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Open Access
Evaluation and molecular characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes against brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Joshi, Soniya; Tiwari, S.N.
The study was conducted in the Department of Entomology and N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Center of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to identify the new source of resistance in 1,493 and 1,458 genotypes of AICRIP, during 2017 and 2018, respectively. Two genotypes were recorded as highly resistant whereas 15 genotypes were found to be resistant in both the years under glasshouse condition. Survival of BPH was very low on resistant varieties as compared to TN1 (Susceptible check). Due to low population of BPH under field condition, no conclusion could be drawn about performance of genotypes under field condition. Mechanism of host plant resistance was studied on 20 genotypes of PHSS against BPH. Resistant varieties PTB 33 and RP 2068-18-3-5 showed high level of antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance against BPH. The resistance in genotypes was verified by SSR markers closely linked with BPH resistance gene. RM459 primer showed high polymorphic information content. The information about the genetic diversity of these rice varieties will be useful for proper identification and selection of appropriate parents for use in the breeding programs. After evaluating 1462 genotypes against Yellow stem borer (YSB) in field condition, 5 genotypes were identified as highly resistant while 6 genotypes were resistant against YSB. Present study identified so many new source of resistance against BPH and YSB which may be used for development of resistant varieties.
Open Access
Studies on pest incidence, biology and field resistance of tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) on soybean in major districts of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Rukesh Pramod, K.N.; Gaur, Neeta
The field and laboratory studies were carried out during 2016-17 and 2017-18 at G.B.P.U.A & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, to study “pest incidence, biology and field resistance of tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on soybean in major districts of Uttarakhand”. The survey was carried out in the major districts like U. S. Nagar, Nainital, Almora, Champawat, Pithoragarh, Paruri Garhwal, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakashi, Haridwar and Dehradun. Incidence of major pest defoliators (S. litura, S. obliqua and T. orchalcea) was highest in Nainital, followed by Almora and U. S. Nagar. Whereas, the highest incidence of the chrysomelid beetle, Hispinae spp. was found highest in Tehri Garhwal, followed by Almora and Uttarkashi. The highest incidence of sucking pests i.e., whitefly (B. tabbaci) and jassids (E. kerri) was found in the district Nainital, followed by U. S. Nagar and Haridwar. Stem fly infestation was highest with 29.65% in U.S. Nagar being followed by Haridwar (19.07%) and Nainital (16.34%). Girdle beetle damage was more in Tehri Garhwal followed by Nainital, Dehradun and U.S. Nagar. The three different natural enemies’ viz. Coccinellid beetles, Eucanthecona bugs and spiders were found most abundant in three hilly districts of Uttarakhand, namely Nainital (11.7/mrl), followed by Almora (11.5/mrl) and Uttarkashi (10.3/mrl). The biology of S. litura on soybean and different natural host based artificial diet was evaluated in laboratory conditions. Among the different diets tested the soybean leaves based artificial diet (Diet II) proved to be best and recorded least total larval period of 16.3 days, highest larval growth index of 5.47 and total developmental index 2.28. The second best artificial diet was found to be chickpea flour based artificial diet (Diet-I) with total larval period of 15.5 days, larval growth index of 4.74 and total developmental index was 2.0. The experiment was conducted on field collected population of S. litura to evaluate the LC50 and field resistance against major insecticides, the results revealed that U. S. Nagar population when subjected to leaf dip bioassay method at 48 HAF, recorded 8.58 fold resistant towards chlorantraniliprole 20 SC, 2.09 fold for indoxacarb 15.8 EC, 3.26 fold for lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC, 2.15 fold for spinosad 45 SC, 2.71 fold for dichlorvos 46 SC, 5.23 fold for emamectin benzoate 5G, 23.26 fold for imidacloprid 17.5 SC, 3.92 fold for flubendiamide 480 SC and 2.54 fold for lufenuron 5 EC. The Nanital population revealed Spinosad 45 SC to be most toxic with resistance ratio (RR) 1.86 and followed by Indoxacarb 15.8 EC with 2.93 RR, Emamectin benzoate 5G with 14.10 RR, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with 4.16 RR, Dichlorvos 45SC with 2.38 RR, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with 5.44 RR and Flubendiamide 480 SC with 4.81 RR. Lufenuron 5 EC was found to be least lethal with 2.72 RR. Haridwar population recorded resistance to Emamectin benzoate 5 G with (RR) 7.54 was found to be more toxic followed by Spinosad 45 EC with 5.63 RR, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with 2.36 RR. Indoxacarb 15.8 EC with 3.29 RR, Dichlorvos 45 SC with 3.00 RR, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with 6.69 RR, Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with 16.29 RR and Flubendiamide 480 SC with 3.47 RR. But, the larvae were found to be least mortal with Lufenuron 5 EC with 2.39 RR. S. litura population collected from Tehri Garhwal district Spinosad 45 SC reported highly toxic and with resistant ratio (RR) 2.68 followed by Emamectin benzoate 5 G with RR 9.62, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.37, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 4.5, Dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.46, Flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.49 and Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 42.88. The lowest larval mortality was reported by Lufenuron 5 EC with RR 3.01. Pithoragarh, the results revealed that S. litura high mortality to Emamectin benzoate 5 G with Resistant Ratio (RR) of 5.28 followed by Indoxacarb 15.8 EC, Spinosad 45 EC Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, Dichlorvos 45 SC, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC, Flubendiamide 480 SC and Lufenuron 5 EC with values of RR 2.14, 3.16, 2.92, 2.81, 5.86, 3.92, 2.79 respectively. The least toxicity was recorded by Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 107.06. Dehradun population among the various insecticides tested, Emamectin benzoate 5 G was found to highly toxic against third instar larvae with Resistant Ratio (RR) of 2.48 followed by Spinosad 45 EC with RR 2.10, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.36, Indoxacarb 15.8 EC with RR 2.71, Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 3.01, Dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.21, Flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.13 and Lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.63. The least toxicity was recorded by Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 133.23. Champawat population Emamectin benzoate 5 G was found to be highly lethal with Resistant Ratio (RR) of 5.59 followed by spinosad 45 EC with RR 2.20, indoxacarb 15.8 EC with RR 2.27, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.07, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 4.24, dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.69, flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.51 and lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.84. Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 193.21 was reported as least lethal insecticide. Population of S. litura collected from Almora district at 48 HAF, indoxacarb 15.8 EC was found to most toxic with and Resistant Ratio (RR) of 2.52 followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 3.05, emamectin benzoate 5 G with RR 9.18, spinosad 45 EC with RR 4.56, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 3.24, dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 3.73, flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.92 and lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.40. Imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 188.72 was found to be most lethal. Pauri Garhwal population emamectin benzoate 5 G showed to highest toxicity with Resistant Ratio (RR) 5.23, followed by spinosad 45 EC with RR 2.15, indoxacarb 15.8 EC with RR 2.09, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.44, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 3.26, Dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.71, lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.54, and flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 4.35. Imidacloprid 17.5 SC was found to be least toxic with RR 11.07. Uttarakashi population indoxacarb 15.8 EC was found most toxic Resistant Ratio (RR) of 2.35, followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC with RR 2.36, spinosad 45 EC with RR 3.61, emamectin benzoate 5 G with RR 3.55, lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC with RR 2.55, dichlorvos 45 SC with RR 2.46, flubendiamide 480 SC with RR 3.29 and imidacloprid 17.5 SC with RR 26.14. Lufenuron 5 EC with RR 2.13 was found to be least toxic. Field trials were conducted to evaluate the field efficacy and economics of newer insecticides in kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017.The best insecticidal treatments to control S. litura with a highest yield and cost benefit ratio were found to be the flubendiamide 480SC @ 0.20ml/l and emamectin benzoate 5G @ 0.30g/l.
Open Access
Bioefficacy, persistent toxicity and sublethal effects of certain insecticides and mixed formulations against polyphagous insect pests
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Negi, Kiran; Srivastava, R.P.
A detailed investigation was undertaken to determine the bioefficacy of some insecticides and mixed formulations against Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Spilarctia obliqua (Walker) and Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius); persistent toxicity on mulberry, rajma and moong bean against S. litura; effect on feeding behaviour of S. litura and S. obliqua; influence of host plants on susceptibility of S. litura to some insecticide and effect of sublethal concentrations on growth and development parameters of S.litura and S. obliqua. All the experiments were conducted in Insecticide Toxicology Laboratory of the Department of Entomology. Quinalphos (LC50= 0.00041 %) showed better contact action against 3rd instar nymphs of D. cingulatus compared to chlorpyriphos (0.00092 %) by residue contact bioassay method at 72 HAE; and among five synthetic pyrethroids, bifenthrin (0.0004 %) showed better contact action followed by cypermethrin (0.00052 %) at 72 HAE, whereas alphamethrin resulted in an LC50 of 0.0002 % at 96 HAE against 4th instar nymph. Spinetoram + methoxyfenozide (LC50= 0.0016 %, 48 HAF) was found effective against 5 d old larvae of S. litura at lethal and sublethal concentrations showing a good stomach toxicity and significantly affected the growth and development of S. litura by leaf dip method. Among two combinations, cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.0028 %) was found more effective than flubendiamide + thiacloprid (0.0203%) against 6 d old larvae of S. litura by leaf smear method on soybean. On castor, chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (Lc50= 0.0009%. 96 HAF) showed better stomach toxicity and inhibited feeding by 97.16 %, followed by cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.0035%, 72 HAF) and spinetoram (0.0093%, 72 HAF); however by residue contact bioassay method, cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.0040 %, 24 HAE) showed a faster contact action followed by spinetoram (0.0049%, 48 HAE) and chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.0066%, 72 HAE) against 5 d old larvae of S. litura. Among IGRs, lufenuron was most effective in reducing the feeding (23.16 % feeding inhibition, at 0.0005 %, 48 HAF) of 3 d old larvae of S. litura and by leaf smear method and resulted in LC50 value of 0.00018 % (72 HAF); lufenuron @ 0.00007 %, buprofezin 0.05 % pyriproxyfen 0.05% and buprofezin + fipronil @ 0.1 % resulted in increased larval and pupal duration, reduction in larval and pupal weight, lower pupation and reduced emergence of adults. Spinetoram + methoxyfenozide (LC50= 0.0004%, 60 HAF) was most effective combination insecticide against 4 d old larvae of S. litura by leaf smear method followed by cyantraniliprole + lufenuron (0.0037 %) and indoxacarb + acetamiprid (0.0063%); whereas, by larval atomization method, indoxacarb + acetamiprid (LC50= 0.0030%, 36 HAE) showed better contact action compared to cyantraniliprole + lufenuron (0.0092 and 0.0029 %, at 36 and 48 HAE) and spinetoram + methoxyfenozide (0.0031 %, 48 HAE). Rajmah bean as a host plant was most effective in terms of increasing the susceptibility of larvae owing to the reduced weight gain and higher mortality of larvae in different insecticides compared to mulberry and castor plants. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda cyhalothrin 3.61 and 4.10 times lesser time duration was required in rajmah to cause 50% mortality compared to mulberry and castor. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin at sublethal concentration was most effective against 5 d old larvae of S. litura producing profound effect on growth (96.26 and 70.81 % reduction in weight gain over control, 0.0001 % at 3 and 6 DAF) and feeding (75.07 % feeding inhibition, at 0.0001%,48 HAF) respectively; spinetoram + methoxyfenozide showed least effect, however the concentration used was also almost 10 or more times lower compared to flubendiamide + thiacloprid and cypermethrin + indoxacarb. The persistent toxicity of different insecticides was tested on mulberry, rajmah and mung bean plants. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin @ 0.027 % showed highest persistence (PT value= 1841.60, 24 HAF), followed by cypermethrin + indoxacarb @ 0.02% (812.68) and beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid @ 0.012% (216.65) on mulberry; and the order of persistent toxicity on rajmah plant was chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.027%) > chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.014%) > cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.02%) > chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.007%) > emamectin benzoate (0.0019%) > betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid (0.012 %.) against 5 d old larvae of S. Litura. Chlorantraniliprole @ 0.0055% persisted for a longer duration on mung bean (15 DAS, 1072.50) compared to rajmah bean (11 DAS, 916.52) plant. In another experiment, buprofezin + fipronil @ 1.023% (PT value = 2879.68, 72 HAF) was most persistent combination insecticide on rajmah bean, however the dose applied was 100 to 1000 times higher than other tested insecticides. Thus lufenuron @ 0.004 % (PT value = 1979.91, 72 HAF) and spinetoram + methoxyfenozide @ 0.017% (2309.85) can be used as a better alternative, persisting for a fairly longer period of 27 days. Spinetoram + methoxyfenozide showed a better contact toxicity (LC50= 0.0016 %) compared to stomach (0.0022 %) action by larval and leaf atomization method against 13 d old larvae of S. obliqua, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin @ 0.0001 % was most effective combination causing a profound sublethal effects on growth and development of 6 d old larvae of S. Obliqua by leaf smear method and significantly reduced the feeding (97.11 % feeding inhibition at 0.01 % 48 HAF); spinetoram + methoxyfenozide was most effective in terms of mortality causing 70 % mortality within 72 HAF compared to no mortality in other combinations, at 0.0001%. Lufenuron (LC50= 0.00008 %, 48 HAE) and emamectin benzoate (0.00009 and 0.00006 %, at 48 and 72 HAE) gave almost equitoxic responses showing a higher contact toxicity compared to chlorantraniliprole (0.0005, at 72 HAE) against 9 d old larvae of S. obliqua by larval atomization method. Deltamethrin + triazophos, chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin and profenofos + cypermethrin (LC50= 0.0003, 0.0002 and 0.0003 %, 48 HAE) were more or less equally effective via contact action against 10 d old grubs of H. vigintioctopunctata. The order of toxicity of different combination insecticides was beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid (0.0003%) > chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin (0.0017%) > deltamethrin + triazophos (0.0045%) > profenofos + cypermethrin (0.021%) > ethion + cypermethrin (0.0256%) > cypermethrin + indoxacarb (0.056%), at 48 HAF, with chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin and cypermethrin + indoxacarb showing 5.66 and 186.66 times less toxicity than beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid against 4-5 d old adult of H. vigintioctopunctata, respectively.
Open Access
Studies on phylogenetic divergence in genus Helicoverpa and resistance mechanism in chickpea genotypes against its major pests
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Reddy, Morthala Shankara Sai; Agnihotri, Meena
The present investigations were carried out on “Studies on phylogenetic divergence in genus Helicoverpa and resistance mechanism in chickpea genotypes against its major pests” during 2016-2018. The studies revealed that in genus Helicoverpa, Helicoverpa armigera species is present in all the thirteen districts of Uttarakhand at over altitude range of 227.7 m (Pantnagar) to 2049.7 m (Barsar). In Pantnagar H. armigera infestation was found throughout the year on forty plant species belonging to fifteen families, which includes thirteen field crops, eight vegetable crops, thirteen ornamental plants and six herbaceous weeds. Preferred host plants mostly from the Fabaceae family. The larval and adult populations of H. armigera showed negative correlation with the variables minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and rainfall whereas positive correlation with maximum temperature, and sun-shine hrs. Five peaks of adult male moth catches were recorded during 2016-17. Major peak of moth population catches was high during the 15th S.W. The studies of Inter-host phylogenetic analysis at Pantnagar, revealed a total of fifteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one semi- conserved amino acid among the eleven isolates of H.armigera population. Evolutionary adoptive change in wheat population of H. armigera was found to be newly establishing at Pantnagar where host fidelity factors playing an important role. Whereas, Inter-location phylogenetic analysis revealed that thirty three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), twelve semi conserved and seven un-conserved amino acid residues among the eleven different location isolates of H. armigera population. The high similarity may be attributed to the altitudinal similarity among the collected population i.e., Jakhdhar (1713.6m) and Ranichauri (1861 m). The H. armigera population of Dehradun, Ranipokhari and Chinayalisaur have formed same cluster depicting the trade route of agriculture products. In studies of resistance mechanism, out of thirty nine chickpea genotypes eleven genotypes showed resistance against H. armigera among them two genotypes NBeG1004 and GL25016 were having comparatively sparse trichome density and lengthier trichomes which were least infested by eggs of H. armigera. The biochemical experiments revealed the highest phenols, flavonoids, tannins and trypsin inhibitor observed in GL25016, ICCV97105, GL25016 and NBeG1004. The GCMS analysis showed that ICCV92944 was containing compounds such as Octanoic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl ester, Phytol, Phthalic acid and Tetradecanoic acid which might be showing some adverse effects on H. armigera growth and development and might be reason for resistance against H. armigera. Accessions having combination of suitable sparse and lengthier trichomes on leaves and pods and higher biochemical parameters viz., phenol, flavonoids, tannins and trypsin inhibitor content in their immature seeds offered resistance against pod borer attack in chickpea. The resistance towards the Callosobruchus chinensis was offered by HC1 and ICCV92944. The biochemical experiments revealed highest amounts of phenols, flavonoids, tannins and trypsin inhibitor observed in GL25016, HC1, ICC07104 and in NBeG1004. Bioactivity compound 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z) - was found in only HC 1 which may be reason for resistance against C. chinensis. The genotypes viz., ICCV 92944 and HC 1 which are least preferred by H. armigera and C. chinensis, respectively could be exploited as a source of resistance for the varietal development of chickpea germplasm against H. armigera.
Open Access
Bio-intensive pest management strategies for mango shoot gall psylla, Apsylla cistellata Buckton
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Raina, Jyoti; Srivastava, Poonam
Studies carried out on different biological attributes of mango shoot gall psylla, Apsylla cistellata showed that pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period of shoot gall psylla female varied from 10-22, 1-5 and 0-3 hours, respectively. A single female laid 45-182 eggs and incubation period of eggs varied from 138-177 days. It was also found that females outnumbered males and sex ratio was computed to be 1: 1.64 -1.79 (male: female). Data also indicated that number of galls/twig became proportionately higher as the number of eggs bearing leaves increased on a twig (40 cm). It was observed that, if all the leaves of twig carry 200 eggs, the number of galls formed were maximum (40 and 41 galls/ twig), by converting all buds to galls. Correlation analysis indicated that number of eggs were positively significantly correlated with gall formation (r=0.923, 0.916) and adult emergence (r=0.956, 0.945). Whereas, significantly negatively correlated with panicle initiation (r= -0.885,-0.881). Seasonal incidence of mango shoot gall psylla indicated that nymphal emergence initiated from 33 SW and continued to 39 SW, whereas gall formation started in the 38 SW and appeared constantly in every week till 15 SW. It was also recorded that nymphs 1st appeared inside galls in 41 SW and further observed in every week till 6 SW. Later, nymphs transformed into adults and adult population started appearing inside galls from 8 SW which continued upto 17 SW. However, oviposition of psylla was recorded only during the 12 to 18 SW in the month of March and April. Correlation coefficient stated that nymphal emergence had positive significant association with maximum temperature (r= 0.434), minimum temperature (r= 0.830) and rainfall (r= 0.652). However, gall formation and nymphal population inside galls was found negatively correlated with maximum temperature (r= -0.791, -0.579) and minimum temperature (r= -0.728, -0.575). Whereas, egg laying of shoot gall psylla was significantly positively correlated to maximum temperature (r= 0.419) and negatively correlated to morning (r= -0.658) and evening R.H (r= -0.348), respectively. Studies on evaluation of yellow and blue coloured sticky traps for visual preference during adult emergence period in the month of March-April indicated that adults were attracted more towards yellow sticky traps (6.96-7.82 adults/trap/week) as compared to blue sticky traps (1.91-2.40 adults/trap/week). Traps installed at upper height were found significantly better with maximum number of adults as compared to traps installed at lower height. Different plant extracts were also evaluated against oviposition of shoot gall psylla, which indicated neem leaves extract and hemp leaves extract were found highly effective with minimum number of eggs and highest oviposition deterrence (30.26-74.61%) in all the concentrations. Data on the efficacy of different insecticides showed that thiomethoxam @ 1g/l & 3 g/l and imidacloprid @ 0.5 ml/l and 1 ml/l proved most effective with highest nymphal mortality (54.33-73.04%), minimum gall formation (0.07-2.94 galls/twig), maximum panicle initiation (1.75-4.50 panicles/twig) and minimum nymphs inside galls (0.00-1.80 nymphs/gall/twig). Impact of different plant growth regulators on shoot galls showed that NAA and 2,4-D were found superior over other plant growth regulators with their ability to open the galls, at 100, 250 and 500 ppm. Galls were opened abnormally in both the treatments, having an elongated axis with completely lose and open scales. Nymphs further were not able to survive in those opened galls. However, 2,4-D at higher doses (500 ppm) caused phytotoxicity symptoms on leaves and galls. Although, such kind of phytotoxicity was not found due to the spray of NAA even at higher doses (500 ppm).
Open Access
Management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) using biorationals and low cost traps in chickpea
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Ajaykumara, K.M.; Tiwari, Ruchira
To evaluate the efficacy of biorationals, such as animal urine collected from cow, buffalo, ox, goat, horse and used @20%, leaf extracts of congress grass, lantana, ekka, sugar apple, glory bower, nilgiri, Mexican prickly poppy plant and fruit extracts of chinaberry, karanj, jatropha, datura, golden shower, babool and algaroba @5% and to develop the attractant based low cost traps against H. armigera on chickpea, the studies were conducted under field and laboratory conditions during rabi crop seasons, 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The field studies clearly showed that among the different plant and animal origin biorationals, Desi cow urine, horse urine, goat urine, fruit extracts of chinaberry, jatropha, karanj and datura were found effective against H armigera with mean larval population, pod damage and grain yield ranged from 2.83 to 4.06 larvae/10 plants, 13.00 to 18.80 per cent and 10.85 q/ha to 12.92 q/ha, respectively which was significantly higher than untreated control (11.78 larvae/10 plants, pod damage-38.70 per cent and grain yield-5.51q/ha). All the biorational treatments were found safe for the natural enemy, Campoletus chloridae with the mean cocoon population ranged from 1.51 to2.51 per ten plants in comparison to insecticide, indoxcarb (0.76/10 plants). The attractant based low cost traps with different plastic bottle models were constructed based on different host plant extracts, sweet baits, radium colored tape to catch adult moths of H. armigera on chickpea. The trap model design with top 1/4th portion inverted in down 3/4th portion of 1 litre plastic water bottle was found the best with bait of 300 ml of boiled jaggery solution @50% per trap for trapping significantly higher number of moths H. armigera with lessen effects on non target insect groups in chickpea crop ecosystem. The cost of this invented insect trap was calculated six times less i.e. only Rs 10.00 per trap than helilure based pheromone trap costs Rs 60.00 per trap. The laboratory studies on growth regulatory effect of different biorationals again showed the best efficacy of Desi cow urine, horse urine, goat urine, fruit extracts of chinaberry, jatropha against H. armigera as they caused cent per cent mortality of neonate larvae whereas fruit extracts of karanj, sugar apple, glory bower and leaf extracts of ekka plant and congress grass gave very less growth index values (0.087, 0.268, 0.362, 0.375and 0.676) in comparison to untreated control (2.631). The studies conducted on antifeedant activity of biorational treatments against 4th larval instar of H. armigera showed that Desi cow urine, horse urine, goat urine, leaf extracts of ekka plant and sugar apple, fruit extracts of chinaberry, karanj and datura were found with strong antifeedant action with preference index between (0.35 to 0.50) The olfactometer based preliminary studies clearly indicated that jaggery solution @50% and stored for 10 days was quite effective to orient or attract the adult moths of H. armigera. Thus, it can be concluded that, the tested plant and animal originated biorationals and attractant based low cost trap models can surely be incorporated in an integrated pest management programme of H. armigera as they are easily available, cost effective and eco-friendly for management of this notorious pest in chickpea crop ecosystem.
Open Access
Screening of wheat cultivars and bioefficacy of some chemical and bioproducts against wheat aphid
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Devrani, Ashish; Tiwari, Ruchira
The field trials were conducted for screening of different wheat cultivars and efficacy of some newer chemicals and bio-products against wheat aphid during rabi crop seasons 2015-16 and 2016-17 at the Norman. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. A pooled data obtained on the screening of wheat cultivars on the basis of resistance against aphids during rabi crop seasons 2015-16 and 2016-17, only 5 wheat cultivars i.e. UP- 2526, UP-2565, UP-2869, UP-2524 and UP-2584 showed resistance against aphids with mean aphid population per shoot per plant (4.829, 4.86, 5.09,5.36 and 5.98), respectively, while rest of the 18 wheat cultivars were found moderately resistance against aphid with mean aphid population ranged from(6.12-10.30aphids/shoot/plant). It was evident from the present study that, among the newer insecticide, neonicotinoids i.e. Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 50 ml/ha and Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 100ml/ha were found the most effective against wheat aphids as their mean population was recorded significantly less (3.37 and 3.72 aphids/shoot/plant). On the other hand, among the bioproducts, Neem oil was proved to be most effective with least mean population (3.57 aphid/shoot/plant) followed by Metarhizium anisopilae (5.73 aphids/shoot/plant) and Vekhand powder (5.99 aphids/shoot/plant). The effect of insecticides and bioproducts on the natural enemies associated with wheat aphids clearly showed the more population of coccinellids (2.55/m2) and syrphid maggots (2.70/m2) in bioproduct i.e. Vekhand powder followed by Verticillium lacanni (coccinellids, 2.45/m2 and syrphid maggots (2.45/m2) whereas in case of insecticides the population of coccinellids and syrphid maggots observed comparatively very less in Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.30/m2, 0.60/m2). The average grain yield of wheat obtained highest 46.36q/ha from plots treated with thiamethoxam 25 WG followed by imidacloprid 17.8 SL (43.16q/ha). In bioproducts highest grain yield was obtained from Neem oil (39.00 q/ha) followed by Metarhizium anisopilae (34.31 q/ha) and Neem seed extract (33.37 q/ha). The present field study clearly demonstrated that Five resistant wheat cultivars viz. UP-2526, UP-2565, UP-2869, UP-2524 and UP-2584, novel insecticides i.e. Thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 50ml/ha and Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 100ml/ha and bioproducts i.e. Neem oil @ 3ml, Metarhizium anisopilae@ 3g/l and Neem seed extract powder@ 5g/l can ultimately be a safe alternatives for management of wheat aphids as these newer insecticides and bioproducts appeared to be the most effective against the wheat aphids and caused less harm to natural enemies and gave more grain yields. Thus, it can be concluded that host plant resistance, bioproducts and comparatively safer insecticides can easily be incorporated in integrated pest management programme for management of wheat aphids in wheat cropping system.
Open Access
Studies on efficacy of pre-mix insecticide combination on major insect pests and natural enemies in sugarcane ecosystem
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-01) Shivashankara; Karnatak, A.K.
The study on “Studies on efficacy of pre-mix insecticide combination on major insect pests and natural enemies in sugarcane ecosystem” was carried out during 2014-16 at N.E.B.C.R.C. of G.B.P.U.A & T. Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. A total of seventeen predominant insect-fauna were recorded, out of which eleven are insect pests and along with spiders. Among the insect fauna, six insect species belonged to the order lepidoptera that comprised of borer complex of sugarcane and Epiricania melanoleuca, five to hemiptera (sucking pests), one to coleoptera (lady bird beetle), one to Isoptera, and one each to orthoptera, dermaptera, neuroptera, hymenoptera and spider species belonged to araneae (Arachnida). The incidence of shoot borer was recorded from 14th to 26th SMW and reached its maximum in month of May and found highly negative significant with RHmax; black bug from 16th to 27th SMW attaining its maximum in the 21st standard week and found positive highly significant correlation with Tmax; Pyrilla perpusilla from 32nd to 44th SMW attaining its maximum in the 40th (I season) and 37th (II season) SMW and found negative significant correlation with rainfall respectively. The results of insecticides efficacy shows that the soil application of Pre-mix insecticide imidacloprid+acephate @3000 g/ha was most effective followed by its next doses @2500 g/ha and @2000 g/ha in reduction of termite, white grub, early shoot borer infestation, Pyrilla and black bug population during both the seasons. The relatively least harmful treatments for Coccinella spp. and predatory spiders were the soil application of Imidacloprid+acephate @2000, 2500 and 3000 g/ha respectively, and among checks the imidacloprid soil application respectively. Meanwhile the Imidacloprid+acephate chemical did not cause phytotoxicity on sugarcane up to 10 days in any form of spray even @ 2500 and 5000 g ha per ha. Further, the efficacy of treatments on yield shows that the plots received Imidacloprid+acephate soil application @3000 g/ha was recorded with maximum cane yield of 121.33 and 104.40 tonnes per ha followed by the soil application of Imidacloprid+acephate @2500 g/ha with 110.80 and 94.55, and @2000 g/ha with 99.07 and 85.10 tonnes per ha, whereas the soil application of phorate recorded highest yield of 84.93 and 75.28 tonnes per ha among the checks during 2014-15 and 2015-16 respectively. Likewise, the correlation between reduction of insect damage/infestation vs. yield shows that, there is highly positive significance between white grub, termites, early shoot borer, black bug and pyrilla population against cane yield.
Open Access
Identification of new sources of resistance and evaluation of some IPM modules against major insect pests of rice
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2008-01) Hitendra Kumar; Tiwari, S.N.
New sources of resistance were identified in rice against brown plant hopper in 865 entries of AICRIP, 2005 and 2006, in 205 entries of IRRI and 24 rice varieties in glasshouse screening tests. Entries NDR 3110, PTB 33 and CR 2069-16-1 were found immune against BPH, while KAUM MO 8 20 KR, CRAc 34997, KRH 2, HKR 01-44, IR 1218-598-1-281-1, R 1243-1224-578-1, IR 71033-62-15, REMYA (MO. 10), IR 55548-5, IR 57257-34-1-2-1, IR 59547-247-2-1, IR 59552-63-3-2-3 and one rice variety Manhar were rated as highly resistant. Under field evaluation test against BPH all the entries of different AICRIP and IRRI trials were found highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant due to low BPH incidence during both kharif 2005 and 2006, except cv Manhar, which was found moderately susceptible In field screening of different entries of AICRIP and IRRI against yellow stem borer, immune reaction was exhibited by 31 entries at vegetative stage and by 76 entries at reproductive stage. Under glasshouse conditions 17 entries of IRSBN-05 exhibited immune reaction against yellow stem borer. All the entries tested for resistance to leaf folder under field condition were found with less per cent leaf damage due to low incidence of leaf folder during both kharif 2005 and 2006. Growth and development of brown plant hopper nymphs and honey dew excretion by brown plant hopper adults was significantly low on different highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant entries as compared to susceptible TN 1. Longevity of both male and female adults of BPH on highly resistant, resistant and moderately resistant entries was significantly high than TN 1. F1 progenies of all the seven crosses of rice entries were at par in their resistance reaction against BPH with their resistant female parents under glass house conditions, while F1 progenies of REMYA (MO. 10) × Pusa Basmati 1 and IR 59552-63-2-3 × Pusa Basmati 1 were superior over other progenies in their resistance to brown plant hopper. Among different IPM modules evaluated at farmers field for the management of yellow stem borer, module IV devoid of any control measure due to low pest pressure gave high benefit cost ratio as compared to other modules during both kharif 2005 and 2006. Only Telenomus sp. was found to parasitize the yellow stem borer eggs at all the three locations viz. Pantnagar, Kashipur and Pratppur during both kharif 2005 and 2006. Maximum activities of Telenomus sp. was recorded in second week of September, while minimum was in third week of September.

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