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Open Access
Primary productivity in relation to physico-chemical factors in fish ponds
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Rathor, Prerna; Sharma, A.P.
The present study was designed to evaluate the physico-chemical factors and their effect on primary productivity in fish ponds. The experiment was conducted in three ponds viz. duckhouse pond and broodstock pond and nursery pond; having area of 0.1 ha, 0.2 ha and 0.05 ha, respectively which were situated at coordinates 28o58’N, 79o25’ E and at an altitude of 252 m above mean sea level, in Uttarakhand. Three sites in all the three experimental ponds viz. duckhouse pond (S1, S2 and S3), broodstock pond (S1', S2' and S3') and nursery pond (S1'', S2'' and S3'') were randomly selected and sampling was done fortnightly for the duration of six months i.e. from December-18 to May-19. In physical parameters water temperature, water transparency, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were found in the range of 15.9 to 32.5 oC, 28.0 to 54.8 cm, 201.0 to 587.0 μScm-1, and 138.5 to 424.5 mgL-1, respectively. In chemical parameters pH, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, nitratenitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus, ammonia-nitrogen and silicate were recorded in the range of 7.6 to 8.4, 114.3 to 177.3 mgL-1, 4.9 to 8.5 mgL-1, 0 to 2 mgL-1, 0.32 to 0.51 mgL-1, 0.018 to 0.057 mgL-1, 0.09 to 0.35 mgL-1 and 2.56 to 5.09 mgL-1, respectively. The mean values of GPP, NPP and CR in experimental ponds were in the range of 2701.44 to 9506.88 mgCm-3d-1, 1287.36 to 4042.56 mgCm-3d-1 and 972.00 to 7874.88 mgCm-3d-1, respectively. The net production efficiency and chlorophyll a concentration in the study ponds was recorded in the range of 10.3 to 31.7% and 1.12 to 9.12 mgm-3, respectively. Phytoplankton composition of the experimental ponds consisted a total number of 24 different taxa belonging to 4 different classes namely Bacillariophyceae (12), Chlorophyceae (6), Cyanophyceae (4) and Euglenophyceae (2). The phytoplankton density ranged from 19350 to 69170 cellsL-1. Group wise distribution of phytoplankton density revealed that Bacillariophyceae was most dominant group in the experimental ponds. The maximum diversity was found in the month of May followed by April and December.
Open Access
Study on the mycofiltration of water and its application in fish culture
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Chandra, Deepshikha; Mishra, Ashutosh
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of mycofiltration in fish culture. The experiment consists of seven treatments in triplicates as per water filtration rate viz T0(control treatment), T1 (8000 litre/day water filtration through mushroom spent bags), T1´(8000 litre/day water filtration through RAS), T2 (4000 litre/day water filtration through mushroom spent bags), T2´(4000 litre/day water filtration through RAS), T3 (2000 litre/day water filtration through mushroom spent bags) and T3´(2000 litre/day water filtration through RAS). Healthy and disease free fingerlings, of three fish species viz. Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus and Labeo rohita weighing with average weight 10±0.5 gm, 10±0.3 gm, 20±0.5 gm were stocked at the rate of 100 fingerlings/tank (25 fingerlings/m3) in the ratio of 35:35:30, respectively in the treatment tanks. The fingerlings were fed with 28% protein dry pelleted feed @ 3-5 % body weight. Evaluation of different physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals and microbial load was done in all the treatment tanks. Weekly analysis of water quality parameters viz temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH, total alkalinity, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate was done to observe their variation in different treatment groups.During the experiment different range of physico-chemical parameters was obtained in all the experimental tanks viz Temperature (15.2-28.7°C), conductivity (312-594.75μS cm-1), total dissolved solids (156-391.75 mgL-1 ), dissolved oxygen (3.5-7.17 mgL-1), free carbon dioxide (1-5.4 mgL-1), pH (6.7-8.2), total alkalinity (66.5-259 mgL-1), ammonia (0.012-0.24 mgL-1), nitrate (0.1-5.2 mgL-1) and phosphate (0.01-0.62 mgL-1). The net weight gained during the investigation period by experimental fishes Labeo rohita, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, in the treatment groups was 116.59-133.13g, 103.42-123.28g, 51.37-59.36g respectively. Evaluation of heavy metals and microbial load done during the study period resulted in decrease in the concentration of heavy metals and microbial load at the end of the experiment. The above research revealed that mycofiltration technique is useful for the growth of fishes in the polluted water bodies with heavy metals and microbial load. This technique makes the suitable condition of the hydrographical parameters and does not cause stress in the environment for the fishes. It is an integrated technique with mushroom cum fish culture and is easy to be handled and very cost effective.
Open Access
Effect of Thymus linearis plant extract on growth and non-specific immune responses of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) against oomycetes Saprolegnia parasitica
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Shah, Tarang Kumar; Avdhesh Kumar
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of wild ajwain (Thymus linearis) on growth performance, haemato-biochemical analysis, and non-specific immune responses of golden Mahseer (Tor putitora) against Saprolegnia parasitica. From the results of GC-MS and FT-IT analysis of phytochemicals it was recorded that carvacrol, phytol, caryophyllene, tetradecanoic acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid, etc. were present in Thymus linearis leaf extract. Antifungal activity of Thymus linearis leaf extract was recorded against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia australis. Toxicity level of Wild ajwain on golden mahseer was recorded in 8.79 mg/kg incorporated diet by median lethal dose (LD50) method. The wild ajwain leaf extract was incorporated at three concentrations (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9mg/kg basal diet) in feed for growth and immunity analysis. The first experiment for growth analysis was conducted for 60 days. Golden mahseer fed with Thymus linearis incorporated diets results indicated a significant increase in growth performance (weight and length gain, SGR, FCR, AGR) as compared to the control. Second experiment for haematology, biochemical and non-specific immunity was conducted. At the end of 45 days feeding period, the fish were exposed to the oomycetes S. parasitica for 14 days. Feeding the fish with 0.3 mg/kg (T1) of dietary Thymus linearis leaf extract resulted in better haematology indices (red and white blood cell counts, and PCV and haemoglobin), biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, and globulin), and non-specific immunity indices (NBT, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and Antiprotease activity) in comparison with the other treatments and control. A significant reduction in mortality was observed in the treated fish. The lowest mortality was recorded in 0.3 mg/kg (T1) of Thymus linearis plant extract compared to the control following challenging with S. parasitica. The use of Thymus linearis plant extract, particularly at a level of 0.3 mg/kg (T1), in golden mahseer diet was observed to improve growth and immunity parameters as well as boost up fish resistance against S. parasitica contamination. Third experiment for identification of Saprolegnia strain in golden mahseer eggs was conducted. Morphological, Molecular characterization, SEM, and Histopathologically identification confirmed that isolated oomycete belongs to the member of S. parasitica and S. australis, that were studied first time in Uttarakhand.
Open Access
Assessment of periphyton diversity in a moist sub-tropical reservoir of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Bisht, Vivek Singh; Trakroo, Malobica Das
The present study was conducted to assess the periphyton density of Baur reservoir of Uttarakhand. Baur reservoir is located in the Gadarpur and Bajpur developmental blocks of Udham Singh Nagar in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand. The study deals with the estimation of limnological parameters of the reservoir and qualitative and quantitative analysis of periphyton community. Biodiversity of the periphytic community has been estimated using several biodiversity indices. For the study, three sampling sites S1(Dam barrage), S2(Sluice), and S3(Cove) were selected which were at a distance of about 3km from each other. Samples were collected fortnightly to evaluate the water quality and periphyton community for a period of 7 months from October, 2018 to April, 2019. The range of physical parameters i.e. water temperature, transparency, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids during the study period was 19.03±0.31 to 30.00±0.20 °C, 123.33±3.51 to 134.33±8.14 cm, 301.33±1.53 to 321.67±4.15 μS/cm and 198.67±1.53 to 228.67±1.53 mgL-1 respectively. During the research period chemical parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, total alkalinity, NO3-N and PO4-P levels were found to be in the range of 7.33±0.12 to 7.90±0.17 mgL-1, 4.77±0.21 to 6.37±0.12 mgL-1, 0 ± 0.00 to 4.33±1.15 mgL-1, 174.67±11.72 to 224.67±5.03 mgL-1, 0.22±0.03 to 0.40±0.02 mgL-1 and 0.03±0.01 to 0.07±0.00 mgL-1 respectively. The species composition of periphytic community of Baur reservoir consists of a total number of 34 periphytic taxa belonging to different groups namely Bacillariophyceae (15), Chlorophyceae (13), Cyanophyceae (2), Xanthophyceae (1), Euglenophyceae (1) and other groups including Protozoa (1) and Rotifera (1). The periphyton density ranged from 42333.33 to 55333.31 individuals/cm2. Group wise distribution of periphyton density revealed that Bacillariophyceae was dominant group followed by Chlorophyceae. Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Protozoa and Rotifera were recorded seasonally. Maximum diversity of periphyton in Baur reservoir was found during the month of April. The details of above findings of the investigation are presented in different chapters of the thesis.
Open Access
Ecological study of Periphyton in lake Naukuchiatal
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Semwal, Anurag; Tewari, Hema
The present study was done in an artificially aerated Lake Naukuchiatal to examine periphyton community structure and periphyton diversity along with various physico-chemical parameters of the lake. Three sampling sites named as S1 (near pump house), S2 (near parichay hotel) and S3 (near boat stand) were selected for the study. Samples were collected fortnightly to evaluate the water quality and periphyton community for a period of 8 months from September, 2018 to April, 2019. The range of physical properties i.e. water temperature, transparency, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids during the study period was 17.96 ± 0.07 to 23.20 ± 0.00 °C, 170.66 ± 2.02 to 256.50 ± 3.50 cm, 196.80 ± 0.68 to 232.90 ± 1.81 μS/cm and 82.62 ± 0.42 to 117.30 ± 1.04 mgL-1 respectively. During research period chemical parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, total alkalinity, nitrate and phosphate levels were found to be in the range of 7.35 ± 1.09 to 8.99 ± 0.01, 7.41 ± 0.02 to 10.40 ± 0.06 mgL-1, 0 ± 0.00 to 2.93 ± 0.02 mgL-1, 83.83 ± 2.50 to 107.68 ± 1.11 mgL-1, 0.19 ± 0.00 to 0.23 ± 0.00 mgL-1 and 0.07 ± 0.00 to 0.24 ± 0.14 mgL-1 respectively. The floristic composition of Lake Naukuchiatal consists of total number of 44 different Periphytic taxa belonging to classes namely Bacillariophyceae (19), Chlorophyceae (16), Cyanophyceae (4), Xanthophyceae (1), Protozoans (1) and Rotifers (3). The periphyton community density ranges from 3000 to 45000 individual/cm2 from top (1 meter) to bottom (10 meter). Group wise distribution of Periphyton diversity revealed that Bacillariophyceae was dominant group followed by Chlorophyceae. Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Protozoans and Rotifers were recorded seasonally. It was observed that maximum diversity in the lake was found during the month of April followed by September and October.
Open Access
Effect of herbal based micronutrients premix supplemented diet on growth and survival of post larvae of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Tiwari, Abhishek; Khati, Akansha
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbal based micronutrients premix on growth and survival of post larvae of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur Carp) and to assess the impact of micronutrients premix on physiochemical properties of water. The experiment consisted of four treatments (T1 to T4) in triplicate. Fifty post larvae of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus of uniform size (1.75 ± 0.01cm length, 0.175g±0.005 weight) were stocked in 12 Aquariums (1.2 0.3 0.3). Three isonitrogenous diets containing 28 ± 0.5 crude protein were prepared using deoiled rice polish (50%) and deoiled groundnut cake (50%). The post larvae of treatment T1 were fed with diet D1 (no supplementation). The post larvae in treatment T2 and T3 were fed with diet D2 (1% premix supplemented) and D3 (2% premix supplemented) respectively. Post larvae of treatment T4 were fed with diet D1 and D3 on alternative days (i.e. 2% premix supplemented on alternative days). The larvae were fed @ 16% body weight divided into 3 equal portions. The water quality parameters were observed daily. The survival percentage of post larvae in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were recorded as 80, 94, 98 and 91.32% respectively. Rearing of post larvae with diet D3 (2% premix) achieved significantly enhanced SGR (1.45), FCR (2.64) and FCE (0.38). The above research revealed that herbal based micronutrients premix has very good growth promoting potential in raising post larvae of carp and its supplementation has no adverse impact on the water quality parameters as well as on fish feeding behavior. Based on the study it is recommended that herbal based micronutrients premix be incorporated @2% daily in fish feed for enhancing growth and survival of post larvae of carp fishes up to fry stage.
Open Access
Effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) incorporated diets on some reproductive and haematological aspects of female broodstock of Labeo rohita
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Asma Amin; Chauhan, R.S.
The present study was carried from April to August 2018 to evaluate the effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagadha) on the female brooders of Indian major carps (Labeo rohita). A total of 120 Labeo rohita female brooder fishes with average weight 830.455± 0.18g were dispersed randomly into four treatment groups T0 (control), T1, T2 and T3 @ 30 females/treatment. Experimental diets were prepared by mixing rice bran, deoiled mustard oil cake, deoiled soybean cake, maize and vitamin mineral mixture. The ashwagandha was incorporated into diet D1 @ 1.0%, D2 @ 1.5%, D3 @ 2.0%. In control diet D0, ashwagandha was not incorporated. T1 group fishes were fed with D1 diet, T2 with D2, T3 with D3 @ 3% body weight per day for 120 days. The water quality parameters were in optimum conditions and ashwagandha showed no detrimental effect on quality of the. Brooders fed with diet D3 achieved better GSI (22.41%), fecundity/gm ovary weight (1753.33) and ova diameter (0.77mm) as compared to other treatments. T3 group of fishes showed higher value of TLC (15.85×103/μl), TEC (1.67×106/μl), Hb concentration (7.84 g%), PCV (23.03%), MCV (137.64μm3), MCH (46.90pg), and MCHC (34.70g/dl), Total serum proteins (3.01 g/dl), Albumin(1.073 g/dl) and Globulin (2.04 g/dl) as compared to control and other treatments, thus showing better haematological and serological profile in treated fishes over control. HSI showed negative inverse relationship with the GSI and was recorded highest in all the control groups. Thus the obtained results indicated that the root powder of ashwagandha has prime importance in improving reproductive performance and immunostimulatory potential in Labeo rohita.
Open Access
Evaluation of dietary utilization of different phytobiotics along with vitamin C and chitosan on growth and immune response in Cyprinus carpio haematopterus
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Nazir, Iqra; Chauhan, R.S.
The present study was carried out to evaluate growth promoting, antimicrobial and immunostimulatory effect of Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera, vitamin C and chitosan on the fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus. The fingerlings weighing 30.0 ± 2 g were distributed randomly into four treatment groups T0, T1, T2 and T3 of 25 fishes each in triplicate. Four isoproteinous experimental diets were prepared by mixing rice bran, deoiled mustard oil cake, deoiled soybean cake and vitamin-mineral mixture. The phytobiotics, Vitamin C and Chitosan were incorporated into diet. Diet D1 contained control feed + 2.5 g of garlic + 2.5 g of giloy+ 2.5 g of turmeric +2.5 g of ashwagandha per kg feed. The diet D2 had control feed + (2.5 g of each plant) + 25 mg Vitamin C per kg feed. The diet D3 contained control feed + (2.5 g of each plant) + 2.5 g Chitosan per kg feed. T0 group fishes were fed with D0 diet, T1 with D1, T2 with D2 and T3 with D3 @ 5% body weight per day for 122 days. The antibacterial activity of the crude extracts of garlic, giloy, ashwagandha and turmeric against the Aeromonas hydrophila was assessed by the presence and absence of inhibition zones. Fingerlings fed with diet D3 achieved higher net weight gain (17.49 ± 0.2461 g), specific growth rate (0.197 ± 0.018 %), gross conversion efficiency (0.7478 ± 0.0019) and better feed conversion ratio (1.337 ± 0.0057) as compared to other treatments. In the current study, the haematological parameters (TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV etc.) varied significantly (P< 0.05) between the 0th day, pre challenged and post challenged group. The total serum protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, ALT, lysozyme activity and NBT assay resulted in a significant (P< 0.05) increment between the pre challenged and the post challenged groups in all the treatment groups fed with the experimental diet. The water quality parameters like water temperature, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH and total alkalinity were within the tolerance range of the experimental fish. The results indicate that the experimented phytobiotics along with vitamin C and chitosan have very good growth promoting and immunostimulatory effect and does not have any adverse effect on health of Cyprinus carpio haematopterus in culture system.
Open Access
Effect of thermal regimes on growth and immuno-biochemical responses of golden mahseer (Tor putitora)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Rathod, Vishalbhai Jodhabhai; Rajesh
The present study was carried out to elucidate the effect of different thermal regimes on growth and immuno-biochemical responses of golden mahseer (Tor putitora) fingerlings. Initially, around 200 golden mahseer fingerlings were collected and acclimatized at 20 °C for 10 days. Then 144 healthy fingerlings (9.0 ± 0.23 cm length and 8.36 ± 0.45 g weight) were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (Ambient temperature; ABT-control, ABT+3 C̊ , ABT+ 6 C̊ , ABT+ 9 ̊C) in triplicate rectangular FRP tanks. Fishes were fed with formulated pelleted feed twice daily (10.00 am and 5.00 pm) @ 2 % body weight. Growth and water quality parameters (temperature, pH, DO, free CO2, alkalinity) were analysed during the study period. At the end of the experiment, immunological parameters (i.e. glucose, haemoglobin and haemetocrit, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase) and stress biomarkers (i.e. growth hormone, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative potential, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione s-transferase) were analysed. All the water quality parameters were suitable for golden mahseer fingerlings. Result showed significantly higher growth, specific growth rate and growth hormone levels observed at ABT+ 6 ̊C group compared to other group. Lower FCR was obtained at temperature 19.52 ± 0.71 °C. Hepato-somatic index was found maximum at ABT while viscera-somatic index was maximum in ABT+ 3 C̊ group. Result on length-weight relationship was shown allometric growth in golden mahseer fingerlings. Haemoglobin and haemetocrit values significantly decreased with increase in temperature. Myeloperoxidase activity was found higher upto temperature ABT+ 3 C̊ and its activity decreased in ABT+ 6 C̊ and ABT+ 9 C̊ groups. Highest lysozyme activity and TBARS levels were evident in ABT+3 C̊ group. Anti-oxidant potential was found highest at ABT group and decreased gradually with increase in temperature. The response of anti-oxidative enzymes was tissue specific and significantly different at different thermal regimes. Present study reveals different phenotypic and immuno-biochemical modulations of golden mahseer fingerlings in response to different temperature regimes which can be used for its better management and propagation.

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