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ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of cultivation practices and marketing techniques by potato growers of Doaba region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Koundal, Smeeksha; Koundal, Smeeksha; Kuldeep Singh; Kuldeep SinghThe study entitled “Adoption of cultivation practices and marketing techniques by potato growers of Doaba region of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study the extent and level of adoption, various potato marketing channels, economics of potato cultivation and constraints faced by the potato growers in adoption of recommended potato cultivation practices. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur district were selected for the study. From each district 100 potato growers were selected, total 200 potato growers. The data were collected through interview schedule. The findings revealed that majority of the potato growers from both the districts belonged to the age group of 42-59 years, had gained education up to senior secondary level, medium level of extension contacts, mass media exposure and low level of social participation. In Jalandhar potato was sown in October and in Hoshiarpur potato was sown in September by majority of the potato growers. Recommended seed rate, size and spacing of potato cultivation was adopted by majority of the potato growers from both the districts. In Jalandhar seed potato and in Hoshiarpur table potato was cultivated by majority of potato growers. From Jalandhar 62.81 per cent and from Hoshiarpur only 35.92 per cent of total seed production was sold to other states.Lack of government marketing facilities at right price, wide prices fluctuation, high fertilizer‟s cost and labour unavailability at right time was the major constraints faced by potato growers from both the districts.ThesisItem Embargo Evaluative study on management practices in kinnow crop with special reference to Phytophthora disease in Punjab.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sharma, Ashutosh; Garg, LavleeshThe study entitled “Evaluative study on management practices in kinnow crop with special reference to Phytophthora disease in Punjab was undertaken. 200 kinnow growers were selected from the four Districts with probability proportional to size sampling method. 92, 74, 18, 16 kinnow growers were selected from Fazilka, Hoshiarpur, Shri Muktsar Sahib and Bathinda respectively. Interview schedule was prepared and data was collected personally by interviewing kinnow growers. The age of respondents varied from 27-56 years in which 44.5 per cent belonged to age group of 37-46 years. One third of respondents had medium operational land holding and more than half (55.5%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about kinnow management practices of insect pests, diseases and disorders. More than half (55%) of the respondents procured kinnow plants from recommended sources i.e.PAU nursery. In general respondents applied recommended insecticides for control of insect-pests, disease and disorders. Sodium Hypochlorite was the most cost-efficient Phytophthora management practice among all the other management practices with an average price of 500 Rs. per acre. Highest average yield was obtained with the application of Ridomil Gold among all the other management practices for Phytophthora disease. Average fixed cost for planting of 110 kinnow plants per acre in orchard was 12,300 Rs. In case of average operational cost hoeing, agro-chemicals, irrigation, fertilizers, manures, training & pruning and diesel costed 8,000/- 9,000/-, 1,500/-, 5,100/-, 10,000/-, 5,000/-, and 3,800 Rs. respectively making a combined average total cost of 54,700 Rs. per acre per annum. Around 79 per cent of the respondents faced problem regarding cost of inputs.ThesisItem Embargo Attitude of University students towards gender roles(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Nath, Meghali; Sharma, PreetiThe study entitled ―Attitude of University students towards gender roles‖ was conducted to determine the attitude of University students towards gender roles, analyze the factors affecting the attitude of University students towards gender roles and compare the attitudinal difference between female and male students. For this purpose, a survey was conducted by taking a sample of 200 Punjabi students (100 females and 100 males) aged between 20-28 years from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was prepared to collect the data. The results revealed that overall half of the respondents had egalitarian attitude towards gender role. Furthermore, majority of the female students had egalitarian attitude whereas more than half of the male students had transitional attitude towards gender roles. On analyzing the relationship of the independent variables with the attitude of the students, it was found that factors such as birth order, mother‘s education, social interaction and involvement in extra-curricular activities were found to have a positive and significant correlation with the gender role attitude of the respondents. On the other hand, factors such as age, gender socialization by parents and gender discriminatory experiences faced by the students were found to have a negative impact on their attitude. Moreover, parenting type of the parents and caste of the respondents also had a significant association with the gender role attitude of the respondents. Findings suggest that mother‘s education of the students may be considered as a critical step towards nurturing gender sensitized society. Additionally, students are to be encouraged for social interaction with family, friends and advisors and also active involvement in extra-curricular activities.ThesisItem Embargo Comparative assessment of different methods of paddy cultivation during Covid-19(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Singla, Sahil; Kamalpreet KaurThe study entitled “Comparative assessment of various methods of paddy cultivation during Covid-19” was undertaken to study the opinion of farmers, comparative analysis among various methods of paddy cultivation during Covid-19, prospects and constraints faced by farmers during Covid-19 after adoption of different paddy cultivation technologies. From each agro-climatic zones of Punjab (total five districts were selected for the purpose of study). A list of respondents who were using DSR, mechanical transplanting and conventional transplanting technologies for paddy cultivation during Covid-19 was obtained from the CAO/KVKs of each district. From each district 10 respondents was selected from the selected method during Covid-19. Thus, a total sample of 150 respondents for the study. Interview schedule was used to collect the data. Majority of respondents were in between 38-52 years of age group and had nuclear families, had education level upto matric, medium operational land holding and annual income less than eight lakhs. Majority of respondents had medium mass media exposure and extension contacts whereas low participation in extension activities during Covid-19. Maximum number of the respondents had average opinion regarding DSR, mechanical transplanting and conventional transplanting method of sowing. Majority of respondents wants to increase their area under DSR. Less requirement of labour, number of irrigation, fuel consumption was observed in direct seeded rice as compare to other methods of paddy cultivation. Majority of respondents faced infestation of weed problem in DSR, affordability of machines in mechanical transplanting and high labour cost in conventional transplanting during Covid-19.ThesisItem Embargo Effectiveness of trainings organised by PAMETI for enhancing core competencies of extension personnel(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Anshuman, Jyotishree; Rupinder KaurThe study entitled “Effectiveness of trainings organised by PAMETI for enhancing core competencies of extension personnel” was undertaken with objectives to find the level of effectiveness of the training programmes for enhancing the competency of extension personnel, to find out factors affecting the effectiveness of trainings and to identify the constraints faced by the training institutions as well as extension personnel and develop strategies for improving the effectiveness. Five trainings and 6 trainers were selected by purposive sampling and 24 trainees each from 5 different trainings were selected by random sampling method. Thus, a sample of 120 trainees and 6 trainers of PAMETI, PAU Ludhiana was contacted for the final data collection with the help of interview schedule. It was found that most of the trainees had high level of knowledge in communication skill and fertilizer quality control whereas the trainees attaining training in Crop residue management, Human resource development and Information and communication technology had medium level of knowledge. The gain in knowledge was highest in case of Information and communication technology. Education and professional experience had positive and significant relationship with the knowledge level of the trainees. Most of the trainees were perceived to fall under medium category of the overall training effectiveness index followed by high and low category. The variation in training effectiveness by selected independent variables was explained to the extent of 64.38 per cent in trainees. Achievement motivation, attitude towards self and job performance and satisfaction of trainees contributed significantly for the variation in training effectiveness about different training programmes. Most of the trainees were perceived to fall under medium category of the overall competence index followed by high and low category. Fear of handling advanced and updated technology, lack of boarding and lodging facilities, delay in releasing funds, difficulty in adjusting with heterogenous group was the most severe constraint as perceived by the trainers of PAMETI. Fear of handling ICT tools, practical aspects, field visits and demonstrations, lack of funds, difficulty in adjusting with heterogenous group was the most severe constraint as perceived by the trainees of PAMETI.ThesisItem Embargo Adoption behaviour of tenant farmers towards good agricultural practices for rice-wheat cropping system in South-Western Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sarbjeet Kaur; Gurdeep SinghThe study entitled “Adoption behaviour of tenant farmers towards good agricultural practices for rice-wheat cropping system in south-western Punjab” was undertaken to study the status, adoption behaviour, economic viability and constraints faced by tenant farmers. Out of five blocks of district Mansa, two blocks were selected randomly. From each selected block, five villages were selected and from each selected village fifteen farmers were selected by using simple random sampling technique. Thus, a total of 150 respondents were randomly selected for the purpose of the study. Data were collected through semi-structure interview schedule by personally visiting the tenant as well as owner farmers (OWFs) from the study area. The tenant farmers were further classified as low intensity tenant farmers (LITFs) and high intensity tenant farmers (HITFs) based on proportion of leased in land compared to their own land. The data revealed that majority of the tenant farmers had small (1-2 ha) and OWFs had semi-medium (2-4 ha) land holdings. The results also revealed that majority of tenant farmers were involved in allied occupations in comparison to owner farmers. It was evident that majority of the tenant farmers took same piece of land and same number of acres on lease every year. Tenant farmers revealed that lease rent increased every year. Tenant farmers were engaged in oral agreements for leasing land. The data regarding adoption behaviour showed that tenant farmers were using high doses of fertilizers and pesticides as compared to owner farmers in order to enhance yields and cover crop failure risks. Majority of the tenant farmers purchased inputs on credit. Adoption index for good agricultural practices in rice was low for HITFs (7.14-30.95) while medium in case of OWFs (30.95-54.76) as well as LITFs was (30.95-54.76). Adoption index for good agricultural practices in wheat was low (7.14-28.57) for LITFs and medium (28.75-50.00) for HITFs and OWFs. It was noted that majority of the tenant farmers used to apply higher inputs in comparison to owner farmers to rice and wheat crop but yet obtained similar yield as owner farmers. Benefit-cost ratio for rice-wheat cropping system was low for tenant farmers in comparison to owner farmers. Major constraints faced by majority of the tenant farmers was high rent for leased in land, high interest rate from money lender, small size of operational holding, labour constraints, marketing constraints and input purchase related constraints.ThesisItem Embargo Adoption of cultivation practices and marketing techniques by potato growers of Doaba region of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2023) Koundal, Smeeksha; Kuldeep SinghThe study entitled “Adoption of cultivation practices and marketing techniques by potato growers of Doaba region of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study the extent and level of adoption, various potato marketing channels, economics of potato cultivation and constraints faced by the potato growers in adoption of recommended potato cultivation practices. Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur district were selected for the study. From each district 100 potato growers were selected, total 200 potato growers. The data were collected through interview schedule. The findings revealed that majority of the potato growers from both the districts belonged to the age group of 42-59 years, had gained education up to senior secondary level, medium level of extension contacts, mass media exposure and low level of social participation. In Jalandhar potato was sown in October and in Hoshiarpur potato was sown in September by majority of the potato growers. Recommended seed rate, size and spacing of potato cultivation was adopted by majority of the potato growers from both the districts. In Jalandhar seed potato and in Hoshiarpur table potato was cultivated by majority of potato growers. From Jalandhar 62.81 per cent and from Hoshiarpur only 35.92 per cent of total seed production was sold to other states.Lack of government marketing facilities at right price, wide prices fluctuation, high fertilizer‟s cost and labour unavailability at right time was the major constraints faced by potato growers from both the districts.ThesisItem Embargo Status and factors affecting pesticide use in vegetable crops in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Yadav, Kanchan; Garg, LavleeshThe study entitled “Status and factors affecting pesticide use in vegetable crops in Punjab” was conducted in the three major vegetable cultivating districts of Punjab i.e. Jalandhar, Amritsar and Sangrur. Two clusters of 5 villages each with maximum vegetable growers were selected from each district. 35 vegetable growers (of Pea, Tomato, Potato, Brinjal, Chilli and Okra) were randomly selected from each cluster, thus a total of 210 vegetable growers were the respondents of the study. Interview schedule was prepared and data was collected personally by interviewing the vegetable growers. The study revealed that 54.29 per cent of the respondents belonged to age group of 38-54 years, had family size of 2 to 6 members, low mass media exposure, low extension contacts and low social participation. One-third of respondents were matriculate and had medium operational land holding. The major source of information for pesticide use was advice of dealers followed by extension specialists. 49.52 per cent of the respondents hired labourers for pesticide application and used both chemical and non-chemical methods for weed control. Majority of the respondents sprayed weedicide at recommended time, recommended dose and recommended frequency. Majority of the respondents sprayed insecticides at recommended time, in more than recommended doses and more than recommended frequency. Majority of the respondents sprayed fungicides earlier than recommended time, more than recommended dose and recommended frequency. Majority of the respondents followed symptomatic application, recommended time of application, high dose, recommended method of bait preparation and non-recommended method of bait placement in rodenticide use. More than half of the respondents who were using Pseudomonas fluorescence applied it at the recommended time, more than the recommended dose and recommended method of application. No residue was found in the samples collected for experimental analysis. Majority of the respondents opined that pesticides help in decreasing losses made by pests, can pollute air, soil and water, and non-chemical methods are inefficient as compared to chemical methods of pest control. Majority of the respondents were of the opinion that using pesticide in more than recommended doses and frequencies will kill the pests more effectively and technical information regarding pesticides is beyond the comprehension of any ordinary farmer. Higher yield and level of infestation were the most common reason behind preferring the use of pesticides. Factors affecting at the time of purchase of pesticide were prior experience and price followed by brand. Education, operational landholding and mass media exposure were significantly related to pesticide handling by the vegetable growers. Age, education, operational land holding, extension contacts and social participation significantly affected the pesticide use by the respondents. The respondents were aware about the safety measures to be followed at the before purchasing, while transporting, storage, before, during and after application of pesticides but surprisingly they did not adopt them every time and at every stage of pesticide handling.ThesisItem Embargo Exploratory study on entrepreneurial behaviour and adoption of production technology by the chilli growers of Punjab.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sunidhi; Dharminder SinghThe study entitled „An exploratory study on entrepreneurial behaviour and adoption of production technology by the chilli growers of Punjab‟ was undertaken with the objective to know the entrepreneurial behaviour of chilli growers, to assess the extent of adoption and to identify the constraints faced by the farmers. The study was conducted in the four districts of Punjab. From each selected district, 30 farmers were randomly selected, thus making a total of 120 respondents. Data was collected by personally visiting the study area and interviewing the farmers. Study revealed that the majority of the respondents were matriculated possessed medium operational land holding and medium level of extension contacts. The study revealed that the majority of the chilli growers possess a medium level of entrepreneurial behaviour with a mean score of 64.88 on eight selected attributes. It was found that nearly sixty of the respondents adopted CH-27, a variety recommended by PAU which had also covered the maximum area. Farmers have also grown several private varieties and purchased the chilli seed from private companies. Majority of chilli growers adopted recommended seed rate and sowing time practices while deviated from recommended crop spacing practices. Chilli growers were applying more than recommended doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassic fertilizers. More than half of the chilli growers had applied more than the recommended number of irrigations. Majority (52.50%) of the chilli growers had a medium overall adoption index regarding recommended chilli production technology whereas 30 per cent of the farmers had high adoption index. Scarcity of labour at the time of picking, fluctuation in marketing prices, costly hybrid seed, problems in identifying the pests or diseases and poor quality produce due to rains were the most severe constraints as perceived by the chilli growers. Education, experience in chilli cultivation, mass media exposure, extension contacts and social participation had positive and significant relationship with adoption index. Results of the regression analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between the entrepreneurial behaviour index and adoption index.
