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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seasonal incidence, varietal screening and eco-friendly management of insect pest complex of pigeonpea at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Bhandari, Dina; Tiwari, RuchiraThe present study was carried out on the seasonal incidence, varietal screening of local genotypes/varieties of pigeon pea and evaluation of biorational formulations against major insect pest complex of Pigeon pea under field conditions during the kharif crop seasons 2019-20 and 2020-21 at the Norman Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The seasonal incidence of total number of nineteen insects was observed attacking the pigeon pea crop during both the kharif crop seasons. Among them, leaf beetle, leaf folder, looper larvae and cow bugs were found the most significant threats when the plants were still in their vegetative stage. Leaf beetle (1.66 beetles/plant) was recorded during 34 MSW whereas leaf folder (5.10 leaf folds/plant) was attained during 41 MSW with the least population of semiloopers (0.48 larvae/plant) during 33 MSW. Cow bug (1.47 bugs/plant) during 35 MSW. Spotted pod borer, gram pod borer and pod bug, Clavigralla gibbosa were observed during the reproductive stage and contributed in crop's losses. The mean population of spotted pod borer (26.70 webs/plant) was observed during 39 MSW, gram pod borer during 46 MSW (8.51 larvae/plant) and commencement of pod bugs (9.20 /plant) was recorded during 46MSW. Under varietal trial, on the basis of significantly less insect pest population, pod damage, seed damage and high grain yield, out of 29 elite genotypes/varieties of pigeonpea, 05 i.e. PA659, PA663, PA669, PA421 and PA674 were found the least susceptible to pod borers . As the mean Maruca webs /plants were least in genotype PA659(12.45), PA663(11.90), PA669(10.20), PA421(8.42) and PA674(12.27). The overall mean of H. armigera larvae/plant was less in genotypes PA659, PA663, PA669, PA421 and PA674 with 1.70,1.75,2.35,1.45 and1.72, respectively. The overall number of mean pod bugs/plant were recorded the least in 5.17,4.80,3.90,4.73 and 4.55 genotypes PA659,PA663, PA669,PA421 and PA674, respectively. The least cumulative mean pod damage with least PRR values was recorded in PA659 (24.66)(PRR-3), PA421(29.17)(PRR-4), PA674(29.96)(PRR-4)and PA670(31.26) )(PRR-4) and the least per cent seed damage was recorded in PA666(12.55), PA659(14.30) and PA421 (16.50) with the maximum grain yield was obtained in genotypes PA659 (767kg/ha) followed by PA666(659kg/ha) and PA421(622kg/ha). A total number of two sprays were carried out during the field experiments to study the efficacy of biorationals against spotted pod borer, gram pod borer and their associated natural enemies. Among the biorationals applied, Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/ l was found very effective to minimize the web-counts of spotted pod borer and larval population of H. armigera and resulted in the minimum cumulative per cent pod damage (25.50) with the highest grain yield (1110 kg/ha).However, in case of insecticide application, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 30g a.i/ha resulted in the lowest mean per cent pod damage (21.00) with grain yield of (1190 kg/ha). All of the tested biorationals were found safe for natural enemies in comparison to chemical treatment. The highest cost benefit ratio of 9.70 and 5.00 were calculated for Bt var kurastaki and Azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/l, respectively. Therefore, on the basis of the findings obtained under the field studies, it can be concluded that resistant varieties along with eco- friendly biorational sprays can easily be incorporated in IPM program for pod borer complex on pigeonpea.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of varietal resistance and farmers knowledge along with development of botanicals and its nanoparticles for ecofriendly insect pest management of tomato(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Joshi, Sneha; Srivastava, R.M.A survey was conducted in tomato growing regions of Nainital and U.S. Nagar districts of Uttarakhand and Tomato fruit borer and Whitefly and Aphid were identified as major constraint in tomato production in this region. Majority of farmers used prophylactic sprays of synthetic insecticide for management of insect pest. majority of respondents were dependent upon local pesticide dealer for recommendation of insecticide. Majority of farmers applied insecticide two to five times in a season for management of pest and followed less than 3 days waiting period before harvesting of tomatoes. Despite poor knowledge on pesticide characteristics, many farmers stored pesticide bottles in safe places but a few of them used protective clothing while spraying of insecticide. Heemsohna, Arjun and RDS2755 varieties of tomato were least infested by major insect pest of tomato while varieties viz., Karan and Naveen were having highest population of the insect pest. In the study of evaluation of efficacy of the plant extracts and essential oil it was observed that methanol extract of Melia azedarach seeds @ 1% and Tagetus minuta essential @ 0.05% and 0.1% were found be extremely antifeedant against 3, 5 and 7 old Spodoptera litura larvae and 3rd instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. And all other treatments were also found to check feeding behaviors of these test insects. The extract and essential oil and combination product of these botanicals was also effective in checking growth and development of 7 days old Spodoptera litura. In field evaluation of these botanicals seed methanol extract of Melia azedarach was found to have less incidence of whitefly, aphid and tomato fruit borer along with increased yield of tomato in comparison of other treatments. Leaf extract of Melia azedarach was found to be effective in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Significant characteristic peak was observed at about 442 nm during UV analysis which confirmed it formation. X- ray diffraction analysis confirmed crystalline nature and 52.3 nm average particle size of silver nanoparticles. SEM photograph of silver nanoparticles revealed that there were irregular shapes in surface. Further, it had been confirmed that with different sizes viz.,49.30 nm, 55.97nm, 62.79 nm,73.65 nm and 76.65nm of silver nanoparticles were presented inside the sampleThesisItem Open Access Studies on white grub infesting different crop ecosystems and their management in sugarcane and soybean crops(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Sushil Kumar; Pandey, A.K.The present investigation, entitled “Studies on white grub infesting different crop ecosystems and their management in sugarcane and soybean crops” was carried out during 2019- 20 and 2020 -21 at N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Center at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (U. S. Nagar), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Majhera (Nainital) and Dharampur (Bareilly). The survey was conducted in various locations in the months of August, October and December in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh to assess the infestation of white grubs in different crop ecosystems. Three horticulture crops (guava, mango, litchi) and two field crops were selected for the study. Result revealed that there was highest population density/m2 was recorded in sugarcane, followed by litchi and the least population was recorded from chilli fields during 2019 and 2020. Monitoring host preference of Holotrichia nagpurensis (Khan and Ghai) on various hosts like neem (Azadirachta indica), guava (Psidium guajava), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), mango (Mangifera indica), Ficus microcarpa nitida, Ficus nitida variegata, Ficus benjamina, jamun (Syzygium cumini) and bakane (Melia azedarach) revealed that maximum number of beetles was recorded Ficus microcarpa nitida, followed by Neem, Ficus nitida variegata, jackfruit and jamun, while least number of beetle were recorded from mango, guava, bakane and Ficus benjamina. Multiple comparisons of feeding preferences among all hosts revealed that Ficus microcarpa nitida is the most significant preferred host plant for H. nagpurensis (Khan and Ghai) during the two consecutive year of study. The biology of H. nagpurensis was studied in vitro which showed the average life cycle completed in 276.82 days. The egg, grub and pupal period lasted for 14.25, 190.38 and 29.75 days, respectively, during 2020-21. On the basis of data collected from different light traps facilitated with different type of light source bulb revealed that significantly highest number of white grub was recorded in black light trap (7801 and 5038), followed by mercury light trap (5302 and 3832), LED white light trap (2298 and 1643) and LED blue light trap (963 and 785), while the lowest number of white grub beetles was recorded in incandescent light trap (587 and 523) during 2019 and 2020, respectively. Regarding the variation in white grub species, black light trap and mercury light trap had maximum number of species variation i.e. 24 species was recorded followed by the LED white light trap (21 species), incandescent light trap (13 species) and the LED blue light trap with 9 species. Study revealed that black light trap is the most effective for white grub collection as a component of pest management. Evaluation of various insecticides for the management of white grub in sugarcane and soybean revealed that all the treatments were found to be significantly superior over control. Fipronil 40% + Imidacloprid 40% WG applied @ 300g a.i./ha was the most effective treatments followed by the Clothianidin 50WDG applied @ 120g a.i./ha in reducing the plant damage due to white grubs. The plot treated with Emamectin benzoate 5 SG applied @ 12.5 g a.i./ha was found least effective treatment, but significantly superior over control in reducing the plant damage due to white grubs during 2019 and 2020.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on morphological, biochemical and molecular basis of host plant resistance in soybean germplasms against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-06) Mathpal, Sudha; Gaur, NeetaThe present investigations were carried out on “Studies on morphological, biochemical and molecular basis of host plant resistance against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during kharif during 2020 and 2021. In this experiment sixteen soybean germplasm with two susceptible checks were screened on the basis of morphological characters, allelochemicals extraction and RAPD molecular markers against S. litura. The study revealed that, among all characters trichome density and length mostly affect the damage caused by S. litura. The seasonal incidence of S. litura was found on peak at 58 DAG and 65 DAG during kharif 2020 and 2021 respectively. In both the year, th1e maximum incidence was found in RSC 11-07 followed by NRC 131 while minimum incidence was observed in RSC 11-03. Correlation studies with weather parameter show that during both the years’ no. of rainy days shows negative correlation while temperature, sunshine and wind velocity shows significant positive correlation with the incidence of S. litura. In no-choice experiment maximum MLAC consumed by S. litura was found to be in RSC 11-07 followed by NRC 131 while minimum MLAC consumed in RSC 11-03 germplasm. Correlation studies suggest that trichome density and length have highly significant negative correlation with the MLAC by the S. litura and through SEM images the trichome density and length were measured and result depicting that the highest trichome density as well as length was observed in RSC 11-03 followed by DSB-34 while the lowest trichome density as well as length was observed in RSC 11-07 followed by NRC 131. On the basis of preference category germplasm namely RSC 11-03, BAUS 102, DSB 34 and MACS 1493 were found to be extremely antifeedent; AMS 100-39, NRC 128, NRC 130, NRC 132, NRC 136 and PS 1613 were found to be strongly antifeedent; DS 3108, NRC SL1 and SKF-SP-11 were found to be slightly antifeedent and RSC 11-07 and NRC 131 were found to be highly preferred. Molecular characterization by using RAPD markers suggests that the germplasm RSC 11-03 and DSB-34 have a diverse genetic constitution than others. Whereas, similarity matrix suggests that the highest similarity was found between DS 3108 and NRC 131 (0.91) while the lowest similarity was observed in DS 3108 and RSC 11-03. In biochemical analysis the allelochemicals extraction revealed that the highest polyphenolic content was found in RSC 11-03 and DSB-34 while the lowest amount was observed in RSC 11-07 and NRC 131. GC-MS analysis depicts that the secondary metabolites were highest in the germplasm which were considered extremely antifeedent during no-choice test and lowest in those germplasm which were considered highly preferred confirming the resistance and susceptibility of these germplasms. Biochemical and molecular analysis on the activity of detoxification enzymes in S. litura against these germplasms revealed the highest GST and CEs was found in those S. litura which were reared on resistant germplasm depicting a clear band in SDS-PAGE while, the lowest activity of GST was found in highly susceptible germplasm depicting no bands in SDS-PAGE. The germplasm viz. RSC 11-03, DSB 34, BAUS 102 and MACS 1493 could be exploited as a source of resistance for the varietal development against S. litura as these clearly depicting the host plant resistance through morphological, biochemical and molecular basis.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of nectar sugar content on foraging activity of Apis mellifera L. in different crops and physico-chemical properties of its floral honeys and propolis(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-04) Ritesh Kumar; Srivastava, PoonamThe investigations entitled “Influence of nectar sugar content on foraging activity of Apis mellifera L. in different crops and physico-chemical properties of its floral honeys and propolis” were carried out at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during the year 2019-20 to 2020-21. A. mellifera bees showed significantly highest foraging intensity, foraging rate and foraging speed in all the plant species at 1300-1500 hours except in Brassica rapa var. toria where peak activity was observed at 1000-1200 hours. Foraging modes with maximum nectar and pollen foraging and composite foraging for both varied in different plant species viz. mustard (4th,5th, 7th SW); coriander (13th and 14th SW); berseem (18th-19th, 21th , 20th - 21st SW) and sunflower (25th; 25th ,21st - 24th SW), respectively. Among the three species of mustard, highest total sugar content (0.384±0.018 mg/flower) was recorded at 24 hours of flower opening in B. rapa var. yellow sarson, while minimum total sugar content was recorded just after opening of flowers (0 hours). Mean sugar concentration per flower was highest (33.34 per cent) in B. rapa var. toria, whereas least (27.26 per cent) in B. juncea. The total energy present per flower per day was highest in B. rapa var. yellow sarson with 0.37; 6.43; 8.63 and 4.58 J/flower/day at 0; 24; 48 and 72 hours respectively, and least in B. rapa var. toria with 0.25; 4.84; 3.88 and 2.75 J/flower/day at 0; 24; 48 and 72 hours. Furthermore, highest mean nectar sugar composition of glucose (51.33±0.41) was recorded in B. rapa var. toria, fructose in B. rapa var. yellow sarson (44.27±0.35) and highest sucrose concentration was found in B. juncea (0.605±0.047). Among the other eight bee forage plant species, berseem flowers were found to be richest floral nectar resource with highest total sugar content (0.672±0.009 mg/flower), total nectar sugar concentration (38 per cent), energy per flower per day (11.24 J at 72 hours) and carbohydrate composition with glucose (53.12±0.015), fructose (36.21±0.179) and sucrose concentration (4.29±0.006). In melissopalynological studies, a total of 64 pollen types belonging to different families were identified from 20 honey samples with 8 predominant, 3 secondary and 53 important minor and minor pollen types. In physico-chemical studies of 20 honey samples, 6 were recorded as extra light amber, 4 extra white, 3 amber, 4 white, 2 light amber and 1 was water white. Different physical properties like moisture content (litchi honey: 16.30±0.12 per cent), pH (coriander honey: 3.56±0.01), EC (multifloral honey: 0.412±0.015) and HMF content (mustard honey: 0.441±0.019) was lowest and were at par with quality parameters in different tested honeys. Whereas highest RI (1.583±0.008) was recorded in curry tree honey although highest TSS (82.9±0.06%), viscosity (0.128 ± 0.013), specific gravity (1.92 ± 0.19) and ash content (0.23±0.01%) was found in multifloral honey. Among the important minerals present in honey, highest amount of K and Fe was observed in litchi (482.31 and 18.93mg/kg), Na in jamun (203.15 mg/kg), Ca in curry tree (98.32 mg/kg), Mg in berseem (73.80mg/kg). In chemical properties of various honey, highest total sugar content in mustard (73.75 ± 1.16%), fructose in litchi (39.68±0.12 g/ 100g), glucose in multifloral (39.65 ± 0.37 g/ 100g) and lowest sucrose content was found in Eucalyptus (1.01 ± 0.16). The honey samples were compared using FTIR–ATR spectroscopy based on spectral differences, the characteristic bands of major monosaccharide absorption (glucose, fructose) and disaccharide (sucrose) absorption were present between 1400 and 900 cm-1. The physico-chemical properties of propolis from A. mellifera hive contained average moisture content (8.51 ± 0.04 per cent), average insoluble substance (42.06 ± 0.35 %) and soluble substance (56.36 ± 0.12 %), pH (4.18 ± 0.021), EC (1.67± 0.003 ms/cm), ash percentage (1.82 ±0.005 per cent), amount of wax (6.60 ± 0.17 per cent), total phenol content (19.02 ± 0.58 mg/ml), flavonoid content (65.23 ± 0.42 mg/ml) and protein content1.12 ± 0.002 mg/g).ThesisItem Open Access Reaction of Nilaparvata lugens Stål towards rice genotypes and insecticides(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2022-02) Singh, Swoyam; Pandey, A.K.A total of 1348 genotypes of paddy were screened out against brown plant hopper (BPH) under glasshouse condition in G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during the year 2019-20 with an objective to paddy genotypes breed for resistance against brown plant hopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). The results showed that 40 genotypes from different screening trials were found to be highly resistant while 81, 250, 226 and 744 were resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible genotypes, respectively. The resistant genotype RP 2068 18- 3-5 showed the least honey dew secretion (22.5 mm2) and nymphal survival (24.4 %) as compared to the susceptible check TN1 which showed 706.75 mm2 and 80.6 per cent of honey dew secretion and nymphal survival, respectively thereby it showed high resistance in terms of antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance. Biochemical study of resistant cultivars showed that the resistant cultivars exhibited higher quantity of antioxidant enzymes and secondary metabolites like superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase, total phenols, total flavonoids and malondehyde. The level of resistance in BPH population, collected from rice field located in different state like Punjab (Ludhiana), Haryana (Karnal), Odisha (Sonepur) and Uttarakhand (Gullar bhoj and Pantnagar), was evaluated against some newer insecticide molecules. The level of resistance in BPH population collected from different location showed variation in response against Imidacloprid (4-fold to 16-fold), Fipronil (3.04-fold to 8.12-fold), Pymetrozine (1.88-fold to 5.44-fold), Thiamethoxam (2.89-fold to 17.37- fold) and Buprofezin (1.5-fold to 8.5-fold) as compared to the susceptible lab culture. There was a positive correlation between the level of resistance among different population of BPH and activity of enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase, esterase and cytochrome p450 monooxygenase. Moreover, it was observed that the least toxic insecticide (PT value 1057.2) against BPH was Buprofezin @ 200 g a.i/ha while Fipronil @ 50 g a.i/ha. Proved to be most toxic insecticide.ThesisItem Open Access Biosystematic studies on Thyridid moths (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) in India(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-09) Samraj, J.M.; Agnihotri, MeenaThesisItem Open Access Studies on effect of neonicotinoids on colony development of Apis mellifera L. and foraging behavior of honey bee species in mustard crop(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Ravindra Kumar; Mall, PramodStudies on effect of imidacloprid 70 WS seed treatment and thiamethoxam 25 WG spray at pre-bloom and 10% bloom on colony development of Apis mellifera L. and foraging behavior of honey bee species in mustard crop were carried out at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand during 2018 and 2019. The experiment was conducted in both semi and open field conditions. Observations were recorded regarding effect of imidacloprid seed treatment, thiamethoxam spray at pre-bloom and 10% bloom on colony development, foraging behavior, mortality and yield parameters of Indian mustard. The risk to honey bee colonies in the field was investigated by exposing the colonies to imidacloprid seed treatment and thiamethoxam treated mustard crop at rates recommended for insect control. Detailed examination of colony development throughout the period of exposure demonstrated that under open and semi-open field condition thiamethoxam spray at 10% bloom had a negative impact on brood, pollen, nectar, honey capped and egg cell area under open and semi-open field condition. Foraging activity and foraging rate was found to be significantly less in thiamethoxam spray at 10% bloom in comparison to thiamethoxam spray at pre-bloom, imidacloprid seed treatment and control. Mortality of adults of Apis mellifera L. was significantly higher in thiamethoxam spray at 10% bloom in comparison to thiamethoxam spray at pre-bloom, imidacloprid seed treatment and control under open and semi-open field condition. Mustard yield was found to be highest in imidacloprid seed treatment followed by thiamethoxam spray at 10% bloom, pre-bloom and control under open and semi-open field condition.ThesisItem Open Access Biological and phylogenetical studies of whiteflies from north-western Himalayan region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-03) Patel, Chenesh; Srivastava, R.M.An integrated approach was carried out to explore the diversity of reproductive host plant, along with the seasonal incidence, host preference and biotic potential, taxonomic identification using molecular and morphological tools and use of essential oils for the management of whiteflies in Uttarakhand Himalayan region. Extensive surveys were conducted in 45 locations of 4 district of Uttarakhand during 2017-2019 to record the potential reproductive host associated with Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum and total 118 host plant species belonging to 49 families were documented. Host plants belonging to family Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, were found as most preferred host plant by both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. Whitefly (B. tabaci) was present on brinjal and tomato throughout the cropping season at Vegetable Research Centre, Pantnagar during 2017-2019 and its peak activity was observed on last week of December in both the crops. Whitefly population had significantly negative correlation with maximum temperature (r= -0.50** and r= -0.53**), minimum temperature (r= -0.61** and r= -0.57**) and evaporation (r= -0.64** and r= -0.66**) while non significant correlation was observed with sunshine hours in both the years on tomato and brinjal plants. The feeding and oviposition preference and biotic potential studies proved that among all brinjal was the most preferred host for feeding and oviposition followed by tomato and cabbage for B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum while the least preferred host recorded was bottle gourd and chilli for B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum respectively. Similarly, the preimaginal developmental period of immature stages of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum was faster on brinjal (19.40 days and 21.57 days) than on tomato (22.40 days and 24.03 days). The survival rate was also maximum in brinjal plants for both the species as compared to tomato. The comparative morphological studies of life stages of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum showed distinct differences in morphological features such as the no. of marginal setae, vasiform orifice, ligula, antennae and eyes. Morphological and morphometric features of both whitefly species were imaged and illustrated in detail for correct field level identification. The molecular diversity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum using mt COI markers followed by sequencing revealed the preponderance of genetic diversity in whitefly species. In case of B. tabaci, five different types of biotypes were found i.e., Asia II-1, Asia I, Asia II-5, MEAM 1 and Uganda. In case of T. vaporariorum the obtained phylogenetic tree revealed that there was no variation in the collected samples. Various plant essential oils were tested for repellency and ovipositional deterrent effect against B. tabaci. Among all the essential oils, mint oil showed maximum repellency and ovipositional deterrence, followed by tulsi and citronella oil while, significantly low repellency and ovipositional deterrent effect was recorded in lemongrass oil
