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Open Access
Synthesis and biological activities of Cinnamo Hydroxamic acid derivatives
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-06) Arya, Sushila; Tandon, Shishir
The cinnamo hydroxamic acid derivatives have been synthesized employing green chemistry principles. The compounds have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted cinnamic acids and substituted hydroxylamines at temperature 0°C in chloroform as solvent and solution was in the presence of a new catalyst triethylamine . The compounds synthesized are 4-hydroxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 3-nitro cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 4-chloro cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(4-hydroxyl) cinnamon hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-nitro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-bromo) cinnamon hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(4-methoxy) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-chloro) cinnamon hydroxamic acid and 2-Bromo-(4-chloro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid. All the compounds were formed with average to good yield. The compounds were tested for herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus seeds. The compound 3-nitro cinnamon hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-bromo) cinnamo hydroxamic acid and 2-Bromo-(4-chloro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid were found to exhibit significant activity at par with the standard pendimethalin at concentration 200ppm. Other compounds exhibited activity significantly lower than the standard at all concentrations. Antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was also evaluated for antioxidant activity two methods viz., 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were employed. Most of the compounds were found to have significant activity. Amongst all the substituted cinnamo hydroxamic acid derivatives 4-hydroxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity followed by 4-chloro cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(3-bromo) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 3-nitro cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(4-methoxy) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, o-tolyl-(4-hydroxyl) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 4-methoxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid exhibiting activity at par with standard BHT / gallic acid.The compounds o-tolyl-(3-chloro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid, 2-Bromo-(4-chloro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid exhibited lower activity than standard BHT and higher activity than standard gallic acid while compound o-tolyl-(3-nitro) cinnamo hydroxamic acid exhibit lowest radical scavenging activity than both standard BHT and gallic acid. The reducing power activity (FRAP) of synthesized compounds were also studied. The highest reducing power activity was observed for o -tolyl-(4-methoxy) cinnamo hydroxamic acid while, the lowest activity was observed in 4-hydroxy cinnamo hydroxamic acid .The reducing power activities for all the synthesized compounds were compared with standard FeSO4.7H2O. It may be concluded from the present study that cinnamo hydroxamic acid derivatives might be a source of herbicides and antioxidants to protect the agricultural crops, foods etc. Cinnamo hydroxamic acid derivatives show excellent herdicidal and antioxidant activity and may be developed as potential herbicides and antioxidants in future.
Open Access
Adsorption desorption behaviour of Penoxsulam herbicide in different soils
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-05) Pandey, Vandita; Srivastava, Anjana
Penoxsulam is a post emergence herbicide, belongs to group triazolopyirimidine sulfonamide, used to control broadleaf and sedges weeds in rice crop. The adsorption desorption behavior of this herbicide was studied under laboratory conditions. Adsorption desorption study of penoxsulam was performed in six soil samples. The adsorption data of penoxsulam at different time intervals was best fitted to pseudo first order kinetics. The value of coefficient of determination (R2) were highly significant and varied from 0.878 to 0.988. The adsorption rate of penoxsulam for different soils followed the order: HLD-2 > BD-2 > HLD-1 > BH-1 > LOH-5 > JK-1. The adsorption data were justified by Freundlich isotherm. The value of coefficient of determination (R2) varied from 0.838 to 0.961. The shape of adsorption isotherm was S type indicating the case of cooperative adsorption which results in the formation of a multimolecular layer on adsorbent. Among the acidic soils LOH-5 having the lowest pH (5.36) showed the highest adsorption whereas, in the case of alkaline soils JK-1 with less alkaline pH and comparatively higher clay and organic content adsorbed more penoxsulam. The computed values of coefficient of determination (R2) for desorption experiment varied from 0.870 to 0.940 which indicated that the desorption data of penoxsulam from soil conformed well to Freundlich Desorption Isotherms model. The values of ln K' varied from 7.960 to 11.492 for acidic soils and from 8.745 to 18.474 for alkaline type of soils. The values of 1/n' ranged from 1.298 to 5.399. In general, the values of 1/n' were relatively lower for acidic soils. The values of desorption index varied from 0.928 to 3.004 indicated that penoxsulam retained by alkali soils could be easily desorbed in soil solution. This showed that higher proportion of adsorbed penoxsulam was liable to desorption with increasing soil pH. The results obtained by FTIR analysis of penoxsulam and penoxsulam treated soils revealed that penoxsulam molecule having several polar moieties in the structure was likely to interact with soils containing clay and humic substances by forming hydrogen bond with water molecules present in the hydration sphere of exchangeable cations and also with different protonated functional groups of soil organic matter which may cause shift of peaks in penoxsulam treated soils.
Open Access
Phytochemical analysis, pharmacological properties and biopesticidal efficacy of Limnophila indica (L.) Druce
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-05) Randeep Kumar; Ravendra Kumar
In present study the preliminary qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis along with pharmacological activities like in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and pesticidal activity like insect antifeeding and herbicidal activity of essential oil and different plant extracts of Limnophila indica (L.) Druce were evaluated. The yield of different samples obtained were 0.98%, 8.16%, 1.1% and 3.3% for essential oil, methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts respectively. The presence and absence of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, and diterpenes were observed in all the samples. The GC-MS analysis reveals the identification of 90.9%, 74.3%, 72.9% and 84.3% compounds of the total samples composition of essential oil, methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts respectively. Major compounds like epi-cyclococlorenone (27.7%), _-monolinolein (12.9%), 4,5-dimethyl-1,2,3,6,7,8,8a,8b-octahydrobiphenylene (18.3%) and aristolone (40.3%) were identified in essential oil, methanol, chloroform and hexane extracts respectively. The quantitative evaluation of total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and ortho dihydric phenol (ODP) content of all the extracts were calibrated in terms of gallic acid, catechin and catechol equivalents respectively and resulted the composition in order of chloroform extract > methanol extract > hexane extract. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was performed in terms of DPPH radical scavenging, NO radical scavenging, metal chelating and reducing power effect against standard antioxidants like BHT, ascorbic acid, citric acid and catechin and the results analysed to be very effective with a broad range of inhibition with potent IC50 values. Also, the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity were tested as a measure of inhibition of protein denaturation method against standard diclofenac sodium and evaluated to be the significantly different range of inhibition as tested at different doses levels. Evaluation of insect antifeeding activity were done with non-preferential leaf dip method against Spilosoma obliqua (Bihar hairy caterpillar) resulted into a significantly diverse range of antifeedant index. Assessment of herbicidal activity in terms of inhibition of percent germination, inhibition of coleoptile length and inhibition of radicle length as tested on the seeds of Raphanus sativus revealed the significant properties in the essential oil and the plant extracts of the tested plant as analyzed against the standard herbicide pendimethalin. All the inhibition data were tested to be significantly different as analyzed via two factor analysis with replication (p<0.01 and p<0.05).
Open Access
Synthesis of potent herbicidal organic compounds using ionic liquid and heterogeneous catalytic systems
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-01) Verma, Shivani; Kasana, Virendra
Synthesis of five series of compounds namely _-phosphonomalonates using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) catalyst, naphthopyrans using novel nano-SiO2@Si(CH2)3@[tetrabutylammonium][valinate] catalyst, octahydroquinazolinone-1,3-dicarbaldehydes using novel tetrabutylammonium prolinate catalyst, small organic acid ionic liquids and cinnamic acid ionic liquids by acid-base neutralization method were carried out and screened for their herbicidal activity against Raphanus sativus (raddish) seeds at different concentrations (0.005M, 0.01M and 0.02M). Mild reaction conditions was applied for synthesis of _-phosphonomalonate, naphthopyran and octahydroquinazolinone-1,3-dicarbaldehyde derivatives affording these compounds in good to excellent yields. All the synthesized derivatives were docked with acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) protein available on RSPDB data bank via molecular docking studies. The prepared catalyst was confirmed by 1HNMR, FT-IR, SEM, TEM and XRD techniques. The structure of compounds was elucidated using FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and HR-MS spectral techniques.
Open Access
Comparative study on phytochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticidal activity of Citrus sinensis and Citrus reticulate
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-05) Sanwal, Yamini; Tandon, Shishir
Citrus reticulata (kinnow) and Citrus sinensis (orange) were collected from local market of Pantnagar, The essential oil was isolated from the fruit peel by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus. Essential oils were analysed for their chemical composition by GC-MS. Essential oils were tested against Callosobruchus chinensis and Tribolium castaneum for their contact, repellent, fumigant and ovipositional activities. Essential oils were also screened for their antimicrobial activity against two plant pathogenic fungi viz; Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani and Pseudomonas aureginosa bacteria. Antioxidant assay by different methods viz; reducing power activity, chelating activity of Fe2+, free radical scavenging activities were also studied for both the oils. Chemical composition of Citrus reticulata essential oil revealed D-limonene (94.64%), myrcene (1.72%) and n-caprylaldehyde (1.29%) as a major compounds. However, Citrus sinensis essential oil had D-limonene (86.36%) _-terpinyl acetate (4.22%), p-bis (trimethylsilyl) benzene (1.55%) and cis-oleic acid (1.10%) as a major compounds. The bioassay on insecticidal activity (contact, fumigant, repellent, and ovipositional activity) showed both the oils had significant activity against both tested insects. Citrus reticulata had shown better activity than Citrus sinensis against Callosobruchus chinensis and Tribolium castaneum. Both the essential oils exhibited good to moderate antioxidant activity in dose dependent manner. Chelating activity of both the oils was found to be almost similar while, free radical scavenging activity was found to be more in case of Citrus reticulata. Reducing power was greater in case of Citrus reticulata than Citrus sinensis. Both the essential oils were found to be active against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani and no activity of both oils were observed against Pseudomonas aureginosa at tested concentrations. Based on the above results it can be concluded that, besides its academic importance Citrus sinensis and Citrus reticulata can be good source of natural antioxidant, natural antifungal and natural insecticidal and they can be exploited in future after more clinical and pilot scale trials.
Open Access
Equilibrium modeling and kinetic studies on the biosorption of Chromium (III) from synthetic waste water using Cupressus torulosa and Taxus baccata”
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-08) Verma, Anil; Viveka Nand
In recent times, Heavy metals in general and chromium in particular has received a great deal of attention because of their toxicity. Studies were undertaken to examine the biosorptive ability of Gymnosperm plant species, Cupressus torulosa, and baccata, , collected from high altitude of Uttrakhand hills, to remove the Chromium (III) metal ions from aqueous solution. Batch mode experiments were conducted at cold and hot temperatures (25˚±5˚C and 40˚±5˚C) to study the effects of initial Cr (III) metal ion concentrations, pH, time and amount of biomass. Thus a removal of chromium is essential from the environment by cheap and ecofriendly process. The maximum percentage removal (%removal) and biosorption capacity (Qe value) were recorded at equilibrium conditions. The maximum removal of Cr (III), at cold and hot temperature condition by by C. torulosa and T. baccata, leaves were 97.83 and 93.66, 97.83 and 93.66 while by barks were 90.53 and 93.66% , 90.33 and 93.23% respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherm models were used to explain adsorption phenomenon of Cr (III) removal. Equilibrium data agreed well for biosorption of Cr (III). The kinetic data have been analyzed using Pseudo first order, Pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic models. The experimental data fitted very well the Pseudo second order and Elovich kinetic models. The FT-IR spectra of dried unloaded and Cr-loaded plants biomass were obtained to understand the nature of possible interactions between the chromium metal ions and the functional groups of biosorbents. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the main functional groups involved in biosorption were carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, alcoholic and phenol. Significant morphological changes were observed using SEM analysis, which support the binding of metal with leaves and bark surfaces. Thus, it can be concluded that gymnosperms can be utilized as cost-effective and environment friendly alternative over commercial methods of treatment for removal of toxic metals and contaminants of water because these plants consists high metal binding properties at different environmental conditions.
Open Access
Chemical analysis, biological activity determination and DNA profiling of different accessions of Curcuma longa L. collected from Uttarakhand
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-08) Arya, Neelam; Om Prakash
Polyphenolics, known as nutritional secondary metabolities, plays an important role to protect the tissues by reducing the oxidative stress and enhance the nutritional value of food material. The total curcumin content, essential elements, phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of 50 samples of Curcuma longa L. rhizome from various niches of Uttrakhand (Kumaun and Gharwal region) were analyzed. The highest curcumin content was found in the sample collected form Pithoragarh (37.93±0.12mg/g) and lowest content was in Patwadanger (9.29±0.51mg/g) collection. The Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents was found in the range of 20.89 to 3462.58, 1.11 to 198.03, 3.54 to 211.75 and 5.56 to 1108.80 mg/kg respectively. These contents were maximum in sample collected from Dholia pata (Bageshwar), Nanakmatta (Udhamsingh Nagar), Pantnagar (Udhamsingh Nagar) and Champawat and minimum in the sample collected from Kathgodam (Nainital), Harsil (Uttarkashi, Garhwal), Bhimtal (Nainital) and Dharchula (Pithoragarh). The P, Ca, Mg, K and N content was found in the range of 0.04 to 0.99, 0.19 to 1.42, 0.09 to 0.85, 0.57 to 2.99 and 9.52 to 35.28% respectively. The P and Ca contents were maximum in the sample collected from Devprayag (Chamoli), Khatima (Udhamsingh nagar), Mg and K in Chamoli and N in Roorkee (Haridwar). This content was found minimum in sample collected from Barswar (Pauri Garhwal), Pithoragarh, Ramnagar (Udhamsingh Nagar) Kanda (Bageshwar) and Dwarahat (Almora). The amount of total phenols varied from 6.71±1.29 to 51.49±1.41mg/g. The maximum phenolic content was found in Pithoragarh collection and minimum in Khatima (Udhamsingh nagar) collection. The total flavonoid contents varied from 6.34±1.81 to 28.96±2.47 mg/g with maximum flavonoid in the sample collected from Kapkot (Bageshwar) and minimum in Kanda (Bageshwar) collection. Orthodihydroxy phenol (ODP) varied from 0.69±0.10 to 8.11±0.11 mg catechol equivalent/g. The maximum ODP was found in the sample collected from Chamoli and minimum in Chakrata (Dehradun). The content of ascorbic acid varied from 0.122 ± 0.008 to 2.61 ± 0.0071mg/g. The total sugar, reducing and non-reducing content in all the fifty collections varied from 56.25±0.77 -- 13.75±0.72, 11.2±0.39 -- 1.2±0.10 and 49.67±0.84 -- 8.58±1.24 mg/g respectively. The Munsiyari (Pithoraghar) collection showed maximum amount of total sugar and non-reducing sugar while Nanakmatta (Udhamsingh Nagar), Deharadun and Pantnagar (Udhamsingh Nagar) showed the minimum amount. The total Protein content in different samples ranged from 4.87±0.08 to 24.52±0.11 mg/g with maximum in Roorkee (Haridwar) collection and minimum in Chakrata (Dehradun) collection. The other samples showed the amounts in between of maximum and minimum and all the samples exhibited in vitro – antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner. The total antioxidant capacity and FRAP was found in the range of 27.44±2.5 to 94.78±3.4 mg/g and 6.99±.39 to 54.84±.53 μmole FeSO4 equvalient/g respectivily. The methanolic extracts also showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, Hydroxy radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity in dose dependent manner but significantly less compared to the standards (EDTA, ascorbic acid and qurecitin). The IC50 values of these activities were varied from 55.93±0.25 to 275.41±0.53, 39.57±.42 to 77.68±.63, 43.76±0.53 to77.12±0.59 and 39.02±0.46 to 76.15±0.39μg/ml respectively. Out of fifty samples two samples selected from Ukhimath and Haldwani, showed good anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities in dose dependent manner. None of the extract exhibited toxicity at 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg concentration. The RAPD technique was performed to detect genetic diversity in the twenty turmeric sample. Ten RAPD primers yielded 84 alleles, averaging 8.4 alleles per locus varying from seven to ten. Polymorphism index contents values ranging from 0.24 to 0.77 with the mean of 0.43. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and gene diversity (Nei’s) for individual loci varied from 0.158 to 0.672 and 0.154 to 0.564, respectively. The Shannon’s informative index (I) of loci varied from 0.137 to 0.846 with the mean of 0.425 per locus. Fixation index (Fis), was also calculated, which ranged from 0.125 to 0.600 with an average of 0.377. A genetic relationship among accessions were analyzed by cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), the average-linkage method with the similarity matrix as input data and classified all twenty turmeric accessions into two major groups comprising six clusters. From result, the samples collected from Lohaghat and Patanpatni have the same parents and sample collected from Harsil and Munsiyari and from kanda and Champawat are closely related accessions. The wide geographical and climatic distribution is indicative of the fact that there exists a tremendous genetic diversity in Curcuma longa which needs to be identified and catalogued for scientific and breeding programmes for their commercial usages.
Open Access
Synthesis of bioactive molecules using novel methods and evaluation of their biological activities
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2010-08) Pandey, Jyoti; Virendra Kumar
Five series of compounds namely cinnamic acid amides, ß-benzoylacrylic acid esters, 1, 5 benzodiazepines, benzimidazoles and .-acetamido keto esters were synthesized. Analogues of naturally occurring cinnamic acid amides and ß-benzoylacrylic acid esters were synthesized in order to evaluate their herbicidal potential against Echinochola colona (weed of rice) and Phalaris minor (weed of wheat) respectively. Some of the analogues of cinnamic acid amides and ß-benzoacrylic acid esters exhibited activity at par with the standards. Benzodiazepines, benzimidazoles and .-acetamido keto esters were undertaken in order to develop new techniques and catalysts. A new catalyst trichloro acetic acid was developed for the synthesis of benzodiazepines by the reaction of o-phenylenediamine and substituted aldehydes. Some of the synthesized benzodiazepines were found to antibacterial and duodenal smooth muscle relaxation activity. For the synthesis of benzimidazoles two new catalyst ferric chloride and silica supported calcium chloride dihydrate have been developed as novel and efficient catalysts. For the synthesis of .-acetamido keto esters two new catalyst oxalic acid and calcium chloride dihydrate have been developed.
Open Access
Supercritical carbon dioxide assisted synthesis and studies on multiwalled carbon nanotube polymer composites
(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2010-07) Thakur, Aparna; Zaidi, M.G.H.
The supercritical fluids have been used as inexpensive and environmentally benign media for the synthesis and processing of a variety of materials of technological significance. In the present work efforts have been made to synthesize a series of MWCNT/polymer composites through in-situ polymerization of selected monomers in scCO2. All the samples were synthesized at 1200 psi and 90±1oC in scCO2. PPy, PTh, their copolymers and nanocomposites have been synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization of respective monomers in presence of ferric chloride. PGMA and corresponding nanocomposite have been synthesized through free radical polymerization in presence of AIBN. All the polymerization reactions have been monitored through variations in weight average molecular mass, polydispersity index and rheoviscosity. The formation of nanocomposites has been ascertained through Uv-vis, FT-IR and NMR spectra. Their microstructure has been investigated through XRD spectra, TEM and AFM. Thermal and electrical properties of samples have been studied through simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA and four probe methods.

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