased maximum for T3 group(30%) except for the control group. Haematological parameters showed an increasing trend in contrast to the control group. Serum biochemical parameters (Total serum protein, albumin, globulin, ceratinine, cholesterol, urea, Ca and P) showed appreciable increase in all the three groups in contrast to the control group. There was appreciable increase in the muscle proximate composition, indicating that Ficus racemosa added to the feed of fish fingerlings were effective for health, survival and growth

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