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Open Access
Studies on host preference, olfactory and functional response of generalist predator, Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Chaudhary, Devyani; Maurya, R.P.
The present investigations were carried out at Biocontrol Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during 2018-2020. Results on host preference of 2nd nymphal instar, 3rd nymphal instar, 4th nymphal instar, 5th nymphal instar and adult predatory bug of Eocanthecona furcellata revealed that Spodoptera litura followed by Corcyra cephalonica and Spilarctia obliqua were found as preferred host. The percent preference of second, third, fourth, fifth nymphal instars and adult predatory bug were 41.67, 50.00, 58.33, 75.00, 83.00 percent on S. litura, respectively. Results of the host selection by olfactory response revealed that the adult predatory bug preferred odour cell with larval extract of S. litura (48%), followed by larval extract of S. obliqua (32%), C. cephalonica (14%) and control odour cell (8%). The predatory bug was able to complete its immature life in five nymphal instars on live and freeze killed larvae of S. litura and C. cephalonica. The total nymphal period varied from 17.33±0.88 to 21.33±0.33 days. Total life cycle ranged from 31.33±0.33 to 36.33±0.66 days and number of eggs laid varied from 25.33±0.88 to 67±1.15. The consumption rate of nymphal instars ranged from 34.16±1.27 to 51±4.93 percent, 45.83±3 to 68.89±1.11 percent, 59.04±0.95 to 71.33±5.81 percent, 55.83 ± 4.40 to 81.11±1.82 percent. The consumption rate of adult predatory bug on different factitious hosts varied from 75.8±0.54 to 84.79±1.18 percent. The mean consumption rate of different stages of predatory bug ranged from 45.86±0.52 to 59.27±1.98 percent on live and freeze killed larvae of S. litura and C. cephalonica. The results of the study of functional response of fourth, fifth nymphal instars and male and female predatory bug on four, six, twelve days old larvae of S. litura demonstrated a type II functional response at different prey densities. The estimated parameters of attack rate of fourth, fifth nymphal instars ranged from 0.942±0.04 to 1.506±0.199, 0.969±0.017 to 1.161±0.074 prey/ day with a handling time of 0.075±0.017 to 0.58±0.087, 0.027±0.007 to 0.443±0.066 days at different prey densities. The parameters of attack rate estimated for male predatory bug on four, six, twelve days old larvae of S. litura were 0.975±0.014, 0.901±0.033, 0.844±0.092 whereas, for female predatory bug, attack rate was estimated as 0.982±0.015, 0.927±0.033, 0.903±0.032 prey / day, respectively. The handling time of male and female predatory bug varied from 0.024±0.006 to 0.204±0.04 and 0.013±0.007 to 0.099±0.014 days, repectively. The study suggested that the predatory bug, E. furcellata can be mass reared in laboratory conditions using larvae of S. litura and C. cephalonica and could be exploited in various IPM programmes.
Open Access
Mass multiplication of Clonostachys rosea and its pathogenicity against insect pest
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Pal, Khanika; Pandey, Renu
A study regarding collection, isolation, identification pathogenicity, mass multiplication and compatibility with botanical extracts was conducted for Clonostachys rosea. This entomopathogen was isolated from G. B. P. U. A & T Pantnagar, Udhamsingh Nagar, Uttrakhand; during 2018-2020. Results regarding the mass multiplication of Clonostachys rosea depicted that best bio-substrate is Maize grains+ Yeast+ Dextrose with highest biomass on 14 days (38.07 gm) and highest conidial count and germination percent on 21 days (3.33× 104/ml and 79.13%). In the pathogenicity test against Mango hopper (Amritodus atkinsoni), Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), Okra jassids (Amrasca sp.), Aphids (Lipaphis erysimi) and Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura); it was found that the highest mean mortality was obtained for Mango Hoppers (93.33%) at a concentration of 4× 109 conidia/ml, for whitefly, the highest mortality documented was 70.00% at a concentration of 3.5× 108 conidia/ml and for okra jassids, the highest mortality observed was 80.00% at a concentration of 3.5× 108 conidia/ml . No mortality was observed for Aphid and Tobacco caterpillar. In the compatibilty test of Clonostachys rosea with extracts of Marigold, Periwinkle, Custard apple and Crysanthemum; it was observed that Marigold extract was highly incompatible at concentration of 75% with mean radial growth of 0.87 cm (reduction over control of 81.48%) and mean conidial count of 0.25× 104/ml (reduction over control of 90.91%). While Periwinkle extract was found to be least toxic to C. rosea. The highest concentration of 75% resulted in mean radial growth of 3.17cm (reduction over control of 32.55%) and mean conidial count of 1.50× 104/ml (reduction over control of 45.45%). Thus from the study it was concluded that the fungus is potential in controlling insect pest and can be included in IPM module. And further studies should be conducted to check the bioefficacy of the fungus against other major insect pest prevalent in the ecosystem.
Open Access
Compatibility of entomopathogens with biorationals and insecticides against major insect pests of green gram
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Dudpuri, Kuldeep Kumar; Purwar, J.P.
The present investigation was conducted during kharif season of 2019-20 at Norman. E. Borlaug. Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) and Insect Pathology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, and Central Analytical Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, with the objective to test compatibility of B.bassiana and B.thuringiensis with botanical insecticides, insect growth regulators (IGRs) and with chemical insecticides. Field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of combinations of entomopathogens with biorationals and chemical insecticides against major insect pests of green gram. Compatibility study of B.bassiana with different biorationals and chemical insecticides indicated that buprofezin, thiamethoxam, pyriproxifen were found compatible with B. bassiana at recommended dose, while azadirachtin was found incompatible with B. bassiana. Compatibility study of B. thuringiensis with different biorationals and chemical insecticides showed that M. azedarach poisoned media exhibited minimum inhibition and found higly compatible to B. thuringiensis population growth at all its lethal and sublethal doses followed by thiamethoxam 25WG, chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC, buprofezin 25SC, pyriproxifen 10EC and lambda cyhalothrin 5EC while azadirachtin 10000 showed maximum inhibition to growth of B.thuringiensis at all of its lethal and sublethal doses. Combinations of entomopathogens with biorationals and chemical insecticides were evaluated against major insect pests (S.litura, S.obliqua and M.vitrata) of green gram in field conditions. Bacillus thuringiensis in combination with other insecticides was found more effective to combat the lepidopteran’s population than B. bassiana. The combinations like B. thuringiensis + chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC, B. thuringiensis + azadirachtin 10000ppm, B. bassiana + chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC and B. bassiana + azadirachtin 10000ppm were found more effective against S. litura, S. obliqua and M. vitrata while B.bassiana+ buprofezin combination was found least effective
Open Access
Eco-friendly management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.) at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-11) Choudhary, Gourav; Gaur, Neeta
The present studies were conducted on “Eco-friendly management of brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.) at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand” at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during Kharif crop season 2019-20. The Incidence of shoot and fruit borer, L. orbonalis in brinjal crop, shoot infestation attained peak (45.68 %) in all control plots during first week of October (40th-standard week). The fruit infestation increased and attained its peak (44.65%) in all control plots during the last week of October month (43th-standard week). The brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) population showed Non-significant positive correlation with the maximum temperature, morning relative humidity and also with Sun-shine hours. Whereas it showed Nonsignificant negative correlation with all other remaining weather parameters like minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and rainfall. The field efficacy of eco-friendly insecticides and bio products against brinjal shoot and fruit borer was evaluated by spraying thrice during kharif crop season 2019-20. The pooled mean data of shoot infestation was recorded minimum in Chlorantraniliprole (12.48%) followed by Spinosad (14.91%), Emamectin benzoate (14.93%), Neem oil (17.51%), Beauveria bassiana (18.51%), Pongamia oil (19.92%) and Desi cow urine (21.01%) respectively in comparison to (22.87%) counted in untreated control. The observation of pooled mean fruit infestation after three sprays application was recorded minimum in Chlorantraniliprole (9.77%) followed by Spinosad (11.81%), Emamectin benzoate (12.93%), Neem oil (14.71%), Beauveria bassiana (16.21%), Pongamia oil (19.75%) and Desi cow urine (20.75%) respectively in comparison to (24.65%) counted in untreated control. The yields among the treatments were significant. The highest yield was recorded in treatment Chlorantraniliprole (check) (230.71 q/ha) followed by Spinosad (200.53 q/ha), Emamectin benzoate (194.25 q/ha), Neem oil ( 160.69 q/ha), Beauveria bassiana ( 150.90 q/ha), Pongamia oil (115.50 q/ha), Desi Desi cow urine (108.80 q/ha) as compared to control ( 95.21 q/h). When the benefit-cost ratio was worked out, an interesting result was achieved. Chlorantraniprole was the best and most economic treatment because it gives a maximum benefit of (7.64:1) followed by Emamectin benzoate, Spinosad, Neem oil, Beauveria bassiana, Desi cow urine and Pongamia oil with benefit-cost ratio 6.76:1, 5.99:1, 5.66:1, 4.79:1, 3.73:1, 3.44:1 as compared to untreated control (3.14:1). Thus, the present study clearly revealed that instead of chemical pesticides, eco-friendly insecticides and bio products like Spinosad, Emamectin benzoate, Neem oil, Beauveria bassiana, Pongamia oil, Desi Desi cow urine can be suitably incorporated in integrated pest management schedule for BSFB, L. orbonalis as an effective tool, in order to avoid indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides causing pollution in the environment and aiming non-target organisms with increase in market value of harvest due to less pesticides residue.
Open Access
Studies on diversity and population dynamics of non-Apis bees under the influence of meteorological parameters at Pantnagar
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Azhagarraja, S.; Mall, Pramod
The present work, “Studies on diversity and population dynamics of non-Apis bees under the influence of meteorological parameters at Pantnagar” was carried out in three sites of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during the study period of May, 2019 to April, 2020. The selected study sites were hostel area, garden section and Crop Research Center (CRC). A total of 63 non-Apis bee species were documented belonging to 23 genera under five families viz., Megachilidae (5 genera with 23 bee species), Apidae (5 genera with 21 bee species), Halictidae (6 genera with 12 bee species), Colletidae (1 genus with 5 bee species). Highest relative abundance (59.10) was found to have by Tetragonula iridipennis and lowest relative abundance (0.07) had by 23 non-Apis bees. The genus such as Hylaeus, Pseudoanthidiumand Epeolus were found to be new distributional record from this area. DMg showed a species richness of the selected study sites was high in CRC (5.617) followed by hostel area (5.482) and garden (4.879). DMn followed similar trend of DMg, with results like, CRC (1.912), hostel area (1.478) and garden (1.433). SDI (D) found to be highest in hostel area (0.675) followed by garden (0.617) and CRC (0.585). Whereas Shannon Index (H’) was highest in hostel (2.036) followed by CRC (1.77) and garden (1.73). Pielou’s (J’) evenness index showed that bee population in hostel is more even (0.190) than that of garden (0.180) and CRC (0.167). Rank abundance curve exposed that proportional to diversity of bees are highest in hostel area followed by garden and CRC. In the present investigation, 50 species of flowering plants under 45 genera and 22 families were reported as potential bee floral resources. Family Asteraceae was found to have highest bee plant diversity with maximum of 14 plant species. The plants visited by highest number of bees are Tridax procumbens (17 bee species), Cuphea hyssopifolia (13 bee species), Cajanus cajan (12 bee species) and Brassica juncea (11 bee species). Pearson’s correlation co-efficient (r) revealed that population dynamics of non-Apis bee species are positively correlated with maximum temperature and sunshine hour. In contrast negatively correlated with minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity, rainfall, rainy days and wind speed. A bimodal peak (post monsoon peak and spring peak) of bee abundance was observed in seasonal variation in bee population during the study period in the selected study sites and winter spell reported in the months of December, January and February. During the peak summer time (May) number of bees was reported less due to cessation in the flowering stage of many bee plants.
Open Access
Studies on insect pests of guava and evaluation of management strategies against guava fruit fly
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Arya, Astha; Pandey, A.K.
During the study, fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.), Mealy bug (Ferrisia virgita), Guava shoot borer (Microcolona technographa), Pomegranate butterfly (Virachola (Duodorix) Isocrates) and Castor capsule borer (Conogethes punctiferalis) were recorded as major pests infesting guava. Highest fruit fly population i.e. 374 fruit fly /trap was recorded in the month of July i.e. 28th standard week of the year 2019 with maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity of 39.7 and 25.2 ˚C and 69 and 35% respectively. In laboratory condition, there was short duration of pre-pupal period, duration of larval period and pupal period in case of pumpkin. Highest population i.e. 39 mealy bug per branch was recorded in May i.e. 19th standard week of the year 2019 with maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity of 40.7 and 19.6°C and 51 and 16 % respectively. Maximum infestation of castor capsule borer in guava i.e. 8.39 was recorded in the 27th standard week of the year 2019 with weekly average maximum and minimum temperature and, maximum and minimum relative humidity was 38.2 and 25.7 ˚C and 65 and 39 % respectively Highest infestation of anar butterfly i.e. 7.58% was recorded in 34th standard week of the year 2019 with average weekly maximum and minimum temperature, minimum and maximum relative humidity of 32.3 and 24.7˚C, 90 and 66%, respectively. Highest infestation of shoot borer i.e. 47% was recorded in first fortnight of June i.e. 24th standard week with maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity of 39 and 25.1˚C and 69 and36 respectively and it concluded that shoot pruning plays an important role in managing the infestation of shoot borer in guava thus can increase the yield. Various Integrated pest management modules were formulated and evaluated against fruit fly during 2019-2020 at Horticulture Research Station, GBPUA&T Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The experiment was laid down in Randomized block design with three replications. There was total 7 IPM modules as treatment including a control. Occurrence of fruit fly was initiated in the month of March. The population increased with increase in temperature and achieving its peak during July. Thereafter decreasing population of fruitfly was recorded. Among the various combination of IPM modules, modules consisting of spraying of insecticide (Spinosad 4ml/tree) + pheromone trap+ hoeing at 15 days interval + sanitation at 10 days interval gave better result by recording 37.12 tonne/ha guava yield in Ambe bahar whereas 41.62 tonne/ha in Mrig bahar. It showed that the module having physical, mechanical and chemical treatment was better than the other IPM modules. It was also noticed that foliar application of Neem oil + Imidacloprid applied @10.8l + 3.6 L/ha was found to be very effective against fruit flies.
Open Access
Screening of germplasms, population dynamics and management of major insect pests infesting greengram
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-09) Bisht, Arti; Purwar, J.P.
The present investigation was conducted during kharif season of 2019-20 at Norman. E. Borlaug. Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) and IPM laboratory of Department of Entomology with the objective of screening the germplasm/varieties of greengram in field as well as laboratory conditions, occurrence of major pests and management of major sucking pests associated with greengram. The population studies indicated that a total of 14 insect pests species infest greengram at Pantnagar out of which 6 were major among them. The incidence of Bemisia tabaci, Empoasca kerri, Megalurothrips distalis and Spodoptera litura occurred at early stages of crop growth, continued to build-up and attained their peak population at 36th –37th SMW while, pod bug and pod borer appeared at later stages of growth and reached their peak population at 38th SMW. The maximum and minimum temperature, minimum relative humidity and evaporation had significant positive correlation with whitefly, thrips and jassids population. Maximum relative humidity showed negative correlation with all the insect pests’ species. Rainfall showed significant positive correlation with thrips population. Wind velocity also showed positive correlation with all the insect pests’ species. Screening of twenty-three germplasm/varieties in both field against Bemisia tabaci, Megalurothrips distalis, Empoasca kerri and defoliator rating (0-5) as well as in laboratory conditions (Leaf disc choice test with standard host castor and Pant Mung 5) against Spodoptera litura showed that germplasm PM 1522 and IPM 02-3 were superior among the other germplasm. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and nine treatments against Bemisia tabaci, Megalurothrips distalis, Empoasca kerri. The study revealed that seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS + pyriproxyfen 10 EC was more effective followed by seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS + spiromesifen 240 SC than other treatments against major sucking pests.
Open Access
Bioefficacy and persistent toxicity of some insecticides against few agriculturally important insect pests
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Saini, Deependra Kumar; Srivastava, R.P.
A detailed investigation was undertaken to determine the bioefficacy of some insecticides and mixed formulations against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and Spilarctia obliqua (Walker); effect of sublethal concentrations on growth and developmental parameters of S. litura; effect on feeding behaviour of S. litura and persistent toxicity on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) against Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius). All the experiments were conducted in Insecticide Toxicology Laboratory of the Department of Entomology. The contact toxicity of dichlorvos and carbosulfan was tested against 7d old larvae (mean initial weight = 0.183g/ larva) of S. litura by topical application method using Hamilton microapplicator dispenser under laboratory conditions. The LD50 values of dichlorvos at 12 and 24 HAT were 3.9061 and 2.8419 μg/larva while the LD50 of carbosulfan at 36, 48, 72 and 96 HAT were 4.9041, 4.0578, 4.0954 and 3.4784 μg/larva, respectively. The LT30, LT50 and LT90 values of dichlorvos at 1.52 μg/larva were 16.47, 33.06 and 183.74h, respectively and for carbosulfan at 7.5μg/larva the respective values were 10.41, 21.20 and 121.99 h. In another experiment the LD30, LD50 and LD90 value of profenofos + cypermethrin and deltamethrin + triazophos at 24HAT were 0.8483, 1.5829 and 7.3489 μg/larva and 1.0312, 2.2669 and 15.7568 μg/larva respectively against 8d old larvae (mean initial weight = 0.193g/ larva) of S. litura by topical application method using Hamilton microapplicator dispenser. Profenofos + cypermethrin was 1.24 (RT30), 1.43 (RT50) and 2.14 (RT90) times more toxic than deltamethrin + triazophos at different RT levels. LT50 values for profenofos + cypermethrin at 1.72, 1.32 and 0.88 μg/larva was 22.90, 27.83 and 37.34h respectively while the LT50 values for deltamethrin + triazophos at 2.16 μg/larva was 29.17h. In another experiment the contact toxicity of chlorpyrifos + fipronil was tested against 8d old larvae of S. litura by topical application method using Hamilton microapplicator dispenser under laboratory conditions. The LD values at 36, 48 and 72 HAT were 0.6779, 0.4995 and 0.4188 (LD30s); 1.4578, 0.9956 and 0.9103 (LD50s) and 9.5979, 5.4393 and 6.1538 μg/larva (LC90s) and the LT values at 1.926 and 2.889 μg/larva doses of chlorpyrifos + fipronil were 20.92 and 14.85h (LT30s); 34.95 and 24.25h (LT50s); 123.61 and 83.38h (LT90s), respectively. The contact toxicity of dichlorvos was determined against 9d old larvae (mean initial weight = 0.118g/ larva) of S. obliqua by topical application method using Hamilton microapplicator dispenser. The LD30, LD50 and LD90 values of 48 HAT were 1.8710, 3.4271 and 15.2026 μg/larva, respectively. The LT values at the dose of 3.04 μg/larva of dichlorvos were 21.99h (LT30); 45.13h (LT50) and 264.75h (LT90), respectively. The effect of sublethal concentrations of three insecticides viz. chlorpyrifos + fipronil, fipronil and chlorpyrifos on growth and development parameters was tested against 6d old larvae (average larval weight: 0.0184g) of S. litura by leaf smear method on castor leaf disc. At 4 days after feeding (DAF), the highest reduction (21.03%) in mean weight gain over control was observed in the highest concentration of chlorpyrifos (0.01%) which resulted in mortality of 33.33%. Pupation percentage was highest (80.95%) in the lowest concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0.0001%) than fipronil 0.0001% (76.19%). In comparison of control (0.214g/pupa), 1.57 times lower pupal weight was observed in chlorpyrifos 0.01% (0.136g/pupa). The feeding inhibitory activity of three insecticides viz. chlorpyrifos + fipronil, fipronil and chlorpyrifos were determined against 6d old larvae (average larval weight: 0.0184g) of S. litura by leaf smear method on castor leaf disc. The order of deterrence at the higher concentration (0.01%) was; chlorpyrifos > chlorpyrifos + fipronil > fipronil, however at lower concentrations (0.001 and 0.0001%) the order was chlorpyrifos+fipronil > fipronil > chlorpyrifos. The persistent toxicity of two insecticides viz. chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide have been determined on brinjal against 3d old grubs (average grub weight = 0.0013g/grub) of H. vigitioctopunctata. Chlorantraniliprole @ 0.01% was the most persistent insecticide with a PT value of 1026.52 followed by flubendiamide @ 0.01% (932.2), chlorantraniliprole @ 0.008% (755.4) and flubendiamide @ 0.008% at 24 HAF. After 72 hours of feeding on the treated leaves, chlorantraniliprole @ 0.01% again showed highest PT value of 2000.0 followed by chlorantraniliprole @ 0.008% (1634.16), flubendiamide @ 0.01% (1613.26) and flubendiamide @ 0.008% (1400.00).
Open Access
Eco-friendly management of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-07) Bisht, Dheeraj; Tiwari, Ruchira
Field and laboratory experiments based bioassay studies were made to evaluate the efficacy of cow urine based natural formulations, such as desi cow urine @20 percent, agniastra, neemastra dashparni, jivamrit and panchgavya @3 percent, and the effectiveness of homemade jaggery-based sweet traps at different concentrations against H. armigera on chickpea during the rabi crop season of 2018-19 at NB Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhad. The field studies showed that, agniastra, dashparni, neemastra, desi cow urine and jivamrit were effective against H.armigera with mean larval population, pod damage and grain yield ranged from 1.89 to 4.17larvae/10 plants, 13.43to 22.33 per cent and 7.32 q/ha to 11.95 q/ha, respectively in comparison with untreated control which was significantly different r than these treatments (10.05 larvae/10 plants, pod damage-38.70 per cent and grain yield-6.44 q/ha). These cow urine based natural formulations were also found safe for the natural enemy, Campoletus chloridae during field study with the mean cocoon population ranged from 1.50 to 3.00/10 plants in comparison to insecticide, indoxcarb (0.67/10 plants). The efficacy of the jaggery based sweet baited traps was also evaluated to trap the adult moths of H. armigera on chickpea crop. The jaggery solution @ 50% and 75% were found to be the best to trap the moths of H. armigera (17.78 adults/ trap) and (20.67 adults/trap), respectively which was at par with Helilure pheromone trap (24.11 adults/trap) with trappings of lesser numbers of non-target insects in the chickpea crop environment. Laboratory based bioassay studies on the growth regulatory effect of various cow urine based natural formulations again demonstrated the effectiveness of agniastra, dashparni, and neemastra against H. armigera caused 100% mortality of neonate larvae, while desi cow urine, panchgavya and jivamrit gave very less growth index values (0.452, 0.521 and 0.842) compared to untreated control (2.546). The studies conducted on antifeedant activity of cow urine based formulations against 4th instar larvae of H. armigera categorized agniastra and neemastra with strong antifeedant action with a preference index of 0.50, each. Among the other treatments, desi cow urine, dashparni and jivanrit with a preference indices ranged from (0.55 to 0.73) were found to be moderately antifeedant action while panchgavya (076) was recorded with slight antifeedant action against the test insect. On the basis of the above findings, the present study clearly showed that the tested cow urine based natural formulations and homemade jaggery based sweet traps were found very effective against H. armigera on chickpea crop system. On the other hand, the growth regulatory and antifeedant activity of these cost effective, easily made and eco-friendly cow urine based natural formulations showed their negative effect on feeding behavior, growth and development of H. armigera. Thus, it can finally be concluded that these eco-friendly approaches can easily be incorporated in an integrated pest management programme of H. armigera on chickpea.

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