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Open Access
Crop diversification in Uttarakhand an economic analysis
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Goswami, Swati; Srivastava, S.K.
Crop diversification is an important strategy for overall agriculture development in the country. The present study was conducted in Uttarakhand, with the objectives to estimate growth rates of different crops, to examine the socio-economic status, to analyze the nature and extent and to identify the factors affecting crop diversification. The present study utilizes both secondary and primary data, secondary data was collected for the period of 11 years (2000-01 to 2010-11). For primary data, multistage stratified random sampling technique was followed to select 45 farmers from hill region and 30 farmers from plain region. Exponential growth function was used to estimate the growth rate of different crops, to examine socio economic, simple statistical tools were used, Simpson diversification index had been used to analyze the nature and extent of crop diversification. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the factor affecting crop diversification. Growth rate estimated to know the change in area, production and productivity showed that, paddy recorded a significant decline in area and production except Uttarkashi which rise at the rate of 1.16 (area) and 3.01 (production) per cent per annum, wheat show a significant decline in area, while in production recorded a significant increase. Pulses also shows a significant rise in their area, production and productivity as whole, except in U S Nagar where all the above three, declined very sharply at the rate of 27.59, 27.73 and 3.22 per cent per annum. Oilseeds crops and other crops also show the significant change in their area, production and productivity over the study period. The average operational holding of plain region was more than five times high as compared to hilly region, number of male members has been found slightly higher than the female members, and the family size is comparatively large. More than 40 per cent area to total cropped area was devoted to subsistence foodgrains. Share of cows was highest in total livestock population in both areas. Crop enterprise was the main source of income in plains while service sectors dominates in the hill region. The diversification indices constructed for all the crops groups at districts, divisions and state level showed that the diversification has been found more in hill districts as compared to plain districts. State as a whole registered a significant rise in all the crop groups. Pulses also show the significant high level of diversification, while oilseed show the moderate level of diversification. At farm household level, about 62 per cent farmers comes in the category of very high level of diversification in hill region while in plains same per cent belongs to high level of diversification. Hill region show the higher level of diversification in all the crop groups and also in the varieties, as compared to plain region.The major factors responsible for the change in crop diversification were fertilizer consumption, gross irrigated area, road length, mechanization and certified seeds, at districts, divisions and state level. In case of farm households age of household head, size of farm households, distance to market,off- farm/non- farm income and fertilizer which effects the crop diversification. The creation of basic infrastructural facilities is an essential prerequisite for crop diversification and fostering the process of agricultural development.
Open Access
An economic analysis of kharif rice cultivation in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Pankaj Kumar; Singhal, A.K.
An attempt has been made in the study to examine the economics of Kharif rice cultivation in Udham singh nagar district of Uttarakhand. The primary data required for the study obtained from a total of 60 sample farmers drawn through simple random sampling which comprised of 29 marginal farmers, 17 small farmers and 14 large farmers. Cost of cultivation was computed using CACP cost concept and the resource use efficiency in rice cultivation was examined through Cobb-Douglass production function and MVP analysis. The per hectare total cost of cultivation for overall farms (cost C3) was found to be Rs. 39841.27 and total cost were highest on marginal farms i.e. Rs.43327.56 followed by small farms Rs.41608.17 and large farms Rs.38594.01 respectively. Average rice yield per hectare for overall farms was noticed at 46.98 qt/ha in case of large farmers 47.62 qt/ha which was followed by small farmers (46.02 qt/ha) and marginal farmers (44.83 qt/ha). The gross return per hectare for overall per hectare farm basis was Rs. 101059.20 and for marginal, small, land large were Rs. 35305.53, Rs.91055.52 and Rs.248152.40 respectively. The MVP analysis had shown that the resources such as fertilizers human labour and machine labour were exerted significant effect on kharif rice yield and also plant protection chemicals were found to be significant influence on rice yield. It was found that the marginal value products (MVPs) of the aforementioned resources exceeded their marginal input costs (MICs) indicating underutilization of resources. Hence, the rice yield could be increased by increasing the level of these resources. Major production constraints encountered in crop management practices, lack of skilled labourers, labour shortage, occurrence of weeds, pest and disease incidence and non-availability of credit. Some other constraints related to production aspects were low price for output and the crop failure also noticed.
Open Access
An economic analysis of wheat production in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Yadav, Neeta; Singhal, A.K.
The study was conducted in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand was based on data collected from 60 farmers (26 marginal & small, 18 medium and 16 large) for the agricultural year 2011-12. Various socio economic variables were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical tools like average, percentage to examine the socio economic status. The costs and returns of wheat of different category of farms were calculated using CACP concept. For technological status a technology adoption index was constructed taking relevant parameters. Gini ratio was worked out to determine distribution of technology on different category of farms. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to prioritize various constraints faced by farmers. Average size of land holding was 2.62 ha. In Rabi season wheat was grown as main crop. The per hectare total cost of production of wheat at aggregate level was Rs. 57392.26. Large farms incurred highest total cost (Rs. 59628.99/ha) and marginal & small the lowest (Rs. 55783.41/ha). The per quintal total cost of production was found highest on large farms (Rs.1330.70) and lowest on medium farms (Rs.1305). At aggregate level it was Rs.1336.57. Net return over cost C3 was highest on large farms (Rs. 16989.65) and it was lowest on marginal & small farms (Rs. 11205.35). At aggregate level it was Rs. 12754.60. Overall technology adoption index was 72.72%. Large farms showed good performance in adopting technology (83.43%) while marginal & small farms were quite laggard in this regard (65.10%). There was found wide variation in different category farms. The distribution of technology was found quite even on marginal & small farms (Gini ratio 0.21). But more uneven distribution of technology was found on large farms (Gini ratio 0.63). Overall Gini ratio was 0.40 which indicates more or less even distribution of technology in the study area. The study revealed that constraints in wheat cultivation in the study area mainly pertained to lower price of output, higher price of inputs, lack of credit, lack of desired variety, lack of quality inputs, weed occurrence, shortage of labour, pest and disease attack, natural calamity and inadequate irrigation facility. Study suggests that efforts should be made for timely supply of quality inputs at reasonable price and in adequate quantity to farmers. To get more yields further adoption of improved technology should be encouraged.
Open Access
An economic analysis of potato cultivation on marginal farms in Dhari block of Nainital district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Padiyar, Manisha; Singhal, A.K.
The study conducted in Dhari block of Nainital District in Uttarakhand was based on data collected from 60 farmers for the agricultural year 2011-12. Three stage sampling technique was employed for constructing sampling plan of the study. The first stage of sampling plan was the selection of block from the selected district, followed by selection of villages (second stage) from the selected block and selection of respondent farmers (third stage) from the selected villages to make sample of 60 farmers. The study aims at examining the cropping pattern, income and employment on potato growing farms and estimating the cost and returns, resource use efficiency and production constraints in potato cultivation. The cost of cultivation of potato was calculated using CACP concept. The results indicated that potato production was a profitable proposition on the farms in the study area. The per hectare gross return for potato was Rs. 240000. The per hectare net returns after subtracting total cost (Cost D) from gross return was found to be Rs.117204.44. Return per rupee invested was Rs.1.95. It was observed that potato was not cultivated according to the recommended package of practices. The deviation from the optimal level of resource use resulted in low productivity and efficiency of various inputs. The study revealed that constraints in potato cultivation in the study area mainly pertained to high cost of pesticides, high incidence of pest and diseases, high output price fluctuation, low output price during harvesting, lack of support of extension agencies to potato cultivation, inadequate irrigation water, inadequate availability of quality seeds, unavailability of quality pesticides, inadequate availability of labour and inadequate availability of fertilizer. Study suggests that efforts should be made for timely supply of crucial inputs at reasonable price and in adequate quantity to farmers. Farmer’s field trials, awareness campaigns on improved practices and correct method of use of inputs will also be beneficial.
Open Access
An economic analysis of cotton cultivation under drip and conventional irrigation methods in Jalgaon district of Maharashtra
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Amrutrao, Mandlik Jugal; Singh, Virendra
Cotton, The White Gold and The King of Fibers enjoys a predominant position among the cash crops in India and plays a vital role in the country’s economic growth. India ranks 1st and 2nd in terms of area (122 lakh ha) and production (347 lakh bales) of cotton in the world, respectively. Maharashtra is the leading cotton producing state of India with the area of 40 lakh ha under cotton cultivation and a production of 82 lakh ha. But it lags much behind in term of productivity (379 kg per ha), which is far below the national average productivity of 482 kg per ha. It is known that the scope of expansion of area under cotton crop is almost exhausted. In this context the only way of increasing production is by increasing the productivity per unit area. The present study was conducted in Jalgaon, the highest cotton producing and drip using district of Maharashtra, with the objectives to examine the socio-economic status, estimate the costs and returns, resource use efficiency, identify and rank the constraints faced by farmers in adoption and non-adoption of drip system. A multistage sampling was followed to select farmers from four villages of Chopda and Erundol taluka falling in Jalgaon district of Maharashtra. A list of all cotton growers were prepared for each selected villages. Then the farmers were classified into medium and large categories. Five farmers of each category cultivating cotton using drip irrigation method and conventional irrigation method were picked-up randomly from each list. Thus a sample of 80 farmers (40 each farmers growing cotton using drip and conventional irrigation method) was drawn. Simple statistical tools were used to examine the socio-economic status. To study the costs and returns in cotton cultivation using drip and conventional irrigation methods, cost concept as given by CACP were employed. To analyses resource use efficiency Cobb-Douglass production function was estimated separately for each type of cotton farming and categories of farmers. Garrett ranking technique was employed to identify and rank the constraints faced by farmers in adoption and non adoption of drip system. The results revealed, that at aggregate level average family size of famers using drip method (4.70) was smaller than those using conventional method (5.25), at aggregate level in cotton cultivation. Most of the farmers using drip method were in the middle age group whereas those using conventional irrigation method were in the old age group. The most of 87.50 per cent farmers growing cotton with drip irrigation method were having education above high school level whereas 60 per cent farmers growing cotton using conventional irrigation method were having education below high school level or were illiterate. Average annual income (2.83 lakh) and cropping intensity (154.96 per cent) of farmers using drip were higher than those using conventional irrigation method. The investment made by farmers using drip method (Rs.59129 per farm) on farm buildings was higher than those using conventional irrigation method (Rs.35475 per farm). Also the investment made on farm machinery and equipment on farms using drip (Rs. 674683 per farm) was higher using conventional irrigation method (Rs.281813 per farm). Human labour, machine power, seed quantity and irrigation water were used more efficiently on farms drip method as compare to those using conventional irrigation method. At aggregate level total cost of cotton cultivation at farms using drip irrigation method (Cost C3) was estimated to be Rs. 66531 per ha whereas the same was estimated to be Rs. 66355 per ha on farms using conventional irrigation method. Per hectare net returns over cost C3 at aggregate level of farms growing cotton with drip irrigation method were estimated to be Rs. 36509 per ha while the same, on the farms growing cotton with conventional irrigation method were estimated to be Rs.26907 per ha. Production elasticities and marginal value productivities of seed quantity, irrigation water and human labour in cotton cultivation on farms using drip method indicate suboptimal utilization of the these resources, whereas, the production elasticites and marginal value productivities of human labour and draft power in cotton cultivation on farms using conventional irrigation method indicate suboptimal use these resources. The most severe constraints in adoption of drip irrigation method was lack of skills for maintenance of drip irrigation system with garret score 67 of while other important constraint were non-uniform or less discharge through dipper per inline (score 66) and high operational and maintenance cost of drip irrigation system. The major constraints faced by farmers in non-adoption of drip irrigation method were; lack of knowledge about drip irrigation (score 68), very high cost of drip irrigation and high operational and maintenance cost of drip system (score 63). The study revealed the superiority of the drip irrigation method over conventional method in cotton cultivation. Therefore, there is need to popularize the wider adoption of drip irrigation method in cotton cultivation.
Open Access
An empirical study of apple marketing in Nainital district of Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-12) Parihar, Kishore Singh; Anil Kumar
An attempt was made to study the marketing of apple in Nainital district of Uttarakhand. Primary data were collected from sixty growers and five intermediaries operating at each level of marketing channel and information regarding marketed surplus, post harvesting techniques, marketing channels, various trade indicators such as marketing cost, margins and price spread conjoined at various stages of apple marketing were taken and analysed.It was found that average total production of apple was16.77quintals per farm with average farm-level retention of 0.71quintals per farm making marketed surplus of 16.06 quintals per farm. The results of regression analysis on marketed surplus of apple depicted that area under apple, price received by growers and distance of orchards from motor road were the major factors significantly influencing themarketed surplus. Area was the most dominant factor for marketed surplus revealing that one unit hectare increase in area of apple could result in an increase of about 27.6 quintal in the marketed surplus of apple. Over 77.03 per cent of apple growers disposedof 90.29 per cent of total marketed surplus to commission agent cum wholesaler for selling the produce.Grading of apple fruits was performed by all the apple growers following the conventional standard.High cost of packaging material has been reported by almost 92 per cent of the farmers. Four different channels were identified in the study area. The marketing cost incurred by apple growers in channel I was found to be highest i.e. ` 342 per peti where one peti weighs 18.49 kg. The absolute market margin of retailers was worked out to highest i.e.` 621.82 per peti in channel II and ` 500.33 per peti in channel III. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was found to be highest i.e. 15.18 per cent in channel III followed by 14.82 per cent in channel IV. The share of retailers in consumer’s rupee was 59.63 per cent in channel II but this share got reduced to 47.98 per cent with entry of commission agent cum wholesalers in channel III. The share of commission agent cum wholesalers was observed 3.12 per cent and 1.73 per cent in channel III and channel IV respectively. It was found out that channel III was most efficient marketing channel with efficiency of 0.18 followed by channel IV with efficiency of 0.17. It was revealed that costly packaging was the most redeemed constraint followed by climatic constraint and storage problem.
Open Access
An economic analysis of Mentha cultivation in Rampur district of Uttar Pradesh
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Choudhary, Harshika; Singh, Virendra
India is considered to be the ancient home of perfumes and aromatic plants because it is blessed with a wide variety of soil and climatic conditions which support the enormous plant wealth. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are receiving considerable attention all over the world because of their vast untapped economic potential, especially in the use of herbal medicines. The Mentha arvensis (menthol mint) is an important essential oil bearing plant and widely used in food, flavour, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Amongst the Aromatic crops, mentha is important crop as India is the largest producer, consumer as well as exporter of mentha. The low crop productivity and poor resource-use efficiency discourage growers to give boost to mentha production. The major problems confronted by farmers in production of mentha are poor technical guidance, inadequate distillation facility and minimum support from government. The present study was conducted in Rampur district of Uttar Pradesh with the objectives to examine the socioeconomic status, estimate the costs and returns, resource use efficiency and to identify and rank the constraints faced by mentha growing farmers in mentha cultivation. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select blocks, villages and the respondants from the four villages of two blocks in Rampur district. A pooled list of all mentha growers was prepared for all selected villages. Then the farmers were classified into small (2-5 acres), medium (5-10 acres) and large (above 10 acres) size groups and a sample of 60 farmers was obtained using probability proportion to size method. The collection of required primary data pertaining to the year 2011-12 was done using a pre-structural survey schedule. Simple statistical tools were used to examine the socio-economic status, cost concepts as given by CACP were used to study the costs and returns in mentha cultivation. Cobb-Douglas production function was estimated to estimate the resource use efficiency and Garrett ranking technique was employed to identify and rank the constraints faced by farmers. The results revealed that majority of mentha growing farmers were in the middle age group (31–50 years) at aggregate level. Average family size at aggregate level was 5.01. The majority of the farmers were educated (86.67). The major investment item was tractor, which on aggregate level covers 47.81 per cent of total investment. Farm building and storage structure contributes 29.18 per cent at aggregate level. The total cost of cultivation i.e. cost D was estimated to be Rs.64181 per ha at aggregate level. The highest per ha total cost of mentha cultivation (Rs.65050 per ha) was recorded on small farms while the lowest (Rs.62472 per ha) on large farms, attributed to scale economies realized on large farms in input use and bulk purchase on large farms. The net return over total cost (cost D) was found to be the highest on large farms with Rs.20215 per ha; followed by medium and small size group of farms with Rs.15071 and Rs.13849 net returns, respectively. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) that the explanatory variables included in the model are responsible for 75 per cent, 76 per cent, 81 per cent and 77 per cent variation in per hectare output on small, medium, large farm size groups and at aggregate level, respectively. Variables viz. Suckers, human labour and distillation were found to be significant on aggregate level. The high cost of good quality distillation machine, lack of awareness about export market , multiplicity of intermediaries between farmers and processors/industries, lack of regulated marketing system etc. were reported to be the most severe production, marketing and infrastructural and institutional constraints faced by the mentha growing farmers of the study area.
Open Access
An economic analysis of production and marketing of vegetables in Dhari Block of Nainital district
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Bisht, Deepshikha; Singh, Virendra
Indian economy is predominantly an agrarian economy. Contribution of agriculture to national GDP has come down substantially from 58 percent in 1950-51 to 13.6 percent in 2012-13. In economic terms, horticulture sector contributes 29.5 per cent to GDP originating from agriculture. Being a labourintensive activity, vegetable production would augment income and employment opportunities on small farms, whose strength is the abundant labour. The low crop productivity and poor marketing facilities discourage growers to give boost to vegetable production. The major problems confronted by farmers in production of vegetables are unavailability of quality inputs, inadequate marketing facility and minimum support from government. The study conducted in Dhari block of Nainital District was based on data collected from 60 farmers pertaining to year 2011-12. Three stage sampling technique was employed for constructing sampling plan of the study. The first stage of sampling plan was the selection of block from the selected district, followed by selection of villages from the selected block and selection of farmers from the selected villages to make sample of 60 farmers. A sample of 10 market intermediary of each type involved in vegetable marketing was also drawn. The study aimed at examining the cropping pattern, resource structure on vegetable growing farms and estimating the cost and returns, marketing costs, marketing margins, price spread, producer’s share in consumer’s rupee and constraints in vegetable cultivation. The results indicated that vegetable production was a profitable proposition in the study area. Pea, cabbage, bean and tomato occupied 16.05 per cent, 12.81 per cent, 9.62 per cent and 8.76 per cent of the gross cropped area, respectively. Cropping intensity was found to be 181.57 per cent in the study area. Investment on farm machinery & building and livestock was Rs. 13649 per farm and Rs.25058 per farm, respectively. The cost of cultivation on per ha basis was the highest for tomato (Rs. 126401) and the lowest pea (Rs. 62630). The cost of production was highest for tomato (Rs. 810 /qtl), followed by bean (Rs. 686 /qtl), pea (Rs. 585 /qtl) and cabbage (Rs. 387 /qtl). The per hectare gross return was Rs. 150563, Rs. 114464, Rs. 112650, and Rs. 92662 for tomato, bean, pea and cabbage, respectively. The per hectare net returns after subtracting total cost (Cost C3) from gross return was found to be Rs.50020, Rs. 46546, Rs. 26903 and Rs. 24162 for pea, bean, cabbage and tomato, respectively. Return per rupee invested was 1.79, 1.68, 1.41 and 1.19 for pea, bean, cabbage and tomato, respectively. The most popular marketing channel followed by farmers for disposal of vegetables was producer- wholesaler-cumcommission agent- retailer- consumer, channel I, as maximum quantity of produce was sold through this channel. The other channel followed by the farmers for disposal of vegetables was producer- retailerconsumer, channel II. In channel I, marketing cost incurred by producers varied from Rs. 167.19 per Qt for cabbage to Rs. 300.47 per Qt for tomato. The marketing cost incurred by the retailer in channel I varied from Rs. 77.33 per Qt in case of cabbage to Rs. 91.72 per Qt in case of pea. The absolute margin realized by wholesaler-cum-commission agent was as high as Rs. 92.65 Qt in case of bean and as low as Rs. 43.26 for cabbage. In channel I, absolute margin realized by retailer varied from Rs. 94.52 for cabbage to Rs. 252.06 for bean. In channel I, per cent margin realized by the retailer varied from 13.15 per cent for cabbage to 16.67 per cent for bean. Price spread in channel I was the highest for cabbage and the lowest for bean being 47.16 per cent and 38.53 per cent, respectively. Marketing cost incurred by the producers in channel II was the highest for tomato (Rs. 195.86) and the lowest for bean (Rs. 87.30). Marketing cost incurred by retailer in channel II varied from Rs. 42.48 for cabbage to Rs. 53.18 for tomato. Absolute margin realized by retailer in channel II was the highest for bean (Rs. 276.17) and the lowest for cabbage (Rs. 95.44). In channel II, per cent margin realized by the retailer varied from 13.55 per cent for tomato to 19.78 per cent for bean and mark-up margin realized by the retailer varied from 16.55 per cent for tomato to 25.70 per cent for bean. Producer’s share in channel II varied from 71.68 per cent for pea to 62.97 per cent for cabbage. Shortage of irrigation water, high incidence of pest and diseases, inadequate irrigation facilities, inadequate availability of quality seeds, high transportation cost, high cost of packaging material, prevalence of malpractices in the market, lack of insurance, lack of government support, irregular supply of electricity, etc. were reported to be the most severe production, marketing and infrastructural and institutional constraints faced by the vegetable growers of the study area. Though vegetable cultivation in Dhari block was found to be a profitable venture, more profit can be reaped and the business can be made more efficient if the farmers are provided with cheap loans, quality inputs and organized markets.
Open Access
A study of sustainable livelihood security and agricultural diversification in Rajasthan
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-08) Agarwal, Vishanu Kumar; Srivastava, S.K.
The concept of Sustainable Livelihood Security (SLS) has a wider generic meaning, encompassing current concerns and policy requirements pertaining to sustainable development. Keeping in view the changing social, economic and climatic environment, the issue of SLS becomes even more important for farm sector. Agricultural diversification is viewed as a potential tool for SLS. The present study has been conducted in Rajasthan state of India to evaluate the status of SLS, to assess the extent of crop and livestock diversification along with its movement over the years and to examine the relationship of SLS with crop and livestock diversification. The study has been conducted in two parts-first at districts/divisions levels for the period of ten years from 2001 to 2010 and second at farm household levels for the year 2012-13. For primary level study, a sample of 80 farm households comprising of marginal (20), small (20), Medium (20) and large (20) farmers was drawn from desert area and non-desert area of the state with the help of multistage stratified random sampling technique using PPS method at village level to represent the state as a whole. Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) has been constructed with the help of the concept given by Swaminathan for districts and selected farm households to examine the status of SLS with the help of its three components viz; Ecological Security Status, Economic Efficiency Status and Social Equity Status. Simpson diversity index has been constructed to analyze the extent of crop and livestock diversification. Multiple linear regression was done to examine the relationship between SLS and diversification of crop and livestock. The results indicate that 12 districts are under high status, 19 districts are under moderate status and one district i.e. Jaisalmer is under low status of ecological security. Eight districts have been found under high status, 21 districts under moderate status and only 3 districts viz; Dungarpur, Pali and Tonk under low status of economic efficiency. In case of social equity, only two districts namely Jaipur and Ganganagar have been observed under very high status, 8 districts under high status, 16 districts under moderate and 6 districts under low status. No one district fall under very high status of SLS. Only nine districts out of 32 districts are found under high status, 22 districts under moderate status and only one district i.e. Jaisalmer has been found under low status of SLS. There exists wide gap in social equity status as compared to ecological security status and economic efficiency status across the districts in Rajasthan. Most of the districts fall under moderate status in almost all aspects of SLS. The districts performed better in crop diversification are Sirohi, Pali and Hanumangarh, whereas, the poor performing districts in crop diversification are Udaipur, Rajsamand and Barmer. Overall crop diversification index for Rajasthan state as a whole is estimated as 0.88 i.e. very high level of crop diversification. Rajsamand district has shown the highest variation (15.79%) in crop diversification over a period of ten years. Rajsamand, Barmer, Jalore and Churu districts have shown significant positive growth in crop diversification. In overall Rajasthan, 61% farmers fall under high level and 39% farmers are found under very high level of crop diversification. Overall farmers in desert area have been found under very high level, while, in non-desert area, farmers have been found under high level of crop varietal diversification. In overall Rajasthan, all categories of farmers have been found under very high level of overall crop diversification. The value of livestock diversification ranged from 0.40 to 0.80. Only three districts viz; Hanumangarh, Tonk and Jalore have shown very high level of livestock diversification. Crop diversification has been found positive and significantly related with SLS in Ajmer, Bhilwara, Karauli, Jodhpur, Pali, Rajsamand and Chittorgarh, whereas, negative and significant contribution is found in Barmer and Banswara districts. The policy implications emerged out from this study that ecological and social development require special attention in Jaisalmer. Similarly, other desert districts like Jodhpur, Bikaner, Churu and Barmer require special attention for ecological development. Dungarpur, Pali and Tonk being relatively low economic efficient districts require more emphasis towards economic development. In general, desert districts should be given high priority towards ecological and social development as compared to non-desert districts of Rajasthan. All the marginal and small farmers in Rajasthan should be given more emphasis towards economic as well as social development to improve their sustainable livelihood security. Ajmer, Bhilwara, Karauli, Jodhpur, Pali, Rajsamand and Chittorgarh districts should be promoted for crop diversification to improve the status of sustainable livelihood security. Sawai madhopur and Pali districts be given importance for specialization of livestock rearing.

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