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ThesisItem Open Access Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of biological activities of essential oil of Nepeta hindostana (Roth.) Hains growing in Kumaun region of Uttarakhand(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-08) Himani; Ravendra KumarThe aim of present study was to analyze the chemical composition and to evaluate the biological activities of the essential oil of aerial and root part of N. hindostana (B. Heyne ex Roth) Haines. The plant material was collected from Tarai region of Uttarakhand. Essential oil from the aerial and the root part of N. hindostana (NHAO and NHRO) was extracted by using hydro-distilllation method (Clevenger type apparatus) and the yield (v/w) was 0.3±0.01% and 0.2±0.01% respectively. The essential oils were chemically analysed by GC and GC/MS. Biological activities of NHAO and NHRO such as antifeedant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic were also performed using standard protocols. The major compounds present in NHAO and NHRO were mcamphorene (17.7%) and methyl linoleate (13.2%) respectively. Insect antifeedant activity of NHAO and NHRO was done with non-preferential leaf dip method against Spilosoma obliqua. Both the oils possessed significant insect antifeeding activity, however NHRO was more effective. The in vitro antioxidant activity was performed in terms of DPPH radical scavenging, H2O2 radical scavenging and metal chelating assay. In all three assays NHAO exhibited strong activity than that of NHRO Also in In- vitro anti-inflammatory activity NHAO (IB50=20.46±0.21μg/mL) showed a good in vitro anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, the antidiabetic activity of oils was done using α-amylase inhibition assay taking acarbose as standard. NHRO (IC50=10.86± 0.45 μg/mL) showed good antidiabetic activity than NHAO (IC50=25.33±0.24 μg/mL).ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of some decontamination methods for the removal of post harvest pesticide residues from chilli(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2021-07) Rahul; Srivastava, AnjanaNowadays, understanding the impact of the pesticide exposure is an important concern for the consumers. Chilliis the commonly used vegetable which is highly exposed to pesticide usage. The current study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of different decontamination treatments for removal of nine commonly applied pesticides on Chilli crop. The Chilli samples were subjected to nine decontamination treatments namely washing with running tap water, soaking in lukewarm water (50-60°C), soaking in solutions of 1% NaCl, 5% NaHCO3,2% CH3COOH,0.01% KMnO4and commercial decontaminants like Veggie clean, Nim wash, and Arkaherbi wash for ten minutes every time. The extraction of all the pesticides in Chilli crop was done through QuEChER’S method and analysis of acephateand it’s metabolite methamidophos, acetamiprid, carbendazim, imidacloprid, tebuconazole, and thiamethoxamwas done by HPLC-UVwhereas that of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and profenofos by GCECD. In Chilli, the results indicated that soaking in 2% acetic acid solution was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments to decontaminate all the pesticides (>50%) except profenofos when compared with other treatment solutions, whereas treatment with 1% NaCl solution proved to be the next best treatment in removal of different pesticides. Amongst commercial decontaminant solutions washing with Nim wash removed the highest percentage of pesticide residues from Chilli fruits. Acephate and it’s metabolite methamidophos, tebuconazole and carbendazim could be decontaminated well by the use of 0.01% KMnO4 solution, wherein the percent removal ranged between 79-91.37%. Similarly cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos and thiamethoxam residuescould be dislodged on soaking in 2% acetic acid solution ranging from 60.98 to 89.43%.Profenofos could be decontaminated to the maximum extent by dipping in commercial decontaminants like Nim wash (68.81%) and Veggie clean (68.41%) solutions where as it could be washed off only slightly by the other decontaminant solutions. The study confirms the use of simple cost-effective household solutions, to reduce the commonly applied harmful pesticides from Chilli.ThesisItem Open Access Nutrient status of different soil samples of Dehradun district of Uttarakhand and their correlation with soil properties(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-12) Rawat, Komal; Tandon, ShishirAn experiment was conducted to analyze the general soil properties, status of available macronutrients (N, P and K) and to study the relationship between soil properties and macronutrients. Soil samples (0-15cm depth) were collected from 20 different location of Dehradun district Uttarakhand. Different methods of analysis of soil were employed to know the availability of N, P, and K. Available Nitrogen was analyzed by alkaline KMnO4 method, available phosphorus by Olsen’s method, AB-DTPA method, Mehlich-3 method and Morgan method, while available Potassium was analysed by Ammonium acetate, AB-DTPA, Mehlich-3 and Morgan methods. The soil texture ranged from medium texture to fine texture. Soil was found to be acidic to alkaline with pH ranging from 4.3-7.3 while, electrical conductivity was found to be medium ranging from 0.261dSm-1-0.602 dSm-1. The soils were found medium to high in organic carbon content and ranging from 0.60-1.8%. Extractable nitrogen by Alkaline KMnO4 method of study area ranged from 163- 301 kg N ha-1. Phosphorus extracted by Olsen’s, AB-DTPA, Mehlich-3 and Morgan methods ranged from 24.5-100.84 kg ha-1, 4.33-458.6 kg ha-1, 10.71-157.79 and 10.13- 107.69 kg ha-1, respectively. Available potassium extracted by ammonium acetate, ABDTPA, Mehlich-3 and Morgan methods ranged from 100.8-566.94 kg ha-1, 73.92-601.8 kg ha-1, 59.5-563.92 kg ha-1 and 22.0-441 kg ha-1, respectively. The soil pH showed negative and significant correlation with available nitrogen and potassium. The OC also showed significant but positive correlation with available N and EC for the entire area of study. On the basis of calculated nutrient indices, the soils under study were found to be low in extractable nitrogen and medium in extractable phosphorus and potassium.ThesisItem Open Access Decontamination studies of some pesticide residues in okra and chilli(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-10) Neel, Shila; Srivastava, AnjanaNow a days understanding the impact of the pesticide exposure is an important concern for the consumers. Okra and chilli are the commonly used vegetables which are highly exposed to pesticide usage. The current study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of different processes for reduction of four commonly applied pesticides on okra and chilli crops. The okra and chilli samples were subjected to seven decontamination treatments namely washing with running tap water, soaking in lukewarm water (50-60°C), soaking in 1% NaCl, soaking in 5% NaCl, soaking in 5% CH3COOH, soaking in 5% NaHCO3 and soaking in 0.01% KMnO4. The extraction of all the pesticides in both the crops (quinalphos, profenophos ethion and lambda-cyhalothrin was done through QuEChER’S method and analysis by GC-ECD. In okra, results indicated that soaking in 5% Acetic Acid solution for 10 minutes followed by washing using tap water was more effective in reducing all pesticides tested in comparison to other treatment solutions, whereas in chilli, the treatment of soaking in 5% NaCl solution for 10 min., resulted in the maximum removal of all the pesticides in comparison to the rest of the decontamination treatments. Lambda-cyhalothrin was reduced in higher amounts by all the decontamination processes but the highest removal (97.96%) was by soaking in 5% Acetic acid. In okra the magnitude of reduction of quinalphos, profenophos, ethion and lambda-cyhalothrin was observed in the range of 48.0-95.3, 34.3-87.6, 64.2-97.8, and 40.1-97.1 percent respectively, likewise, in chilli, the magnitude of reduction of quinalphos, profenophos, ethion and lambda-cyhalothrin was observed in the range of 13.11-86.55, 7.00-92.98, 10.73-96.34 and 59.99-97.96 percent respectively. The study confirms the use of simple cost-effective household solutions, to eliminate harmful pesticides from okra and chilli crops.