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ThesisItem Open Access Structural analysis of polyhouses and tensiometer based drip irrigation scheduling of off-season cucumber in Pantnagar tarai condition of Uttarakahnd(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-05) Singh, Sapna; Singh, P.K.The present study was undertaken to investigate the “Structural Analysis of Polyhouses and Tensiometer Based Drip Irrigation Scheduling of Off-season Cucumber in Pantnagar Tarai Condition of Uttrakhand”. To meet the first objective study was carried out to determine the structural characteristic of six polyhouse located in Pantnagar tarai condition of Uttarakhand. Polyhouse enterprises are widely common in the plain and hilly area of Uttarakhand for growing cutflower and other off-season vegetable cultivation. Information about polyhouse types, material properties, placement and arrangement in the study area was gathered by actual measurement on the site. Loads acting on the trusses of polyhouses were analysed by joint method. On the basis of this analysis compression and tension forces of all trusses were determined to get the safe load of each and every members of polyhouse trusses. Another aspect of the study was to see the response of cucumber to different irrigation levels and fertigation scheduling under a double span naturally ventilated polyhouse. The study was conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The study also included to investigate the economic feasibility of cucumber production under the polyhouse for its off-season production. During the five months of growing period in DS NVPH the average depth of water applied in the irrigation treatment in which the soil moisture regimes was maintained at 20-30 kPa level was 104.2 mm, at 30-50 kPa was 112.2 mm and at 50-70 kPa level was 92.4 mm, whereas in conventional practice (control), depth of irrigation was 155.2 mm. Production of the mean value of cucumber at irrigation treatment of 20-30 kPa, 30-50 kPa, 50-70 kPa and control has been found to be 8.50, 10.60, 12.04 and 6.05 kg/m2 respectively. The average water productivity for cucumber at irrigation levels 20-30 kPa, 30-50 kPa, 50-70 kPa and control were 29.55, 24.39, 25.10 and 41.15 litre/kg, respectively. Production of off-season cucumber under tensiometer based different drip and fertigation treatment was economically feasible at selling price higher than 20 `/kg. However, the production of cucumber under the control (conventional surface irrigation and fertilizer application) was economically feasible at selling price of `30/kg.ThesisItem Open Access Modelling daily suspended sediment using co-active neuro-fuzzy inference system, multiple linear regression and sediment rating curve(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-06) Malik, Anurag; Anil KumarCorrect estimation of suspended sediment load carried by a river is very important for water resources management, channel navigability, reservoir filling, fish habitat, river aesthetics and scientific interests. In this study, the Co-active Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (CANFIS), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), and Sediment Rating Curve (SRC) techniques were applied for estimating the daily suspended sediment concentration at Tekra site on Pranhita River, which is a major tributary of Godavari River basin in Andhra Pradesh, India. The daily streamflow and suspended sediment concentration data of monsoon season from June 23, 2000 to November 11, 2002 were used for training/calibration, and from June 23, 2003 to November 11, 2003 were used for testing/validation of models. The Neurosolutions for Excel Release 5.0 software was used for designing the CANFIS networks based on Gaussian membership function, Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy model, hyperbolic tangent activation function, and Delta-Bar-Delta learning algorithm for training and testing of the models. The performance of CANFIS was compared with MLR and SRC techniques using statistical functions such as root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of efficiency (CE) and correlation coefficient (r). The results indicate that the CANFIS performs superior to the MLR and SRC models, while MLR performs better than SRC model in estimating daily suspended sediment load. The best CANFIS and MLR models reveal that the suspended sediment of the present day depends on current and previous one day’s streamflow as well as sediment concentration of previous two days at the Tekra station on Pranhita River of Godavari basin in India.ThesisItem Open Access Fermentation kinetics studies for optimized blend ratios of horse gram, black soyabean based wari(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-06) Roy, Ankita; Singh, AnupamaThesisItem Open Access Optimization of land and water resources in Nanakmatta Canal Command of Uttarakhand using fuzzy linear programming approach(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2015-08) Viveka Nand; Vinod KumarIn India, total irrigated area is only one-third of total cropping area but produces about two-third of total agricultural production. In order to fulfil the future demand, it is necessary to increase the total irrigated area and also to increase the efficiency of irrigation systems.Performance evaluations of canal irrigation system are being carried out for different purposes to to assess the general health of the system and to improve system operation. Fuzzy Optimization techniques provide a powerful tool for analysis of problems that are formulated with multiple objectives. The Tarai region of the Uttarakhand state of India is endowed with plenty of water resources and large flat agricultural land and therefore, the optimal planning for land and water resources is necessary to check the misuse. Keeping above fact in view, the present study was taken up for Nanakmatta canal system of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand to study the existing cropping pattern and status of water resources in the command area,to study the existing performance of Nanakmatta canal system and to develop a multi-objective optimization model for optimal utilization of land and water resources in the canal command. The existing performance of the Nanakmatta canal system was evaluated in terms of the parameters namely adequacy, dependability, equity and efficiency. Based on the various performance indicators/parameters, estimated for Nanakmatta canal system, the adequacy and the efficiency of the Nanakmatta canal system was judged as poor whereas the overall equity of the system was judged as fair. The dependability i.e., reliability and timeliness of water supply in the canal system, was found good for all zones of the delivery system. The multi-objective fuzzy linear programming was used to optimize two objective functions namely the maximization of net return from the command and maximization of total cropped area. The fuzzified optimal plan, under normal rainfall conditions, resulted in annual return of Rs. 84.615 Million against net sown area of 1856.40 ha for optimized value λ=0.5855. A total of 101523.10 ha-cm of canal flow remained unutilized however the ground water was completely utilized with maximum use during month of October. The fuzzified optimal plan, under 50 percent probability rainfall, resulted in annual return of Rs. 75.981 million against net sown area of 1627.90 ha at optimized value of λ=0.5525. About 25 percent more canal water was consumed to cater the irrigation water demand as compared to that under normal rainfall conditions.More area could be brought under sowing through rescheduling of the canal water flows during higher water demanding months. This will not only increase the net return but also increase the net sown area in the command and reduced burden over the ground water draft.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of fermenting parameters for bioethanol production from pea hull waste(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Saxena, Divya; Singh, AnupamaThesisItem Open Access Optimal utilization of land and water resources for crop planning in Dhora Canal Command(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Qureshi, Sumbul; Yogendra KumarThesisItem Open Access Land use/land cover change detection in hill, bhabhar and tarai regions of Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar districts of Uttarakhand by the application of remote sensing and GIS(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Kardam, Shweta; Sharma, H.C.Land cover refers to the physical characteristics of earth’s surface, captured in the distribution of water, vegetation, soil and other physical features of the land, including those created exclusively by human activities e.g., settlements. Land use / cover change detection is very essential for better understanding of landscape dynamics during a known period of time having sustainable management. The present study was undertaken in Hilly, Bhabar and Tarai regions of Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar districts of Uttarakhand state in India, to prepare land use / land cover (LULC) maps and determining land use / land cover change dynamics with the help of remote sensing and GIS. The area has no sharp topography and consists of sandy loam soil. LULC map was generated using ENVI-4.7 image processing software for analyzing area under different entities. This was achieved through the use of LandsatTM / ETM+ images of the years 1995 to 2015. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood classifier was used to generate land use / land cover map. Seven land use classes were generated that is built up area, dense forest, open forest, agricultural land, fallow land, water body and river. The study revealed that area under agricultural land decreased by about 12.35 %, 7.68 % and 11.83 in Hilly, Bhabar and Tarai regions of the study area. Area under forest also decreased by 12.35 %, 7.68% and 2.1 % in all the three regions during the twenty years (1995-2015) period, where as built-up area increased to 20.96%, 31.77% and 16.71 % in Hilly, Bhabar and Tarai regions over the past twenty years. This study may be useful in the future land use planning for sustainable development.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of daily reference evapotranspiration estimates using NOAA-AVHRR satellite data and ground data(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Rai, Pratiksha; Tomar, A.S.ThesisItem Open Access Groundwater modeling in the part of Udham Singh Nagar district and Rampur district, using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Wavelet Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (WANFIS)(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-07) Kandpal, Jyoti; Yogendra Kumar