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Open Access
Utilizing enriched biochar based fertilizers for efficient nutrient management in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Roy, Arkaprava; Chaturvedi, Sumit
A field experiment was conducted at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during Kharif season, 2018 to assess utilization of enriched biochar based fertilizers for efficient nutrient management in direct seeded rice. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture with a bulk density of top 0-15 cm soil was 1.44 Mg/m3. The soil was neutral in reaction (pH 7.2), medium in soil organic carbon (0.65%), low in available N (176.6 kg/ha), high in available soil phosphorus (26.9 kg/ha) and potassium (281.1 kg/ha). The field capacity moisture content and PWP was 20 and 8 per cent, respectively. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments i.e. 100% RDF through conventional fertilizers, 75, 100 and 125% RDF through enriched biochar based fertilizers EB-1+UEB-1 and EB-2+UEB-2 and no fertilizer application as control replicated thrice. A lab experiment was carried out for determination of nutrients (NPK) release pattern of prepared enriched biochar based fertilizers. In lab experiment release kinetics study revealed that release pattern of nutrients (N, P and K) of enriched biochar based fertilizers were significantly lower than conventional fertilizers. Under field trial highest growth, yield parameters and yield of direct seeded rice were recorded under application of EB-2+UEB-2 at 125% fertility level. Application of EB-2+UEB-2 at 100% fertility level also gave at par yield with its application at 125% fertility level and significantly higher yield (13.5 per cent more) as compared to the application of conventional fertilizers at similar fertility level. Application of both the enriched biochar based fertilizers at 75% fertility level resulted in at par yield with the application of 100% fertility level through conventional fertilizers. Nutrients (N, P and K) uptake at different growth stages (30, 60 and 90 DAS) as well as at harvest by grain and straw were significantly higher under application of EB-2+UEB-2 at 125% fertility level. However, among these enriched biochar fertilizers application at 100% fertility level, EB-2+UEB-2 resulted in higher nutrients (NPK) use efficiencies as compared to the application of conventional fertilizers (29.5% more). Although the application of enriched biochar fertilizers increased the cost of cultivation due to its higher production cost, but with respect to its higher economic return, it gave B:C ratio 1.71. Therefore, the prepared enriched biochar based fertilizers EB-1 & EB-2 and UEB-1 & UEB-2 have slow release kinetics with respect to release pattern of N, P and K. Application of 100% RDF through EB-2+UEB-2 not only enhanced the productivity of direct seeded rice but also increased the nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiencies along with better economic benefit.
Open Access
Plasma and microbial consortia seed treatment effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under heat stress
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Nainwal, Hina; Singh, Vijay Pal
A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2018-19 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttrakhand) to study the effect of plasma and microbial consortia seed treatment on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under heat stress. The soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam with neutral soil reaction (pH 7.2), medium organic carbon (0.72%), low available nitrogen (215.1 kg/ha), medium available phosphorus (24.1 kg/ha) and potassium (139.1 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Main plot contained 3 date of sowing viz. 29 November, 23 December and16 January and sub plot contained five seed treatments viz. control, plasma, plasma + MC 1, plasma + MC 2 and , plasma + MC 1+ MC 2. Observations on morphological, physiological, rhizospheric and yield parameters were taken and economics, nutrient uptake and use efficiency in wheat was worked out. Morphological, physiological, yield parameters, dehydrogenase activity in soil, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiencies were significantly affected by date of sowing and was maximum in 29 November sown crop over 23 December and 16 January sown crop. Among rhizospheric parameters dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by date of sowing. Rhizospheric pH and organic carbon differed non significantly with date of sowing. Seed treatment with plasma and microbial consortia 1 significantly increased all the morphological, physiological yield parameters, rhizospheric parameters across all the stages, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency. In general all the parameters were significantly higher in seed treatments over control. Seed treatment with plasma + MC 1 resulted in highest net returns and B:C ratio. From these experimental findings, it can be inferred that by delaying the sowing of wheat from 29 November to16 January it results in 48 kg/day reduction in yield. Seed treatment with plasma alone and along with microbial consortia was superior over control. In general, no interaction between date of sowing and seed treatments was recorded.
Open Access
Response of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata) to planting geometry and NPK levels
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-08) Karjee, Sailesh Deb; Bhatnagar, Amit
A field experiment was conducted at the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during kharif season, 2018to assess the response of sweet corn to varied nutrient doses and different levels of plant population. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four planting geometry (60 cm × 25 cm, 60 cm × 30 cm, 75 cm × 25 cm and 75 cm × 30 cm) in main plots and three doses of NPK (120: 60: 40, 150: 75: 50 and 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha) in sub plots. Crop sown at 75 cm × 30 cm resulted into significantly higher leaf area per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant, stem girth, cob length, number of grains/row, number of grains/cob and individual cob weight with husk and without husk than the other geometries. Dry matter accumulation per square metre, LAI and net assimilation rate were significantly higher in the narrowest planting geometry (60 cm × 25 cm).The narrowest planting geometry i.e. 60 cm × 25 cm recorded significantly higher husked cob yield (13325 kg/ha), dehusked cob yield (10327 kg/ha), green fodder yield (18232 kg/ha), biological yield (31557 kg/ha)and dry matter yield than the other planting geometries. Different planting geometry did not show any significant effect on N, P and K content and their uptake (except N and K uptake in grain).Partial factor productivity of N, P and K was significantly higher under 60 cm × 25 cm. Significantly higher gross return (Rs. 199888/ha) was obtained under 60 cm × 25 cm but was at par with 60 cm × 30 cm. Net return (Rs. 150176/ha) and B: C (3.02) were also maximum in this geometry but differences were non-significant. Crop fertilized with 180: 90: 60 was at par with 150: 75: 50 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha but was significantly higher than 120: 60: 40 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha for plant height, leaf area per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant, LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, stem girth, cob length and number of grains/row.Application of 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha produced numerically maximum husked cob yield (12687 kg/ha) and dehusked cob yield (10351 kg/ha) and recorded significantly higher biological yield (29585 kg/ha). This nutrient level was at par with 150: 75: 50 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha but was significantly superior to 120: 60: 40 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha for green fodder yield (16897 kg/ha) and dry matter yield of fodder (7486 kg/ha). Nutrient content in different plant parts (except N content in grain and fodder) did not vary significantly with different nutrient levels. Crop nourished with 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha had significantly higher nutrient uptake. Application of 120: 60: 40 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha showed significantly highest partial factor productivity of N, P and K. The economics of sweet corn cultivation in terms of gross return, net return and B: C was non-significant however, 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha gave the highest values (Rs. 190311/ha, Rs. 142942/ha and 3.01, respectively).
Open Access
Studies on the optimization of NPKS and Zn for yield and quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czernj. and Cosson.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Sharma, Niharika; Negi, M.S.
A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2018-19 at N. E. Borloug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar located at 290 N, 79.50 E at an altitude of 243.83 m to study the effect of different fertility levels on growth, yield and attributes, quality, and economics of Indian mustard, NRCHB-101. The experiment consisted 12 treatments made by the combination of N, P, K, S, and Zn i.e. Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium in the ratio of 80-40-20; 120-40-20; 160-40-20, Nitrogen- Phosphorus- Potassium and sulphur in the ratio of 80-40-20-20; 120-40-20-20; 160-40-20-40 and Nitrogen- Phosphorus- Potassium-Sulphur-Zinc in the ratio of 80-40-20-20-20; 80-40-20-0-20 ; 120-40-20-20-20; 120-40-20-0-20; 160-40-20-40-20 and 160-40-20-0-20 kg/ha, respectively. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design. Soil of the experimental site was silty clay loam with pH 7.6, organic carbon 0.79% and 263, 20.1, 255, 20.16, 1.56 kg/ha of N, P2O5, K20, S and Zn, respectively. Plant height, number of branches (Primary and secondary), dry matter accumulation, yield attributes, seed, stover and biological yields, harvest index, oil and protein yields, N, P, K, S, and Zinc content and uptake by the crop and net returns were influenced significantly by different fertility levels. Plant height, primary and secondary branches, dry matter accumulation, stover yield, potassium uptake values were found higher with application of N-P-K-S-Zn in the ratio of 160-40-20-40-20 kg/ha however, yield attributes, seed, oil, protein yields, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, zinc uptake, net returns and B:C ratio were found higher with the application of N-P-K-S-Zn in the ratio of 120-40-20-20-20 kg/ha. From the above findings it can be concluded that among the different levels of fertilizer applications, Indian mustard NRCHB101 performed well with the application of N-P-K-S and Zinc in the ratio of 120-40-20-20-20 kg/ha. However, these findings are based on one-year data which need to be validated by conducting further experimentation.
Open Access
Allelopathic potential of aqueous extract of three winter weeds against little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Sarthi, Dondeshwar Prasad; Singh, S.P.
The present experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2018-19 at College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The laboratory experiment was laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments i.e. control, 10% aqueous extract each of Convolvulus arvensis, Melilotus indica and Chenopodium album with three replications to assess their allelopathic potential on wheat and Phalaris minor. The germination per cent, mean germination time, days to 50% germination, seed vigour index, root length, shoot length and total seedling length of Phalaris minor was significantly inhibited with the application of aqueous extracts of three winter weeds, but that of wheat was relatively less affected. The highest inhibition of these parameters was recorded under aqueous extract of Melilotus indica 10%, which was found as the best treatment that drastically reduced germination and growth of Phalaris minor, whereas, germination and growth of wheat was affected only to a little extent. Finally, a field experiment was conducted to finally validate the controlled conditions findings and to further assess the bio-efficacy as well as phytotoxicity of the weeds aqueous extracts and their allelopathic potential on growth and yield parameters of wheat and growth of Phalaris minor under field condition. The field experiment was laid out with twelve treatments replicated thrice in randomized block design (RBD). Application of 10% aqueous extract of three winter weeds i.e. Convolvulus arvensis, Melilotus indica and Chenopodium album, each applied as pre emergence, early post emergence, sequential application as pre followed by early-post emergence and tank mixed application of all three aqueous extracts as pre emergence spray caused effective control of Phalaris minor population and checked the growth as well especially at critical crop-weed competition period. However, sequential application of 10% aqueous extract of Melilotus indica and Convolvulus arvensis applied as pre followed by early post-emergence spray performed best in terms of controlling Phalaris minor, recording weed control efficiency of 61.4 and 54.6%, respectively at 40DAS. Moreover, spraying of these two aqueous extract also leads to 41.07 and 37.84% higher grain yield of wheat compared to weedy check and gave higher net return. Based on this study, it may be concluded that aqueous extracts of Melilotus indica and Convolvulus arvensis shows strong phytotoxicity against Phalaris minor. Hence, these weed aqueous extracts can be used as potential herbicides in future organic weed management programmes and in Integrated Weed Management programmes (IWMPs) as these are natural plant products, easily biodegradable and eco-friendly.
Open Access
Weed management options for kharif planted maize (Zea mays L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-07) Garkhal, Kirtika; Singh, Rohitashav
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2018 in D-3 block of the Norman. E. Borlaug. Crop Research Centre of G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) with the objective to find the best weed control method among the application of herbicides alone, their tank mix application, sequential application and integration with cultural methods to control the complex weed flora of kharif maize and to study its effect on the growth and yield of kharif maize and its complex weed flora. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and ten treatments viz., atrazine 1.0 kg/ha, tembotrione 120 g/ha, halosulfuron-methyl 67.5 g/ha, atrazine 1.0 kg/ha fb halosulfuron-methyl 54 g/ha, atrazine 800 g/ha fb halosulfuron-methyl 67.5 g/ha, tembotrione 120 g/ha + halosulfuron-methyl 54 g/ha, tembotrione 96 g/ha + halosulfuron-methyl 67.5 g/ha, atrazine 1.0 kg/ha fb one hand weeding at 25 DAS, weed free and weedy check. Hybrid maize variety NMH-589 (Suvarna) was sown on 27 June, 2018 and harvested on 9 October, 2018. The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, medium in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and potassium and low in available nitrogen and neutral in pH. Major weed species that infested the experimental field were Echinochloa colona, Digitaria sanguinalis, Dactyloctenium aegyptium among grasses, Celosia argentea, Trianthema monogyna, Commelina benghalensis among broad leaved weeds and Cyperus rotundus among sedges. Pre-emergence application of atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha fb by one hand weeding at 25 DAS was found most effective treatment for the control of the complex weed flora of maize which was at par with tank in mix application of tembotrione 120 g and halosulfuron-methyl 54 g/ha at 3-4 leaf stage of the weeds. Pre-emergence application of atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha fb by one hand weeding at 25 DAS recorded highest yield, yield attributing characters, nutrient uptake by crop and B: C ratio which was at par with tank mix application of tembotrione 120 g and halosulfuron-methyl 54 g/ha at 3-4 leaf stage of the weeds. Pre-emergence application of atrazine at 1.0 kg/ha fb by one hand weeding at 25 DAS found best in all respect and it was comparable to tank mix application of tembotrione 120 g and halosulfuron- methyl 54 g/ha at 3-4 leaf stage of weeds, hence can be used as an effective weed management strategy for controlling complex weed flora of maize.
Open Access
Effect of establishment method and nutrient management on productivity, profitability and quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.)
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Bahuguna, Abhishek; Pal, Mahendra Singh
Field experiment was conducted during Kharif season-2018 at Instructional Dairy Farm (IDF), Nagla, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) to study the effect of establishment method and nutrient management on productivity, profitability and quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.). The soil of the experimental site was slightly silty clay loam in texture with neutral pH (7.16), rich in organic carbon (0.74%), medium in available nitrogen (282.51 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (28.16 kg/ha) and available potassium (235 kg/ha). The experiment consisted of 3 establishment methods i.e. flat, flat followed by earthing (flat + earthing) and ridge planting in main plot and 5 nutrient management options i.e. control (without fertilizer), 100% VC (N equivalent), 100% RDF (180: 60: 40 :: N: P2O5: K2O kg/ha), 50% RDF (90: 30: 20 :: N: P2O5: K2O kg/ha + 50% VC and 75% RDF (45: 15: 10 :: N: P2O5: K2O kg/ha) + 25% VC in sub plot was laid out in Split Plot Design (SPD) with three replications. The baby corn var. “V.L. Baby corn-1” was sown on 7th June, 2018 and harvested on 8th August, 2018. The growth attributes, baby corn, cob and green fodder yield, total soluble solids (TSS), protein content and N, P and K uptake were significantly influenced by establishment methods and nutrient management strategies. Among different establishment methods, ridge planting produced significantly higher baby corn yield with 7 and 14% higher than flat + earthing and flat planting, respectively. Ridge planted baby corn also recorded higher N, P and K content, TSS and protein content. Similarly, significantly highest gross return, net return, B:C ratio and net profit per day was recorded at ridge planting with 10 and 20% higher net return than flat + earthing and flat method, respectively. Among nutrient management options, 75% RDF + 25% VC gave significantly highest baby corn yield and it had 3, 13, 25 and 60% higher values than 100% RDF, 50% RDF + 50% VC, 100%VC and control, respectively. Similar trend was also observed in baby cob and green fodder yield. The quality parameters i.e. TSS and protein content were also recorded significantly higher under 75% RDF + 25% VC that was statically at par with 00% RDF. However, application of 100% VC recorded significantly highest available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and microbial count i.e. bacteria, fungi and actinomycets in soil after crop harvest. The gross return was also found highest under 75% RDF + 25% VC but non-significant with 100% RDF, however, net return and B:C ratio were significantly highest under 100% RDF. The experimental results indicated that the higher productivity, profitability and quality of baby corn as well as sustainability of the production system may be achieved by planting baby corn on ridges with application of 75% RDF + 25% VC in Indo-Gangetic plains of India and saves 25% NPK compared to 100% RDF. However, it requires more field experimentation for conformity of the results.
Open Access
Performance of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes under different plant populations in Tarai region of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Tarun Kumar; Chandra Bhushan
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2018-19 in D-6 Block of the Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effect of row spacing on growth & development, yield and yield attributing characters, quality, nutrient content and uptake (N, P and K) of mungbean genotypes, and economics of different treatments. The soil of the experimental site was sandy loam in texture having high organic carbon (0.85%), medium available nitrogen (308.2 kg/ha), high available phosphorus (26.7 kg/ha) and medium available potassium (239.8 kg/ha) with slightly acidic to neutral soil reaction (7.1). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications and two factors consisting of two row spacing viz., 30 × 10 cm and 45 × 10 cm and six genotypes namely KMA 18-326, KMA 18-327, KMA 18-328, KMA 18-329, Pant Mung 5 and Pant Mung 8. The results obtained during the course of the experimentation revealed that the row spacing of 45 × 10 cm, with 2,22,222 plants/ha, significantly increased all the growth parameters, except the plant height, resulting in higher yield attributes, seed yield, protein yield, nitrogen uptake, net returns and B: C ratio as compared to that of 30 × 10 cm row spacing which had 1.5 times more plants. The increment in seed yield at the row spacing of 45 × 10 cm was 12.6% more over that of 30 × 10 cm row spacing. Among the genotypes, Pant Mung 8 was significantly superior over the other genotypes in terms of yield and yield attributing characters, N, P and K uptake, protein yield and B: C ratio. Pant Mung 8 recorded 25.9%, 31.9%, 36.7% and 40.7% higher seed yield than that of KMA 18-327, KMA 18-326, Pant Mung 5 and KMA 18-328, respectively. Hence, for achieving higher yield of mungbean, in tarai region of Uttarakhand, genotype Pant Mung 8 and a row spacing of 45 × 10 cm seems a better prospect.
Open Access
Innovation in natural farming nutrient management practices for sustainable soil health and herbage yield of Brahmi
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Chauhan, Ayushi; Pandey, Sunita T.
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2018 at Medicinal and Aromatic plants Research and Development Centre (MRDC) of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, India to study the effect of Jeevamrit (biozyme) on growth and herbage yield of brahmi (Bacopa monnieri). The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments replicated thrice. The experimental soil was sandy clay loam in texture, neutral in reaction, medium in organic carbon (0.69%), low in available nitrogen ( 206.44 kg ha-1) and medium in phosphorus (18.16 kg ha-1) and potassium (202.41 kg ha-1). A comparative study between natural, organic and inorganic farming was done through the treatments ie T1: RDF (100:60:40) kg/ha, T2: 500 litres/ha biozyme + 2.5 t/ha FYM, T3: 1000 litres/ha biozyme + 2.5 t/ha FYM, T4: 2000 litres/ha biozyme + 2.5 t/ha FYM, T5: 3000 litres/ha biozyme + 2.5 t/ha FYM, T6: 4000 litres/ha biozyme + 2.5 t/ha FYM, T7: 5000 litres/ha biozyme + 2.5 t/ha FYM, T8: 10 t/ha FYM, T9: 20 t/ha FYM, T10: 4000 litres/ha biozyme. The results revealed that the application of biozyme had significant effect on the yield and yield attributes like shoot length, No. of branches, No. of leaves, fresh and dry weight. It was found that the treatment T7 i.e., biozyme @ 5000 litres/ha + FYM @ 2.5 t/ha showed the highest fresh and dry biomass yield of 324.97 and 44.9 q/ha respectively which was significantly higher than the rest of the treatments. It can be attributed to the fact that there was an enhanced uptake of N, P and K in the treatment T7 i.e., 64.65, 15.26 and 66.00 kg/ha respectively. The total soil microbial population was found to be highest in treatment T9 i.e., FYM @ 20 t/ha (8.18 cfu × 104) because microbes feed on carbon content of the organic manure. Although the treatment T1 i.e., RDF (100:60:40) kg/ha showed dry biomass yield significantly at par with treatment T5 i.e., 3000 litres/ha biozyme + 2.5 t/ha FYM however, soil analysis showed that the inorganic treatment (RDF) did not enhance the soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Initially the SOC was 0.69% which later lowered to 0.65% in RDF (due to lack of soil rejuvenation) and increased to 0.71% in T5.Biozyme offers higher BC ratio (3.73) and hence greater returns on investment because it is prepared from locally available natural sources. Cost of farmyard manure is higher hence a lower BC ratio (2.37). The incredible results of higher doses of biozyme are because it contains significant amount of macro and micronutrients, vitamins and essential amino acid. It also contains plant growth promoting substances like Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Gibberelic acid (GA). Biozyme being a product of natural farming can be taken as a stellar alternative since chemical fertilizers inadvertently affect the environment by contaminating it through eutrophication and causing health hazards. Emission of green house gases is because of recommended huge dose of compost that leads to global warming. Through this investigation it can be concluded that biozyme improves soil sustainability and biodiversity by increasing the population of soil microbes which mineralize the nutrients in soil and make them available to the plants. Biozyme 5000 litres/ha biozyme + 2.5 t/ha FYM, gave highest BC ratio (3.73) and hence, can be considered as a better substitute to the spendy chemical fertilizers and bulky organic manures.

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