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Open Access
An economic analysis of production and marketing of small millets in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-09) Rawat, Anjali; Singh, H.N.
Millets are one of the most important cereal crops that are known as nutri-cereals due to their exceptional nutritional qualities. Small millets hold a major share in the total millet production in the country producing around 12.46 million metric tonnes from an area of 8.87 million hectares. Among all the small millets, India is the topmost producer of barnyard and finger millet with 99.9% and 53.3 % share of total production, respectively. In Uttarakhand, finger and barnyard millet are the most important kharif crops after paddy and hold a vast potential to increase the production of millets. The study was conducted in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. The objectives were compute the trends in area, production and productivity of small millets in the district, to work out costs of and returns of its cultivation, analyze the marketing efficiency of different channels and to identify the constraints in the production and marketing of small millets. The data was collected from 60 randomly selected sample farmers pertaining to the year 2020-21 from two blocks of Chamoli district. A sample of 4 market intermediaries of each type involved in small millet marketing was also identified. The findings of the study showed that the growth trends in area, production and productivity of finger millet to be positive and insignificant while in case of barnyard millet there was a positive and significant growth in area, production and productivity for the last ten years from 2009-10 to 2018-19. The results indicate that the cost of cultivation was found to be higher in barnyard millet than the finger millet which accounted of Rs. 61861.28 and Rs. 49894.03 per hectare, respectively. The share of imputed value of family labour was found to be highest among all the other costs for both the crops. The gross return from finger and barnyard millet cultivation was estimated to be Rs. 8820.97 and Rs. 12374.72 per hectare, respectively. The value of return per rupee expenditure in the study area was 1.17 for finger millet while for barnyard millet, it was 1.20. The most popular channel for disposal of the produce was channel II (Producer- Wholesaler- Retailer- Consumer) and marketing cost incurred by the finger and barnyard millet was Rs. 136.30 and Rs. 137.05 per qtl while the absolute margins were Rs. 661.50 and Rs. 590 per qtl, respectively. It was observed that majority of the small millets growers reported the problem on fragmented land holdings, damage caused by the wild animals, unfavorable climatic conditions, migration of people etc. while the marketing problem associated with small millet producers were mainly less remunerative prices, high transportation costs and lack of organized market place.
Open Access
Socio-economic study of out migration in hills of Uttarakhand
(G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 2022-10) Vaishnava, Prachi; Tripathi, Ajay Kumar
The process of migration is an inevitable phenomenon existing since the beginning of mankind but hills of Uttarakhand have experienced drastic decline in its population growth as a result of alarming level of out-migration. Residing in foothills of Himalayas the majority of the state has hilly terrain, 10 out of its 13 districts are hilly. The decline of human capital from these districts has led to an imbalance in population structure of hills and plains as well as negligence and underutilization of other potential resources of hills. The state has higher number of migrants which are long term or permanent in nature. This abandonment has also led to rise in number of ghost villages. Uttarakhand has shown appreciable growth rate since its formation but the development is lopsided in nature implying that it’s predominantly dependent on the plain districts of the state which comprises of less than one-fourth in the state. In the backdrop of these intricate problems, present study aims to examine and compare the status of determinants driving the existing process of migration in state along with determining the effect of those determinants in labour outmigration. The study also provides an overview of the actions taken to curb migration. The objectives of the research were achieved by using descriptive and econometric methods. The results reveal the disparity in the level of the factors determining the out-migration in hills and plains of the state. The LFPR of hill districts was higher (51.66 per cent) than plain districts (41.44 per cent) while unemployment rate was lower (2.79 per cent) than plain districts (5.01 percent). The adult literacy rate of hills was observed to be more i.e. 60.5 per cent in comparison to plains i.e. 52.69 per cent. In case of functional medical facilities hills lack as there are 3.75 facilities in hills and 7.51 facilities in plains per 100 km sq. on average. The top three ranks of the composite index of socio-economic infrastructure development were occupied by the plain districts. The LFPR and composite index of infrastructure development were found to have negative relationship with number of migrants having coefficients -0.095 and -0.177 respectively. Need for employment and infrastructure were found to be the main concerns leading to migration in the state. It was observed that the efforts made by government and others are directed mostly towards providing employment and livelihood opportunities. The fragile and difficult topography has been a challenge in implementation of policies and other actions in grassroots level. Migration may be regarded as beneficial from point of view of an individual but the intensive out-migration of human capital is dreadful for the economy of the state. The policies and individual efforts needs be focused on empowering livelihood opportunities that are niche, regional, sustainable and remunerative by providing technical assistance and strengthening their market.
Open Access
Re-orgarnising agricultural markets for enhancing farmers’ income: A case of e-Nam system in Haldwani APMC of district Nainital
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Distt: Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN : 263145, 2022-10) Sharma, Yugal; Anil Kumar
Agricultural Marketing has huge role in deciding and enhancing farmers income. India is world’s second largest market for agricultural produce. e-NAM system of agricultural marketing was introduced in country in 2016. Uttarakhand has 16 APMCs which are connected to e-NAM. A total of 175 commodities are registered in e-NAM for trade. The study was conducted in Haldwani APMC of district Nainital. For this data was collected from 30 registered farmers and 30 non-registered farmers. The study is aimed at studying the market profile and status of eNAM in APMC, factors affecting participation of farmers in e-NAM, impact of e-NAM on farmer’s income and constraints faced by farmers in e-NAM system. The results revealed that 9404 farmers and 77 FPOs were registered under e-NAM in Haldwani APMC. It was observed that 53.33 percent of registered farmers were among the age group of 35 to 50. It shows that youth is more inclined towards online marketing of agricultural produce. About 73 percent of registered farmers had educational qualification of at least high school or more. Age, family size, land holding size and non-farm income were found as the significant factors affecting participation of famers in e-NAM. After the cost and returns of the crops were calculated, it was found that there existed a positive relative change of 6.928 percent in the net returns of Paddy , in case of wheat there existed a positive relative change of 12.125 percent and in case of maize the relative change was of 15.095 percent. It shows that all the crops have been positively impacted by introduction of e-NAM. It was observed that in the selected APMC the major problems faced by the farmers were lack of awareness followed by absence of digital literacy among farmers, multiple visit to the bank, farmers believe in physical presence at the time of trade. This may be due to the fact that the e- NAM was newly introduced to the selected APMCs and the farmers do not have much idea about the system. Results of study suggest that organising awareness campaign about the eNAM system should be ascended from village level to APMC and district level.
Open Access
An economic analysis of production and marketing of mushroom in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Biswas, Parth; Chandra Dev
Mushroom cultivation could be one of the key auxiliary businesses for increasing the income and employment of small and marginal farmers. Considering the poor employment and income from farming in Udham Singh Nagar District, mushrooms might then be a significant source of additional income and a way to utilise unneeded family labour. Looking to the commercial importance of mushroom cultivation, it is necessary to study its economics so the present study entitled “An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing of Mushroom in Udham Singh Nagar District of Uttarakhand”. The study was categorized into five objectives, to study the socio-economic status, to analyze cost of and return from mushroom cultivation, to examine the resources use efficiency for various inputs used in mushroom production, to identify different marketing channels and their efficiency and constraints faced by mushroom growers respectively. The study was conducted in the Rudrapur and Khatima blocks of Udham Singh Nagar District of Uttarakhand. For fulfilling different objectives primary data were collected from selected mushroom growers and various concerned offices (Mushroom Training Centre, Pantnagar). For present study 60 mushroom growers were selected by snowball sampling from two blocks viz., Rudrapur and Khatima of Udham Singh Nagar district. The growers were categorised into three categories medium grower, small grower and marginal grower respectively. The data were collected by personal interview of sample mushroom growers with specially designed schedule for the 2021-2022. The sample growers were categories on the basis of production as medium, small and marginal growers. The average family size was of 5.3 member and most of the growers have farming along with mushroom cultivation. The study revealed that the cost of production per unit was maximum in medium growers (Rs. 5.72 lakh) followed by small growers (Rs. 1.85 lakh) and marginal growers (0.46 lakh) the overall cost of production was Rs 1.91 lakh per unit. The average yield per unit from medium growers 8166.67 kg, small growers 2318.52 kg and marginal growers 635.42 kg. The net return from mushroom production was Rs. 273380, Rs. 64398, Rs. 25807 for medium, small and marginal growers, respectively and the net return from overall production was Rs. 73966 per unit. The resource use efficiency estimated for spawn (10.91) which was greater than unity indicated under-utilization of these resources, However, value of MVP/MIC for gypsum (-21.34), which was less than unity revealed the over utilization of the resource. In the study area three dominant marketing channels were observed channel-I (grower-consumer) have 36 growers, channel-II (grower- retailer- consumer) have 17 growers and channel-III (grower- wholesaler- retailer- consumer) have 7 growers, respectively. The price received from marketing channel I Rs. 116.12, channel II Rs. 98.89 and channel III Rs. 92.49. In the study area, the channel-II (2.14) was found more efficient as compared to channels-III (1.28). The most prominent and severe problems were insufficient government assistance, late payments, and a lack of effective produce marketing for the sale of mushrooms at discount prices. A competitive market should exist for the selling of output, and there is an urgent need to reorganise the many entities involved in the promotion and growth of mushroom production. Extension facilities and training should be encouraged and input also provided to mushroom growers.
Open Access
Growth, instability and determinants of production of major livestock products in India
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Srivastava, Sanjivani; Chaudhary, Shweta
With growing population, urbanization, increasing income and rising nutritional awareness, India is experiencing its ‘livestock revolution’. Despite being world’s largest milk producer and third largest hen egg producer, demand for livestock products in India is estimated to outpace its supply, causing price instability and exposing low-income households to financial and nutritional insecurities. Also a considerable gap in the present and ideal state of determinants of livestock production is seen within the country. Therefore, this study has been conducted with the aim of i) examining status, ii) estimating growth and instability, and iii) assessing determinants of production and developing models based on them. Descriptive statistics, CAGR, CDVI and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are employed. ANN is selected over regression due to its capability of handling vast heterogeneous datasets and mapping both linear and nonlinear relationships between variables. Determinants such as number and average yields of in-milk milch animals; number of animals slaughtered; number of layers; area under pastures, fodder crops, cereals and millets; artificial inseminations conducted; number of veterinary institutions; value of output; per-capita net state domestic product etc. are selected for developing the production models. The study has been conducted for all twenty-nine states of India, and utilizes secondary data for the period ranging from 2000-01 to 2019-20. Results reveal considerable inter-state variations in production, growth and instability. Except duck egg, production from all other species has increased in India. Highest increments have been observed in crossbred cow milk, sheep meat and improved fowl egg. Species-wise breakup showed that during 2019, buffaloes, poultry and improved fowl were the leading milk, meat and egg producing species in the country. However, animal number was seen to exert greater influence on production rather than yield. Though meat and egg recorded higher compound annual growths than milk, more states have been noted deficient in their per-capita availabilities as compared to milk. Pleasantly at country level, low instabilities in milk, meat and egg production are observed. RMSE, MAPE, MAD and R2 values of developed production models point towards their good prediction accuracy and ability to explain significant variation in production. States with high prospect for A2 milk production and meat production from buffalo, sheep and pig were identified in the study so as to facilitate targeted production schemes. States showing low or medium instability in production should strengthen their forward linkages, while those exhibiting high instability need to plug gaps in their backward linkages. Overall, policies focused on fodder production, yield improvement, strengthening of veterinary and technological infrastructure, and provision of remunerative producer prices are must for boosting livestock production in the country
Open Access
Impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) on adoption of farm technologies and income of farmers – a case study of KVK Jeolikote
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-09) Panwar, Karishma; Gangwar, Ruchi Rani
India is a land of villages and agriculture is the mainstay of economy and livelihoods of rural population. Indian government has taken numerous initiatives from time to time to support technology-led knowledge-based agricultural development. Krishi Vigyan Kendra serves to gather, test and disseminate knowledge between centralized institutions and a geographically-dispersed rural population so as to bridge the gap between potential yields and actual yields obtained by farmers. Keeping this background in view, an attempt was made to study the impact of Krishi Vigyan Kendra on adoption of farm technologies and income of farmers. The study was carried out in KVK Jeolikote in Nainital district to examine the role of KVK Jeolikote in the transfer of technologies and their adoption at farm level, the impact of KVK on management practices, productivity, and farm income, and to identify the major constraints faced by farmers in the transfer of technologies. Two stage random sampling design was used to select 60 farmers (30 beneficiary farmers and 30 non-beneficiary farmers) from the study area. To meet out the objectives of the study both primary and secondary data were collected. The findings of the study revealed that the technology gap assessed in the use of critical inputs (seeds, FYM, and NPK application) was much wider on non-beneficiary farms than on beneficiary farms, which is expected due to the intervention of KVK on beneficiary farms. The management indices indicate that the majority of beneficiary farmers showed high adoption of 53 per cent and 30 per cent for paddy and wheat, and moderate adoption of 33 per cent for maize, while non-beneficiary farmers showed moderate adoption (43% and 50 %) for paddy and wheat, and low adoption of 54 per cent for maize. In vegetable crops, beneficiary farmers showed very high adoption for brinjal (46 %) and cabbage (40 %), while high adoption for potatoes (43.6%), tomatoes (44.6%), and okra (50%). On the other hand, the majority of non-beneficiaries showed moderate adoption of 60 %, 50 % and 58.6% for potatoes, tomatoes and brinjal, respectively while low adoption for cabbage (50%) and okra (42.4 %). The results of regression analysis showed that KVK played a significant role in improving adoption of better management practices for production of cereals and vegetable crops. It was also revealed that FYM, NPK fertilizers and dummy variable for KVK were the significant factors for higher productivity. Thus, the impact of KVK in enhancing crop productivity was quite visible. Total farm income per annum, on an average, was found to be Rs. 1,97,833 on beneficiary farms, which was higher than on non-beneficiary farms (Rs. 1,17,199). In nutshell, KVK adopted farmers (beneficiaries) obtained Rs. 54,433 per annum more than non-beneficiary farmers. It was found that lack of awareness, poor extension services, and costly seeds were the major constraints faced by non-beneficiary farmers, while costly machinery, infestation of diseases, unavailability of soil testing labs and market problems were the major ones faced by beneficiary farmers. It was observed from the study that KVK has played vital role in improving the adoption of scientific management in the production thereby, raising the farm income significantly. Therefore, there is a need to expand the outreach of KVK by adopting those villages which have not been served so far. It has been found that there still persist extension gaps in the adoption of improved practices, therefore, it is suggested that feedback and opinions should be taken regarding the performance of disseminated technology, variety adoption status, yield performance and farmer’s preferences.
Open Access
A study on price behaviour, price forecasting and market co-integration of cotton after technology mission on cotton in India
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. PIN - 263145, 2022-08) Kuila, Mousomi; Singh, Virendra
Cotton is India’s the most important fibre and cash crop and popularly known as the “king of fibre”. Wide variations in cotton production, productivity and area under cultivation are seen over time due to host of biophysical factors. Due to seasonality and unevenness in supply, variations in prices and arrivals of cotton are observed not only from year to year, month to month, season to season, but also across markets, even during the same marketing period. In the absence of timely and accurate forecasted information the cotton producer, traders, agro-industries fail to plan buying and selling of produce, plan crop allocation for the coming season. In view of above, present research entitled “A study on price behaviour, price forecasting and market co-integration of cotton after Technology Mission on Cotton in India” was conducted with objectives, to examine performance of area, production and productivity of cotton before and after technology mission on cotton; to analyse the price behaviour of cotton in major markets of India; to analyse the price integration of cotton in major markets; to forecast the price of cotton for two years i.e. 2021 to 2023 for major cotton markets. The study was based on secondary information of area, production and productivity of cotton in major cotton producing states of India for the period from 2000 to 2020 collected from indiastat.com, Statistics – Cotton Cooperation of India and data related to monthly cotton prices and market arrivals in the selected markets was collected from agmarknet.gov.in. Descriptive and econometrics methods were used to achieve different objectives of the study. The highest increase in area, production and productivity of cotton during I period was in case of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, respectively; during II period the same was the highest in case of Haryana, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, respectively, further during III period the same was the highest in case of Karnataka, Gujarat and Rajasthan, respectively. Amongst the eight selected states, Gujarat showed the highest growth rate in area, production and productivity of cotton during II period i.e. by 5.79 per cent, 21.32 per cent and 14.70 per cent, respectively. The highest decrease in markets arrivals was observed during 2010 – 2020 in case of Adilabad market followed by Sirsa and Rajkot markets. The highest increase in cotton arrivals was observed in case of Bijaynagar followed by Vijaypur, and Abohar markets. Seasonal indices of market arrivals of cotton in selected markets were higher during peak season i.e. during harvesting months (August to October) and declined gradually. The indices of price for most of selected markets were lower during peak season i.e. during September and October and were higher during slack months in most of the markets. Correlation co-efficient of prices of cotton between different pairs of selected markets in India was significant at 1 per cent level of significance. In closely situated markets, the integration became stronger as compared to distant markets. All the selected markets were co- integrated in the long run i.e. long run equilibrium relationship existed between selected markets. Sirsa and Khargone were the lead cotton markets of India. Any change in cotton prices in these two markets had an impact on prices of most of the selected cotton markets of India. The estimated error correction coefficient indicated that about 0.3601 per cent, 1.082 per cent and 0.2152 per cent adjustment towards long run equilibrium in Adilabad, Abohar and Bijaynagar market will occur, respectively. The forecast prices varied from year to year following the similar pattern of seasonality as the actual prices. The cotton prices were high from November and to January and low from August to October. Cotton plays an important role in Indian economy, but a sluggish growth in area, production and productivity is cause of concern. Frequent price fluctuations hamper the interest of cotton producers and traders. For sustaining the growth in cotton production in the country a mechanism need to be evolved to provide up-to-date technical guidance to the practicing farmers. To stabilise the cotton prices at national level and improve the status of Indian cotton in global market interventions are required in direction of evolving an efficient market intelligence system to monitor, forecast and transmit the price signals to stakeholders so as to enable them to understand the trends and tendencies of market arrivals and prices and make judicious decision on production and marketing.
Open Access
An economic analysis of farmer producer organizations in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Neema; Chaudhary, Shweta
Agriculture is the main occupation in developing countries like India, where the majority of rural peoples depend on it for livelihood and income. To overcome the problems and multifold the income of these small and marginal farmers, the government has launched a new form of collective organization called Farmers Producer Organization. In Uttarakhand, average land holding constitutes around 1.15 hectare. There are 98.2 millions marginal farms holding and 24.8 millions are small farm holders. One of the major challenges is aggregating small and marginal farmers to enable them to integrate with agricultural market. Thus produce grown in these land holding constitute small marketable surplus. The present study was based on 90 samples of FPOs selected from two districts viz. Dehradun and Pauri Garhwal of the Garhwal Division. The study was aimed to achieve three objectives viz., to examine the business performance of selected farmer producer organizations, to analyze the marketing efficiency of farmer producer organizations and to identify the constraints faced by members of Farmer Producer Organizations and various non-members. Balance sheet analysis revealed that the current ratio and acid test ratio of selected six FPOs was more than one which indicate the sound financial status. The debt- asset ratio of all the six FPOs was good enough so that the debts can be paid off by selling its assets in case of liquidation. The net capital ratio and equity to asset value ratio of all six FPOs were more than one which means the fund of lenders is safe and also highlights the profit of the organization. Income statement analysis revealed that the efficiency ratio and profitability ratio of selected six FPOs was less than one which indicates that organization was able to meet out its expenses. The ratio within one indicates that the organization spent less than what it earned in carrying out its operation .Among the six FPOs, the SBSS had highest marketing efficiency (2.7) followed by BDFPCL (1.41), BBSS (1.11), KUSSS (1.08), PSS (1.06) and HKSS (0.99). Channel II was more efficient than channel I as there were less number of intermediaries in channel II. The Garrett’s ranking analysis depicts that major constraints faced by members of FPO was lack of proper infrastructure, unawareness of credit facilities, price fluctuations over the year where untimely, costly and poor quality inputs and lack of awareness about grading and packaging were minor constraints. The important constraints faced by non- members were delay in payment, exploitation by middle men , lack of market information, lack of facilities of transportation , poor market linkage , lower price for produce and distress sale and lack of extension facilities. Suitable recommendations from the study were FPO farmers should be trained about strategic decisions, awareness and knowledge about management and marketing skills, because small and marginal farmers were primary producers they need to learn modern marketing tactics.
Open Access
Women empowerment through SHG promoted enterprises IN U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-12) Sachin Kumar; Gangwar, Ruchi R.
India is a rapidly developing country but apart from this fact, India is also afflicted with societal issues of socio-cultural hegemony and gender inequality that cause disparities of income and opportunity. While India's GDP has increased by around 6% over the last decade, female labour force participation has decreased dramatically from 34% to 27%. As a result, a movement for women's empowerment is needed, particularly among rural women, so that they can be economically independent and self-reliant. Women's empowerment is a multi-dimensional and multi-directional process in this way. Present study was conducted in Udham Singh Nagar district, from which 2 blocks Gadarpur and Khatima were selected purposively for the study. The study was based on sample size of 120 with 80 SHG members selected from 2 blocks and 40 non-SHG members selected from the same locale. The study had following five objectives: 1. To study the socioeconomic status of the SHG members. 2. To examine the factors determining the participation of rural women in the SHG programme. 3. To estimate the cost and returns from various income generating enterprises. 4. To assess the contribution of SHGs in women empowerment. 5. To identify the constraints faced by the SHG members. To meet the various objectives, simple descriptive analysis, binary probit regression model, cost and returns concept, three-point continuum scale and Garrett Ranking technique were used. The results showed that the majority of members were falling into middle age group and their average family size was 6.18. Average number of females per household was discovered to be 1.57. The average size of operating land holding was 0.53 ha. The probit model estimation showed that probability of participation in the SHG programme increased with the increase in the family size i.e., a positive relationship while it decreased with the increase in age or landholding size i.e., a negative relationship. The enterprises promoted by the majority of SHGs in Udham singh nagar district were milk production, vegetable production and masala making. Milk production turned out to be most profitable enterprise (returns per rupee invested was 2.04.) followed by Vegetable production (1.56) and masala making (1.13) in the area. For all the three dimensions of empowerment i.e., economic, social and personal, majority of the respondents fell in the category of medium empowerment while the category of high empowerment covered the minimum number of respondents. The major social problems faced by the respondents were lack of formal education, lack of training, conflicts among members and lack of social mobility. The major economic problems were low product price, lack of local buyers, lack of market information and long distance to the market, lack of credit sources, lack of quality inputs, lack of technical know-how and non-availability of equipments. Government and other organisations working in this sphere should strive to amplify such programmes in the local areas with the help of SHG members in order to bring more women in the ambit of such programmes. Income generating enterprises should be diversified to include non-agricultural activities as well. There should be proper marketing facilities provided through cooperatives and government outlets so that the producer could obtain fair and remunerative prices and maximum share of consumer’s rupee. There should be adequate, well qualified staff for providing extension facilities, imparting necessary training for better utilization of locally available resources. A suitable arrangement from financial institutions should be made to shorten & simplify the loaning procedure for SHG members.

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