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ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical and pharmacological profiling of different genotypes of fenugreek (Methi)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Belal, Babita; Viveka NandIn the present study seeds of fenugreek plant were collected from different altitudes of Kumaun region of Uttarakhand. 14 fenugreek genotypes collected were analysed for their total phenolic, flavonoid, ortho dihydroxy phenolic, ascorbic acid, carbohydrate content, antioxidant activity, antifungal activity, antidiabetic activity and elemental profile. Genotype PM-14 exhibited maximum DPPH scavenging activity (67.77 - 91.94%), PM-18 had the maximum FRAP value (35.45mg/100mg) while chelating activity was found maximum in PM-14 (87.86%), superoxide scavenging activity was maximum in PEB (65.85%) and total antioxidant activity for all the genotypes as ascorbic acid equivalent ranges from 0.15-0.22mg/100mg. Phenolic content ranged from 1.92-4.6mg/100mg, ortho dihydroxy phenols (0.34-0.59mg/100mg), flavonoid (1.08-3.06mg/100mg), ascorbic acid (0.80-1.41 mg/gm) in methanolic seed extract of all genotypes. Maximum ascorbic acid content was found in PM(C)-1 (1.41mg/gm) while minimum was in Hisar sonali (0.80 mg/gm). Highest total sugar were in PM-15 (9.15mg/100mg), maximum reducing sugar in PM-14 (1.21 mg/100mg) and non-reducing sugar in PM-15 (8.66 mg/100mg). Amount of tannic acid ranged from from 0.42-0.87mg/100mg and proenthrocynidines from 2.73-5.86mg/100mg. IC50 value for α-amylase and α- glucosidase enzyme inhibition assays in PM(C)-1(10.53) and PM 15(29.39) showed maximum inhibition. All samples showed a good antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii and Colletotricum gleostorides. Elemental analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy revealed that the iron content was maximum in all the fenugreek genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Nonisothermal kinetics and thermodynamics of solid-state decomposition of polyacrylamide/ferrite nanocomposites(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Arya, Meenakshi; Zaidi, M.G.H.The present research work deals with investigation of nonisothermal kinetics and thermodynamics of solid state decomposition of selected polyacrylamide derivatives and their polymer nanocomposites (PNCs).The PNCs investigated for this purpose were those containing ferrite nanoparticle (FNPs) with two different sizes (nm) viz; 10.5 and 21.5.Thermal characteristics of FNPs, homopolymers and respective PNCs was investigated through simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis-differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTA-DTG) in air. Data obtained from TGA were used to investigate kinetics of thermal decomposition process by applying Coats –Redfern (CR) and Horowitz Metzger (HM) methods. TG data reveals that the thermal stability of FNPs was regulated with size. In general, FNP-I with small size (10.50 nm) was more stable over FNP-II (21.15 nm). PNIPAM has shown highest thermal stability, followed by PDMAEMA and PAEMA. In general, HM methods have shown higher values of activation energy over CR method. Both the methods have provided a wide difference for Ea and A but identical results for entropy change and enthalpy change for most of the thermal degradation processes.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis and biological activity of hexahydropyrimidine and carbamate derivatives(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Hussain, Aman; Kasana, VirendraHexahydropyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized by the reaction of different 1,3dicarbonyl compounds, aniline derivatives and formaldehyde catalysed by Calcium chloride dehydrate under solvent free conditions at room temperature. calcium chloride dihydrade offers simple, efficient and economical method. The compounds synthesized were 5-acetyl-1,3-diphenylhexahydropyrimidine-5-ethyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3-bis(2-chlorophenyl)-hexahydropyrimidine-5-ethyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3bis(4-fluorophenyl)-hexahydropyrimidine-5-ethyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3-bis(2chlorophenyl)-hexahydropyrimidine-5-methyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3-bis (2,4-dimethylphenyl) hexahydropyrimidine-5-ethyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-hexahydropyrimidine-5ethyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3-diphenyl-hexahydropyrimidine-5-methyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3-bis(4fluorophenyl)-hexahydropyrimidine-5-methyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)hexahydropyrimidine-5-methyl ester, 5-acetyl-1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-hexahydropyrimidine-5methyl ester, 9,9-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3-diazaspiro (5.5) undecane-7,11-dione. All the compounds were formed in good to excellent yield. Carbamates have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted benzeldehyde, acetophenone derivatives, malononitrile and diethyl-carbonate using organocatalyst proline under solvent free conditions at 400C. The compounds synthesized were ethyl-N-(2,6 dicyano-3,5-diphenylphenyl) carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6- dicyano-3-(4fulorophenyl)-5 phenyl phenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6 dicyano-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl phenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6- dicyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-phenyl phenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6- dicyano-3-(dimethyl amino phenyl)-5- phenyl phenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6dicyano-3-(2-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl phenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6- dicyano-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5phenylphenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6dicyano-5-phenylphenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6-dicyano-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylphenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6- dicyano-3(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylphenyl] carbamate, ethyl-N-[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,6-dicyano-5phenylphenyl] carbamate. Most of the compounds were formed in good to excellent yield. The present work clearly establishes the efficacy of catalysts as an inexpensive, non-toxic, easily available and environmentally benign for the synthesis. All the compounds were tested for seed germination inhibition activity. Most of derivatives of hexahydropyrimidine were found to exhibit significantly lower activity than standard butachlor. While all the carbamate derivatives were found to exhibit very good seed germination inhibition activity. Two carbamate compounds ethylN-(2,6-dicyano-3,5-diphenylphenyl) carbamate, ethyl-N-[2,6-dicyano-3-(dimethylaminophenyl)-5phenylphenyl] were found to exhibit activity at par with standard butachlor. Thus synthesized carbamates may be explored for the development of potential herbicides.ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical analysis and biological activity determination of Zingiber roseum Rosc(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Arya, Sureshkumar Premram; Om PrakashZingiber roseum was collected from Padampuri, Uttarakhand in the month of September-October, 2015. The essential oil was isolated from fresh seeds by hydrodistillation using Clevenger’s type apparatus. Essential oil and all extracts were analysed by GC-MS for their phytochemical composition. Extracts of seeds, rhizome and perianth obtained in organic solvent of different polarity were for their antifungal activity against two phytopathogenic fungi viz; Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium accuminata, antioxidant assay by different methods viz; reducing power activity, chelating activity of Fe2+, DPPH radical scavenging activities. All the methanolic extracts were studied for their qualitative analysis of phenolics by HPLC and herbicidal activity on Raphanus sativus (radish). The dried and powdered seeds, rhizomes and perianth were studied for their mineral profiling with help of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The GC and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of β–cubene (13.4%), caryophyllene (12.6%) and neryl linalool isomer (24.06%) were identified as major compounds compounds in oil. However neryl linalool isomer, geranyl linalool isomer, β-citronellal, 9-octadecenoic acid, l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6dihexadecanoate, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dimethoxy-4h-chromen-4-one, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester were found major compounds in different extracts. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of ferullic acid, gallic acid and vanillic acid in different parts of plant. Extracts exhibited good to moderate antioxidant activity in dose dependent manner. Among all the extracts, Z. roseum perianth methanolic extract (ZRPME) possessed maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity; Z. roseum seed methanolic extract (ZRSME) showed maximum reducing power activity and maximum metal chelating activity was shown by Z. roseum perianth hexane extract (ZRPHE). Quantative analysis of total phenols, orthodihydric phenols and flavonoids ranged from (0.16±0.0 to 4.5±0.0 mg/g GAE), (0.01±0.0 to 4.4±0.0 mg/g CLE) and (11.5±0.0 to 78.2±0.01 mg/g CNE) in different extracts respectively. All extracts were found to be active against both fungi. All methanolic extracts inhibited the fungal mycelial growth of F. accuminata, while the extracts also possessed fungal growth promoting against R. solani. Z. roseum seed methanolic extract (ZRSME) was found most effective for inhibiting the growth of fungus. The extracts inhibited and promoted mycelial growth in respective fungi in dose dependent manner. The methanolic extract of Z. roseum were found to be active and inhibited the germination in the seeds of R. sativus (radish) and Z. roseum rhizome methanolic extract ZRRME showed more seed germinating activity than Z. roseum seed methanolic extract (ZRSME). Elemental analysis of various parts revealed the presence of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mg, Cd, Cr, N, P and K in varying quantities. Based on the above results it can be concluded that Zingiber roseum can be a good source of natural antioxidant, anti-fungal and herbicide after proper clinical trials besides its academic importance.ThesisItem Open Access Persistence of Imidacloprid insecticide in okra and its harvest time residue in paddy crop and soil of tarai region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-06) Dhiman, Megha; Srivastava, AnjanaThesisItem Open Access Square wave voltammetric detection of isoproturon at nanocomposite electrode(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-07) Bhatt, Priya; Zaidi, M.G.H.ThesisItem Open Access Chemo profiling of Achyranthes aspera(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Tamta, Garima; Viveka NandThesisItem Open Access Reinvestigation of chemical composition and antioxidant activities of three Nepeta species: Nepeta hindostana (Roth) Haines, Nepeta graciliflora Benth. and Nepeta cataria L.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Joshi, Monika; Pant, A.K.The essential oils of Nepeta hindosatana (Roth) Haines and Nepeta graciliflora Benth. and Nepeta cataria L. were analysed by combination of GC and GC-MS. The essential oils and methanolic extracts from different part of the plants were screened for their invitro antioxidant activity and biochemical assay by different methods viz. DPPH radical scavenging activity, chelating activity of Fe2+, reducing power activity and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. All the methanolic extracts were also subjected to quantitative analysis of total phenols, orthodihydric phenols and flavonoid contents. The major constituents identified in the essential oil of Nepeta cataria L. were cis- nepetalactone (69.78%), bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-undecanoic acid, methyl ester (14.06%), (cis-, trans)nepetalactone (10.39%), 1-methyl-1-(2-Methyl-1-Propenyl+Cyclopentane *0.84%+, Ι-pinene oxide*0.53%+, Ｉ.-pinene (0.44%) and dehydronepetalactone (0.74%), (E)-caryophyllene (0.57%). The major compounds identified in the essential oil of Nepeta hindostana *Roth+ Haines were Ι-farnesene (43.41%), (E)-caryophyllene *1;.50%+, Ｉ.-bergamotene *5.72%+, Ι-caryophyllene epoxide*4.;7%+, Ιbisabolene *3.30%+, Ｉ-bisabolene*3.00%+, nerolidol *2.66%+, Ι-sesquiphellandrene (2.43%)cis-limonene oxide (2.09%), cis-.Ｉ.-bisabolene (2.02%), trans-Ι-bergamotene (1.55%), and limonene dioxide (1.29%). The essential oil of Nepeta graciliflora showed the presence of sesquisabinene (28.75%), Caryophyllene oxide(10.19%), (Z,E)-Farnesol (9.45%), Ｉ-farnesene *6.43%+, Humulene epoxide *4.78%+, Ι-Bisbolene *3.6;%+, Heptadecanoic acid*2.56%+, Ｉ-humulene (2.43%), 8- Ｉ-11-elimodiol *2.17%+, Ιsesquiphellandrene(1.69%), Limonene oxide(1.24%), Trans- Ι-bergamotene (1.88%), tricosane (1.12%) and Ι-bisabonelol (1.11%) as major compounds. Besides these several minor constituent were also identified in the oils investigated. The extracts of Nepeta hindosatana (Roth) Haines and Nepeta graciliflora were quantitatively analysed for total phenols, flavonoids and othodihydric phenolic contents. Total phenols in NHR were 9.25±0.01 mg/gGAE, in NHA 3.66±0.01 mg/gGAE, NGR 5.33±0.01 mg/gGAE and NGA 3.00±0.01 mg/gGAE. The flavonoids and orthodihydroxy phenol contents were 15.41±0.06 mg/gCTE, 10.66±0.04 mg/gCTE,16.83±0.06 mg/gCTE, 12.48±0.04 mg/gCTE and 1.01±0.01 mg/gCLE, 1.83±0.01 mg/gCLE, 3.00±0.01 mg/gCLE and 4.16±0.01 mg/gCLE respectively. The contents were found in the order: NHR> NHA > NGR >NGA. The antioxidant activity of the extracts of Nepeta hindosatana (Roth) Haines and Nepeta graciliflora roots and aerial parts exhibited that Nepeta hindosatana (Roth) Haines rhizome extract exhibited highest antioxidant activity (DPPH activity, IC50= 94.94 µg/ml; Metal chelating IC50=118.62 µg/ml; reducing activity; 104.20µg/ml: NO radical activity, IC50-118.68 µg/ml). The order of activity was found in the order : NHR> NHA > NGA >NGR. In all the cases the activity observed were less than standard compounds BHT, catechin, EDTA and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant activities of essential oil of Nepeta cataria L., Nepeta hindosatana (Roth) Haines and Nepeta graciliflora Benth. in terms of DPPH, metal chelating and reducing power activity in terms of IC50 values were 5.89±0.00 µL/mL, 13.81±0.11 µL/mL and 8.63±0.02 µL/mL for Nepeta cataria L.; 14.72±0.02 µL/mL, 25.28±0.05 µL/mL and 9.80±0.09 µL/mL for Nepeta hindosatana (Roth) Haines and 10.18±0.07 µL/mL, 12.02±0.01 µL/mL, 9.58±0.01 µL/mL for Nepeta graciliflora Benth. in comparision to standards catechin (2.07±0.01 µL/mL), EDTA (5.56±0.07 µL/mL) and BHT (3.41±0.10 µL/mL). The difference in the chemical composition of essential oils studied might be attributed to the changes in soil condition and climatic factors which are otherwise reported in the literature.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative study of selected adsorbents (starch, silica gel, alumina, ferric oxide and charcoal powder) for adsorption of phosphate ions from aqueous solution using radio tracer-32p.(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Lingwal, Vaibhavee; Surendra Kumar