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Open Access
Effect of dietary supplementation of nano-chromium and phytase enzyme on performance of chicken
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2021-08) Renu Kumari; Ashoka Kumar
Present study was carried out to perceive the effects of dietary supplementation of nano-chromium and phytase enzyme on performance of chicken. In experiment-I, 240, day-old broiler chicken were procured and randomly allocated into eight different treatment groups with three replicates in each. The control group (T0) was fed with standard basal diet as per BIS (2007). Treatment groups T1, T2 and T3 were fed with 400, 800 and 1600ppb levels of nano-chromium, respectively, wherein, T4 and T5, T6 and T7 groups were supplemented with 250FTU phytase alone (T4) and along with 400, 800 and 1600ppb of nano-chromium, respectively for a period of six weeks. In trial-II, 180, twenty eight weeks old layer chickens were selected and randomly distributed in to ten treatment groups with 3 replicates in each. The control group (T0) was fed with standard basal diet wherein, groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 were fed with 200, 400, 800 and 1600ppb levels of nano-chromium, respectively, while, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 groups were fed with 250FTU phytase alone and along with 200, 400, 800 and 1600ppb of nano-chromium, respectively for a period of 12 weeks. Best performance in terms of body weight, weight gain and feed intake in broiler chicken was observed in 800ppb nano-chromium along with 250FTU phytase added group. Similarly, supplementation of nano-Cr alone or along with phytase, significantly (P≤0.05) increased nutrient utilization, thymus weight, protein content in meat, Hb, serum TP, globulin, Ca and P concentration, lymphocyte proportion, HDL concentration, SOD and GSH-Px concentration, Cr and Zn concentration in serum and meat while significant (P≤0.05) reduction in abdominal fat percentage in broiler chicken, EE content and TC concentration in breast and thigh muscles, heterophil and H/L ratio, serum biochemical indices viz., glucose, AST and serum lipid profile, MDA level in meat muscles was observed.Immune status, SOD and GSH-Px levels in tissues were significantly (P≤0.05) increased while serum LPO level was significantly declined (P≤0.05) in T2 and T3 groups due to nano-Cr inclusion to broiler chicken diets. The economics of broiler chicken production in terms of net profit/ kg BW was significantly (P≤0.05) improved in T1 (400ppb nano-Cr) group. With increased levels of nano-Cr in diet, feed cost was significantly increased. The highest egg production and feed intake were recorded in 1600ppb nanao-Cr supplemented with 250FTU phytase group of layer chicken. Feed conversion ratio per dozen and per kg eggs, haugh unit, nutrient retention, egg protein, haematological parameters i.e. Hb, MCH and lymphocyte proportion, TP, globulin, HDL level, SOD concentration and Zn content in egg shell were significantly (P≤0.05) improved while EE and TC content in egg, heterophil, H/L ratio, serum glucose, lipid profile and serum LPO level in layer chicken were significantly (P≤0.05) reduced by inclusion of nano-Cr alone or along with phytase. Chromium contents in egg shell and GSH-Px level were significantly (P≤0.05) increased due to nano-Cr inclusion in feed. Lowest feed cost/egg produced was recorded with inclusion of 800ppb nano-Cr while increased (P≤0.05) feed cost/egg with increasing levels of nano-Cr with 250FTU phytase. Hence, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of nano-Cr at the rate of 1600ppb in diet of broiler and layer chicken may be recommended as it improved production performance, nutrient utilization, immune status, mineral contents in serum, meat, egg and lowered fat and lipid profile in serum, meat and eggs which may have an implication for producing designer meat and eggs in broiler and layer chicken.
Open Access
Effect of supplementation of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) leaf powder in diet containing Phytase enzyme on performance of commercial laying hens
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Manveen Kaur; Ripusudan Kumar
A feeding trial was conducted to discern the effect of dietary incorporation of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) leaf powder on growth performance, nutrient utilization, egg quality, haematobiochemical parameters and economics of egg production of White Leghorn laying hens. A total of 72, twenty-eight weeks old laying hens were divided randomly into four treatment groups with 18 hens per treatment having three replicates of 6 birds each. Four treatment groups were, control (T1): basal diet; Treatment (T2):incorporation of 0.3% eucalyptus leaf powder in basal diet containing phytase; Treatment (T3): incorporation of 0.45 % eucalyptus leaf powder in basal diet containing phytase: Treatment (T4): incorporation of 0.60 % eucalyptus leaf powder in basal diet containing phytase. The laying hens' performance was assessed by recording fortnightly average body weight, weekly average feed intake, daily egg output, weekly egg weight, feed conversion ratio, and feed cost of eggs produced by laying chickens. The feeding trial lasted for 12 weeks .A metabolism trial was undertaken for a period of 7 days on two hens randomly selected from each replicate to investigate nutritional utilization. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were taken for haematobiochemical analysis. Results showed significant (P<0.05) increase on egg production in the treatment group T2compared to control (T1), T3 and T4 groups in laying hens. There was no significant effect on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio among various treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in nutrient utilisation in terms of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and organic matter among treatment groups. The egg shell quality parameters in terms of shape index, shell weight, shell weight percentage did not differ significantly among treatment groups. However, an improvement was observed in all treatment groups in shell thickness when the diet was incorporated with eucalyptus leaf powder. The egg albumen and yolk traits showed no statistical differences among different treatment groups on adding eucalyptus leaf powder in diet containing phytase. The haematological values i.e. haemoglobin, total erythrocyte (TEC) and total leucocyte count (TLC) in the blood showed significant improvement in T3 and T4as compared to control and T2 treatment group but no statistical differences were noted in packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. There was no significant differences in total protein, albumin, globulin ,calcium ,phosphorus as well as serum ALT and AST activities among the treatment groups. But there was considerable decrease in level of serum cholesterol and triglycerides with increasing level of eucalyptus leaf powder in basal diet containing phytase. Similarly, glucose concentration differed significantly among treatment groups and noted lowest in group fed 0.45 percent eucalyptus leaf powder in basal diet as compared to other treatment group. From the present study ,it is concluded that adding eucalyptus leaf powder in diet can reduce serum cholesterol ,triglycerides and glucose and increase the haemoglobin content, red blood cell count as well as white blood cell count. Hence, incorporation of 0.3 % eucalyptus leaf powder in diet containing phytase ameliorate egg production and is cost effective for improving production performance in White Leghorn laying hens.
Open Access
Effect of replacing rice polish with mulberry (Morus alba) leaf powder in diet containing phytase enzyme on performance of commercial laying hens
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Siddiqui, Rukkiya; Mondal, B.C.
The present study was carried out to discern the effect of replacing rice polish with mulberry (Morus alba) leaf powder in diet containing phytase enzyme on growth, nutrient utilization, haemato- biochemical parameters, egg quality parameters and economics of egg production of commercial laying hens. A feeding trial of 12 weeks duration was conducted on seventy- two, 28 week old White Leghorn laying chickens. Hens were randomly distributed into four treatment groups with 18 birds per treatment having three replicates of 6 birds each. Hens of T1 (control) group were fed with basal diet containing rice polish as one of the feed ingredient, whereas in treatment groups T2, T3 and T4 , rice polish was replaced with mulberry leaf powder at 1/3rd, 2/3rd and complete levels, respectively. Fixed level of phytase enzyme was included in all four treatment groups at 250 FTU. Results showed that overall cumulative performance of the laying hens of different treatment groups during the 12 weeks of experimental feeding period in terms of feed intake, weight gain, egg production and FCR was not significantly (P>0.05) affected due to feeding of diet containing phytase enzyme and incorporated with mulberry (Morus alba) leaf powder by replacing rice polish, except at 3rd, 6th, 8th and 12th weeks during which average feed intake among the various treatment groups differed significantly (P0.05) among different dietary treatments. However, the egg yolk cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in T3 and T4 group while, the yolk triglycerides of the treatment groups T2, T3 and T4 group were also significantly (P ˂0.05) lower as compared to T1 (control) group. Yolk colour was significantly (P ˂0.05) improved in T4 group incorporated with 4.5% of mulberry leaf powder in place of rice polish. However, yolk weight, yolk weight percentage and yolk index were statistically similar in all the groups. The haematological parameters were also not affected by feeding of mulberry leaf powder in place of rice polish. Serum glucose content was found to be significantly reduced in T4 group. Serum cholesterol content was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in treatment group T3 and T4 group while serum triglyceride content was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 group. Other serum biochemical constituents viz., total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, SGPT and SGOT did not differed among dietary treatments. Cost per kg feed in all the groups incorporated with mulberry leaf powder in place of rice polish were lower than the control group, with lowest value in T4 group. Further, total feed cost was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in treatment group T4 followed by T3 when compared to the control group T1. From the present study, it is concluded that incorporation of mulberry leaf powder by replacing rice polish in diet containing phytase enzyme did not affect performance, nutrient utilization, egg quality and haematological parameters of laying hens. Furthermore, its incorporation is cost effective and has some additional benefits on the egg quality traits in terms of reduction in yolk cholesterol and triglyceride content as well as improvement of yolk colour pigmentation which might help in increasing the demand for such eggs by the consumers, hence rice polish (upto the level of 4.5% in diet containing phytase) could be completely replaced with mulberry leaf powder in laying chicken feed without imposing any negative effect on performance.
Open Access
Effect of feeding mustard seed and mango leaf powder on production performance, egg quality and haemato-biochemical parameters in commercial layers
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Uniyal, Diksha; Rahal, Anshu
Mango and mustard seeds have been consumed worldwide as food and medicine since ancient times. An experiment was conducted on 120 white leghorn layers (18 weeks old) to discern the effect of feeding mustard seed powder and mango leaf powder on production performance, egg quality and haemato-biochemical parameters. 120 birds were divided randomly into 4 groups. Each group consisted of 30 birds and each group was further subdivided into 3 replicates of 10 birds each. A 90 days feeding trial was conducted in a completely randomised block design. The experimental birds were randomly divided into four treatment group’s viz T1(control): basal diet; T2: basal diet supplemented with 0.5% mango leaf powder; T3: Basal diet supplemented with 0.5% mustard seed powder, T4: Basal diet supplemented with combination of mango leaf powder (0.25%) + mustard seed powder (0.25%). Production performance was conducted in three different phases viz., Phase I (20-24 weeks), Phase II (25-28 weeks) Phase III (29-32 weeks). At the end of feeding trial, a metabolic trial was conducted to know the nutrient utilization. Highly significant difference (P≤0.01) was observed in FCR (Phase I and overall), overall average body weight, dry matter utilization, egg weight, egg NFE, egg glucosinolate, serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL while significant difference (P≤0.05) was observed in feed crude protein, ether extract, NFE, glucosinolate, egg production(all phases), feed intake(all phases), FCR (Phase II and Phase III), crude protein utilization and organic matter utilization, egg shape index, egg shell thickness, albumen weight, egg ether extract, egg Ca and P, egg triglyceride, serum SGOT and serum SOD. It may be concluded that mango leaf powder and/or mustard seed powder does not improve production performance in commercial layers although mango leaf powder is beneficial for improving the serum biochemical parameters.
Open Access
Effect of supplementation of soybean oil and guava (Psidium guajava) leaf powder on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits and haemato-biochemical parameters in broiler chickens
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-09) Sati, Anju; Mondal, B.C.
A feeding trial was conducted to discern the effect of dietary incorporation of soybean oil and guava (Psidium guajava) leaf powder on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits, haemato-biochemical parameters, sensory evaluation of meat and economics of broiler chickens production. A total of 120, day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into 4 treatment groups with 3 replicates each i.e. 10 broiler chicks per replicate. Chicks of treatment T1 (control) were fed basal diet (starter and finisher), whereas in treatment groups T2, T3 and T4, the basal diet was incorporated with 1% guava leaf powder, 3 percent soybean oil and combination of 1% guava leaf powder and 3% soybean oil, respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 42 days viz., 0-21 days (starter phase) and 21-42 days (finisher phase). A metabolism trial was conducted during the 6th week of feeding trial. On the 42nd day of the feeding trial six birds from each treatment were slaughtered and samples of breast and thigh muscle were collected for sensory and proximate analysis. Blood samples were also collected on the same day for haematobiochemical parameters from 24 birds comprising 6 birds per treatment. During the starter phase (0-21 days), significantly higher weight gain was recorded in broiler chicks of treatment group T2, T3 and T4 fed guava leaf powder and/or soybean oil than T1. Similarly in finisher phase (21-42 days) significant increase (P≤0.05) weight gain was recorded in broiler chickens of treatment group T4 followed by treatment groups T2, T3 and T1. The average cumulative weight gain in finisher phase was 1259.33g, 1278.34g, 1261.62g, 1296.25g in broiler chicks of treatment group T1, T2, T3, T4, respectively. In the whole experimental period (0-42 days), supplementation of soybean oil and guava leaf powder improved broiler chicken performance in terms of body weight gain and performance index. Final body weight was maximum in the T4 (1825.65 g) followed by T2 (1801.70 g), T3 (1780.82 g) and T1 (1760.30 g). Incorporation of soybean oil and guava leaf powder did not affect nutrient utilization in terms of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract and crude protein content. The various carcass traits in broiler chickens were not affected due to dietary supplementation of soybean oil and guava leaf powder. There was significant decrease in ether extract content of breast and thigh muscles whereas crude protein and ash content of breast and thigh muscle did not differ significantly on supplementation of soybean oil and guava leaf powder. Treatment group fed 1% guava leaf powder and 3% soybean oil as well as group fed diet with 1% guava leaf powder significantly increase (P≤0.05) the haemoglobin concentration and hematological parameters viz., packed cell volume and total erythrocyte counts over the control group. There was significant reduction in serum cholesterol in the group fed 1% guava leaf powder (T2) as compare to other treatment group. Triglycerides content reduced in the T2 and T4 group. There was significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the blood glucose in the T4 group followed by T2 group. SGOT and SGPT enzymes significantly decreased (P≤0.05) in the T2 and T4 groups which were supplied with 1% guava leaf powder and combination of 1% guava leaf powder and 3% soybean oil, respectively. Total protein and globulin significantly increased (P≤0.05) in the T2 and T4 groups in comparison with T3 group and control group (T1). Sensory evaluation attributes were not significant among the different treatment groups. From the feeding trial, it was observed that T3 and T4 treatment groups did not prove to be economic growth promoters as the total feed cost and feed cost per kg weight gain of the control (T1) and T2 (fed diet with 1% guava leaf powder plus basal diet) was significantly lower than T3 and T4 groups. It can be concluded that guava leaf powder supplementation in the basal diet reduce serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and liver enzymes such as SGOT and SGPT whereas it increases serum total protein, globulin content as well as growth rate but addition of soybean oil alone or with guava leaf powder in the broiler chicken diet was not economical in terms of production performance.
Open Access
Effect of dietary supplementation of feed additive mixture in combination with linseed oil on performance of white leghorn laying chickens
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Ghosh, Tanay; Anil Kumar
The study was carried out to discern the effects of dietary incorporation of feed additive mixture of black cumin (Nigella sativa), garlic (Allium sativum), and turmeric (Curcuma longa) in combination with linseed oil on production performance, nutrient utilization and certain haematobiochemical parameters in White Leghorn laying hens. A feeding trial of 12 weeks duration was conducted on 28 week old 120 White Leghorn laying chickens. Hens were randomly distributed into four treatment groups with 30 hens per treatment having three replicates in each. Four treatments includes control (T1): basal diet; Treatment 2 (T2): incorporation of 1% herbal feed additives (black cumin, garlic and turmeric powder; 1:1:1 ratio) and 1.5% linseed oil in basal diet; Treatment 3 (T3): incorporation of 1% herbal feed additives (as in T2) and 2% linseed oil in basal diet and Treatment 4 (T4): incorporation of 1% herbal feed additives (as in T2) and 2.5% linseed oil in basal diet. Results showed significant (P<0.05) increase on egg production (71.53%), feed intake (113.32 g) and egg weight (57.64 g) in the treatment group T2 compared to T3 and T4 groups in laying chickens. There was no significant effect on feed conversion ratio and body weight gain among treatment groups. Significantly (P<0.05) higher crude protein utilization was observed in T2 (87.74%) and T3 (86.65%) groups compared to control group. Crude fat utilization was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 (90.59%), T3 (91.12%) and T4 (90.77%) groups compared to control T1 (86.92%) group. The egg shell quality parameters in terms of shape index, shell weight, shell weight percentage and shell thickness of eggs did not differ significantly among treatment groups. Significantly (P<0.05) higher albumen height was observed in T2 (7.07 mm), T3 (7.19 mm) and T4 (7.26 mm) groups compared to T1 (6.54 mm) group. Significantly higher albumen weight was observed in T2 and T3 groups compared to control T1 group. Similarly, significantly higher haugh unit was observed in T3 and T4 groups compared to control T1 group. The egg yolk cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly improved in hens fed diet supplemented with black cumin, garlic and turmeric powder in combination with different levels of linseed oil as compared to control group. The haematological values viz., haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte counts (TEC) and total leucocytes counts (TLC) in the blood showed no significant difference among the treatment groups. The serum biochemical constituents viz., total protein, albumen, calcium, phosphorus did not differed among dietary treatments. However, glucose and globulin concentration differed significantly among treatment groups in laying hens. The serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentration were significantly decreased in the hens fed diets supplemented with black cumin, garlic and turmeric powder mixture in combination with different levels of linseed oil as compared to control group in laying chickens. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation of 1% feed additive mixture of black cumin, garlic and turmeric powder in equal proportion in combination with 1.5% linseed oil in basal diet ameliorate egg production with low cholesterol and triglycerides and is cost effective for improving production performance in White Leghorn laying chickens.
Open Access
Effect of bael (Aegle marmelos) leaf powder supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass trait and haemato- biochemical parameters in broiler chickens
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-08) Bhatt, Kartik; Anil Kumar
A feeding trial was conducted to discern the effect of dietary incorporation of different level of bael (Aegle marmelos) leaf powder on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass traits, haematobiochemical parameters, sensory evaluation of meat and economics of broiler chickens production. A total of 120, day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into 4 treatment groups with 3 replicates having 10 broiler chicks per replicate. Chicks of treatment T1 (control) were fed basal diet (starter and finisher), whereas in treatment groups T2, T3 and T4, basal diet was supplemented with 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5% of bael leaf powder, respectively as feed additive. The feeding trial lasted for 42 days viz., 0-21 days (starter phase) and 21-42 days (finisher phase). A metabolism trial was conducted during the 6th week of feeding trial to know the nutrient utilization. On the 42nd day of the feeding trial two birds from each replicate were slaughtered and samples of breast and thigh muscle were collected for sensory and proximate analysis. Blood samples were also collected on the same day for haemato-biochemical parameters. During the starter phase (0-21 days), incorporation of bael leaf powder did not influence the feed intake, weight gain, FCR and performance index. During finisher phase (21-42 days), feed intake, body weight gain, FCR and performance index were statistically similar among treatment groups. The average cumulative weight gain was 1731.01, 1772.74, 1719.73 and 1714.14 g in broiler chicks of treatment group T1, T2, T3, T4, respectively and did not differ significantly. Incorporation of bael leaf powder in the diet of broiler chickens did not affect nutrient utilization in terms of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract and crude protein. The various carcass traits in broiler chicks were not affected due to dietary incorporation of different level of bael leaf powder. The chemical analysis of breast and thigh meat revealed significant (P<0.05) increase in crude protein content of thigh and breast muscles and significant (P<0.05) decrease in ether extract content of thigh. Maximum crude protein content was found in treatment group T4, followed by treatment groups T3, T2 and T1, respectively. Minimum ether extract content was found in treatment group T4 and maximum in control group, T1. All the values of hematological parameters were in normal range in broiler chicks of different treatment groups, without any significant effect. There was significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose content and increase in serum total protein, albumin and globulin among different treatment group. Serum cholesterol content was lowest in treatment group T4 (98.21 mg/dl) as compared to control group T1(133.51 mg/dl). Serum triglyceride content was also lowest in treatment group T4 (62.82 mg/dl) as compared to control group T1 (78.37 mg/dl). Maximum serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentration was found in treatment group T4, followed by T3, T2 and T1, respectively. Serum enzyme concentrations ALP, ALT and AST activities was not affected due to dietary incorporation of bael leaf powder. Sensory evaluation attributes were not significant among the different treatment groups. No significant difference was observed in economics of broiler chicken production in terms of feed cost by incorporation of different level of bael (Aegle marmelos) leaf powder. Therefore, it was concluded that incorporation of 1.5 to 2.5% bael leaf powder in the diet of broiler chicks was beneficial in reducing serum cholesterol and triglycerides content and increase in serum total protein, albumin and globulin coupled with reduction in fat content of thigh and increase in protein content of breast and thigh muscles.

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