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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Parija, Bhadra; Navneet Kaur
    Present study entitled “Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and KVK, Roopnagar (Experiment I) during 2017- 18 and 2018-19. Experiment I consisted of crop establishment methods of wheat viz. two methods of sowing (line sowing and broadcasting) and two seed rates (100 kg/ha and 125 kg/ha) along with five weed control treatments viz. carfentrazone 20 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha, weed free check and weedy check in factorial RBD with 3 replications. The age of the poplar tree was 4 years in Ludhiana with 12.4 m height and 15.8 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) while at Roopnagar the age of the plantation was 3 years with an average 9.3 m height and 12.1 cm dbh during 2018-19. Experiment II consisted of planting geometry viz. two poplar spacings (8m×2.5m and 7m×3m, paired at 2.5m) and two potato planting geometry (65cm×18.5cm and 75cm×15cm) in main plots and weed control treatments (atrazine 0.250 kg/ha, metribuzin 0.350 kg/ha, paraquat 0.300 kg/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha, weed free check and weedy check) in sub-plots with three replications in split-plot design. The age of the poplar here was 6 years old with 19.6 m height and 26.5 cm DBH during 2018-19. The results of experiment I revealed that line sown wheat (38.0-42.8 q/ha) with higher seed rate of 125 kg/ha (37.3-41.5 q/ha) under weed free check (40.2-45.4 q/ha) had higher yield advantages with a greater number of effective tillers, spike length, grains/ear and 1000-grain weight in comparison to broadcasted with lower seed rate wheat crop under the rest weed control treatments and it was statistically at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha (36.5-41.3 q/ha) applied treatments. The application of clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha effectively reduced the weed count and biomass. In experiment II, poplar spacing of 8m×2.5m (263.5-272.0 q/ha) and potato planting geometry of 75cm×15cm (256.6-262.1 q/ha) recorded significantly higher potato tuber yield. Among the weed control treatments weed free check (294.9-302.9 q/ha) was at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha (289.4-293.2 q/ha) in terms of potato tuber no., weight/hill and yield. These treatments have exhibited a higher weed smothering effect thereby subsequently reduced the weed seed bank and seed recruitment in both the experiments. All the herbicides used in both the experiments temporarily reduced the microbial population and their activity upto 90 days of application and then it recovered till harvesting of the intercrops.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    In-situ rice residue management and its effect on growth and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jasneen Kaur; Harmeet Singh
    The present investigation entitled “In-situ rice residue management and its effect on growth and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)” was carried simultaneously out at two different locations viz. Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Moga during autumn season of 2019-20. Soil of the experimental field at PAU, Ludhiana was sandy loam in texture with average bulk density of 1.45 g cm-3, normal in reaction (pH 7.40) and electrical conductivity (0.224 ds m-1), low in organic carbon (0.36 per cent) and low in available soil nitrogen (169.4 kg ha-1) and medium in available soil phosphorous (19.6 kg ha-1) and available soil potassium (206.4 kg ha1 ). While at Moga, soil was clay loam in texture with average bulk density of 1.37 g cm-3, normal in reaction (pH 8.1) and electrical conductivity (0.416 ds m-1), medium in organic carbon (0.51 per cent), low in available soil nitrogen (244.6 kg ha-1), high in available soil phosphorous (25.2 kg ha-1) and medium in available soil potassium (286.9 kg ha-1). Present field experiment laid out in strip plot design comprised of twelve treatments which included two straw load treatments which consisted of control (no loose straw) and 7 tonnes/ha straw load in vertical plots and three machinery operations which included harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Disc Harrow + Rotavator and two depth of ploughing (shallow and deep) in horizontal plots with four replications. The results revealed that significantly higher number of plants emerged with straw load of 7 tonnes/ha, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatment. At 70 DAP and maturity, plant height, dry matter accumulation by haulms and tubers, Leaf Area Index were recorded significantly higher with 7 tonnes/ha straw load, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatments. However, plant height, dry matter accumulation by haulms and tubers and Leaf Area Index were not significantly affected at 35 DAP among different treatments. The treatment where 7 tonnes/ha straw load was added produced tuber yield of 27.0 t/ha at Ludhiana which 7.1 per cent higher than control (no loose straw) and at Moga, the tuber yield was 23.5 t/ha which was 8.2 per cent higher than control (no loose straw) treatment. Among machinery operations, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation resulted in 10.9 and 15.6 per cent higher tuber yield at Ludhiana and Moga, respectively than harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Disc harrow + Rotavator machinery operation. Deep ploughing recorded 12.2 and 7.3 per cent higher tuber yield at Ludhiana and Moga, respectively than shallow ploughing. Similar trend was found for other yield attributes (number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant and tuber grading) as for tuber yield was recorded at both the locations. Straw load, machinery operations and depth of ploughing treatments showed no significant influence on chlorophyll index, soil physical and chemical properties (soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, bulk density, soil strength and infiltration rate) after harvest of potato, available soil nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium at 35 DAP, 70 DAP and maturity. Quality parameters failed to show any significant improvement with incorporation of straw load, machinery operations and depth of ploughing treatment. Soil moisture content was found to be significantly affected under different treatments at both the locations at all the stages except at 35 DAP. However, soil temperature was found non-significant under different machinery operations at Ludhiana but was found significant at Moga except at 35 DAP. Higher gross returns, higher net returns with higher benefit cost ratio was obtained when straw load of 7 tonnes/ha was added, harvesting by combine fitted with SMS + Mulcher + Reversible Mould Board Plough + Rotavator machinery operation and deep ploughing treatment.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of Nozzle Type and Spray Volume on Weed Management in Happy Seeder Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Reddy, Sriyapu Reddy Sreekanth; Tarundeep Kaur
    The present research work entitled, “Effect of nozzle type and water volume on weed management in Happy Seeder sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L)” was conducted at Student’s Research Farm Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and at farmer’s field, during rabi 2019-20. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized block design replicated four times. The treatments included two nozzle types; air induction twinjet nozzle and field jet boomless nozzle with extra wide even spray, two water volumes of 625 l ha-1 and 1000 l ha-1, three herbicides; pinoxaden @ 50 g ha-1, clodinafop + metribuzin @ 270 g ha-1 and metsulfuron + carfentrazone @ 10 g ha-1 and four standard treatments consisting of weedy check (S1), pinoxaden @ 50 g ha-1 with flat fan nozzle using 375 l ha-1 (S2), clodinafop + metribuzin @ 270 g ha-1 with flat fan nozzle using 375 l ha-1 (S3) and metsulfuron + carfentrazone @ 10 g ha-1 with flat fan nozzle using 375 l ha-1 (S4). Air induction twinjet nozzle recorded significantly higher grain yield (69.32 and 55 q ha-1) compared to field jet boomless nozzle with extra wide even spray (67.63 and 52 q ha-1) and standard flat fan nozzle (66.30 and 52.25 q ha-1) at both the locations, due to reduced density and dry matter of Phalaris minor, Rumex dentatus, Medicago denticuata, and Coronopus didymus. Water volume of 625 l ha-1 (69.66 and 55.34 q ha-1) resulted in higher wheat grain yield than 1000 l ha-1 (67.29 and 52.76 q ha-1) due to higher number of tillers and 1000 grain weight. Among herbicide treatments, clodinafop + metribuzin @ 270 g ha-1 (74.53 and 59.78 q ha-1) resulted in higher wheat grain yield than pinoxaden @ 50 g ha-1 (68.78 and 55.98 q ha1) and metsulfuron + carfentrazone @ 10 g ha-1 (62.06 and 46.43 q ha-1) because of broad spectrum weed control. Among the treatments, weedy check recorded the lowest grain yield (58.56 and 42.3 q ha-1). The interaction effect between nozzle type, water volume and herbicides on grain yield was significant. Both air induction twinjet nozzle and field jet boomless nozzle with extra wide even spray recorded significantly higher wheat grain yield with clodinafop + metribuzin @ 270 g ha-1 than other two herbicides at both locations. Pinoxaden @ 50 g ha-1 gave significantly higher wheat grain yield with 625 l ha-1 water volume at both locations. Air induction twinjet nozzle gave significantly higher grain yield with 625 l ha-1 whereas, field jet boomless nozzle gave similar yield with both water volumes of 625 and 1000 l ha-1. Wheat grain yield with standard flat fan nozzle was at par with field jet boomless nozzle with extra wide even spray and significantly less than air induction twinjet nozzle.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Foliar nitrogen application under reduced sunlight intensity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Garima; Sandhu, Sandeep Singh
    The study entitled, “Foliar nitrogen application under reduced sunlight intensity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at Department of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bahowal, Hoshiarpur. The soil of experimental field was loamy sand in texture at both the locations, medium in organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at Ludhiana, high in organic carbon and available nitrogen and medium in available phosphorous and potassium at Hoshiarpur. The soil was normal in reaction at both the locations. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications. The 20 treatment combinations comprised of four levels of sunlight intensity (control, 50% reduction in sunlight light intensity from 15-45, 46-75 and 76-105 DAT) and five levels of foliar nitrogen application (control, spray of 3% urea before, midway, afterwards and midway-afterwards the reduction in sunlight intensity). Sunlight intensity was reduced by covering the plots from top (leaving the sides open) with green shade net capable of reducing 50% sunlight intensity. The shade net was placed with the help of GI pipe structures specially prepared for this purpose. Rice variety used in the experiment was PR 122. At harvest, the growth parameters like plant height was significantly increased when sunlight intensity was reduced from 46-75 DAT as compared to control and other parameters like number of tillers m-2 and dry matter accumulation were significantly decreased at harvest when sunlight intensity was reduced from 46-75 DAT as compared to control at both the locations. Maximum reduction in the yield attributes like number of effective tillers m-2, panicle length and number of grains panicle-1 was also observed when there was reduction in sunlight intensity from 46-75 DAT as compared to full sunlight intensity at both the locations. Significantly lowest grain yield (48.70 and 53.44 q ha-1 at Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, respectively) as compared to other levels of the treatment was recorded with the reduction in sunlight intensity during 46-75 DAT. Reduction in sunlight intensity during any period caused a significant increase in chlorophyll content and minimum cooking time of milled rice, while it significantly decreased the elongation ratio of milled rice as compared to control. All other quality parameters were observed to vary statistically non-significantly with the reduction in the sunlight intensity. The application of foliar nitrogen before the reduction in the sunlight intensity recorded the highest values of growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and biological yield, chlorophyll content and the minimum cooking time of rice.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Integrated weed management in wheat and characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz.
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet Kaur; Tarundeep Kaur
    The study ―Integrated weed management in wheat and characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz.‖, consisted of two field and one pot experiment. Expt I: Integrated weed management in relation to paddy straw levels, nitrogen rates in wheat under rice -wheat cropping system was conducted in split plot design with paddy straw levels i.e. 0 t ha-1 , 7.5 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 paddy straw in main plots, nitrogen doses i.e. 100 % , 125 % and 150 % recommended nitrogen in sub plots and weed control i.e. without herbicide (control) and metribuzin 42% + clodinafop propargyl 12% at 270 g ha-1 (POST) in sub-sub plots with three replications. Significant reduction in viable weed seeds and density of Phalaris minor, Medicago denticulata and Rumex dentatus was recorded in 7.5 and 10 t ha-1 than 0 t ha-1. An increase of 9.3 & 8.1 % and 9 & 5.9 % in grain yield was recorded in 7.5 and 10 t ha-1 paddy straw level than 0 t ha-1 paddy straw level during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Grain yield slightly enhanced with increasing 100 to 125 % recommended nitrogen and started decreasing with further increasing nitrogen to 150 % recommended nitrogen. Lower density of weeds and higher grain yields (38.1-51.3%) were produced in metribuzin + clodinafop (pre-mix) at 270 g ha-1 than without herbicide. Expt II: Integrated weed management with crop establishment methods and row spacing in wheat under rice -wheat cropping system was conducted in split plot design with crop establishment methods i.e. mechanically transplanted rice and manual transplanted rice in main plots, row spacing i.e. 18.25 cm (7.3 inches) and 22.5 cm (9 inches) in sub plots and weed control i.e. without herbicide (control), pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 (PRE), metsulfuron 10% + carfentrazone 40% at 25 g ha-1 (POST) and metribuzin 42% + clodinafop 12% at 270 g ha-1 (POST) in sub-sub plots with three replications. Closer row spacing of 18.25 cm had better smothering effect on weeds and gave 9.2 and 12.5% increased grain yields than row spacing of 22.5 cm. Metribuzin + clodinafop at 270 g ha-1 and pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 reduced grass and broad leaf weeds effectively. Metsulfuron + carfentrazone at 25 g ha-1 managed broad leaf weeds efficiently but it did not control grass weeds and their biomass. Metribuzin + clodinafop at 270 g ha-1 and pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 gave higher grain and straw yield than without herbicide. Expt III: Characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor was carried out using five post emergence herbicides viz clodinafop, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and isoproturon, and three pre-emergence herbicides namely pendimethalin, pendimethalin+metribuzin and pyroxasulfone at 0, 0.25X, 0.50X, X, 2X and 4X doses of recommended field use of herbicides with three replications tested against 95 populations of Phalaris minor alongwith two susceptible population. It was found that 13 populations had homozygous resistant alleles (404bp band), 41 populations had homozygous sensitive alleles (169 and 235 bp band) whereas 12 populations had heterozygous resistant alleles (169, 235 and 404bp band). T to A nucleotide transversion was observed in amplfied region of ACC gene which is responsible for resistance to Acetyl CoA Carboxylase enzyme in Phalaris minor. Non-enzymatic antioxidant components and antioxidant enzymes played an important role in defence mechanism of Phalaris minor resistant populations under herbicide stress. H2O2 produced during the oxidative stress was detoxified in resistant Phalaris minor populations either by peroxidase enzyme and/or catalase enzyme and/or ascorbate peroxodase and/or glutathione reductase in combination of two or more enzymes along with superoxide dismutate enzyme
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Parija, Bhadra; Navneet Kaur
    Present study entitled “Effect of agronomic manipulations on crop productivity and weed dynamics in poplar (Populus deltoides Bartr.) based agroforestry system” was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and KVK, Roopnagar (Experiment I) during 2017- 18 and 2018-19. Experiment I consisted of crop establishment methods of wheat viz. two methods of sowing (line sowing and broadcasting) and two seed rates (100 kg/ha and 125 kg/ha) along with five weed control treatments viz. carfentrazone 20 g/ha, pinoxaden 50 g/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha, weed free check and weedy check in factorial RBD with 3 replications. The age of the poplar tree was 4 years in Ludhiana with 12.4 m height and 15.8 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) while at Roopnagar the age of the plantation was 3 years with an average 9.3 m height and 12.1 cm dbh during 2018-19. Experiment II consisted of planting geometry viz. two poplar spacings (8m×2.5m and 7m×3m, paired at 2.5m) and two potato planting geometry (65cm×18.5cm and 75cm×15cm) in main plots and weed control treatments (atrazine 0.250 kg/ha, metribuzin 0.350 kg/ha, paraquat 0.300 kg/ha, clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha, weed free check and weedy check) in sub-plots with three replications in split-plot design. The age of the poplar here was 6 years old with 19.6 m height and 26.5 cm DBH during 2018-19. The results of experiment I revealed that line sown wheat (38.0-42.8 q/ha) with higher seed rate of 125 kg/ha (37.3-41.5 q/ha) under weed free check (40.2-45.4 q/ha) had higher yield advantages with a greater number of effective tillers, spike length, grains/ear and 1000-grain weight in comparison to broadcasted with lower seed rate wheat crop under the rest weed control treatments and it was statistically at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha (36.5-41.3 q/ha) applied treatments. The application of clodinafop+metribuzin 270 g/ha effectively reduced the weed count and biomass. In experiment II, poplar spacing of 8m×2.5m (263.5-272.0 q/ha) and potato planting geometry of 75cm×15cm (256.6-262.1 q/ha) recorded significantly higher potato tuber yield. Among the weed control treatments weed free check (294.9-302.9 q/ha) was at par with clodinafop+metribuzin 0.270 kg/ha (289.4-293.2 q/ha) in terms of potato tuber no., weight/hill and yield. These treatments have exhibited a higher weed smothering effect thereby subsequently reduced the weed seed bank and seed recruitment in both the experiments. All the herbicides used in both the experiments temporarily reduced the microbial population and their activity upto 90 days of application and then it recovered till harvesting of the intercrops.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Optimizing irigation schedule for wheat (Triticun aestivıum L) through field and simulation studies
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2021) Sukhpreet Singh; Brar, AS
    The present study "Optimizing irrigation schedule for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.y" through field and simulation studies" was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ropar during 2017-18 and 2018-19. Experiment I was conducted in split plot design, keeping factorial combinations of three sowing dates 2s" October (D), 10" November (D,) and 25" November (D)}and two cultivars {Unnat PBW 550 (V) and PBW 725 (V)} in main plots and four irrigation schedules {irigation at CuluAo (L.) 50 (1) and PAU recommended irrigation schedule (L4)} in sub plots. The results revealed that J0d decreased by 8.2 and 3.8% from D, to D, and 18.0 and 11.5% from D, to D, during 2017-18 and 110 respectively. The correspondıng figures for Ropar were 6.1 and 1.3% and 17.6 and 12.5% during 017.18 and 2018-19, respectively. The variety PBW 725 produced 9.5 and 11.6% higher yield as compared Unnat PBW 550 during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively at Ludhiana and 9.8 and 11.5% at Ropar. respectively. However, the results showed the variety Unnat PBW 550 performed better under late sown conditions as compared to PBW 725. The highest grain yield was obtained in I, which was significantly better than all other depletion-based irigation treatments but statistically at par with L4. The grain yield in I, was 31.4 and 28.5% higher as compared to I; during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively whereas at Ropar it was 314 and 43.1%, respectively. The grain yield and ETc in I, and LĻ were at par, but crop and apparent water productivity was significantly higher in I, as compared to CP. The DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model performed well [as revealed by high correlation coefficient (r), low root mean square error (RMSE) and low mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)] in simulating the days to anthesis (r=0.95 and 0.92; RMSE-4.27 and 4.99 days; MAPE-3.60 and 4.20%), maturity (r-0.96 and 0.94; RMSE-6.02 and 7.51 days; MAPE=3.41 and 4.35%), leaf area index (r=0.92 and 0.84; RMSE-0.16 and 0.15; MAPE=4.58 and 4.50%), grain yield (r=0.94 and 0.96; RMSE=133.3 and 214.6 kg ha'; MAPE=2.66 and 4.87%), biological yield (r-0.92 and 0.93, RMSE=130.6 and 397.1 kg ha': MAPE=1.12 and 2.87%), ETc (r-0.95 and 0.91; RMSE=114 and 10.2 mm; MAPE-3.31 and 3.18%) and CWP (-0.88 and 0.85, RMSE-0.07 and 0.09 kg ha'; MAPE-4.50 and 5.60%) during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. Experiment II was also conducted in split plot design, keeping three irigation timings {three irrigations at crown root initiation, booting and milking (CBM); four irigations at crown root initiation, tillering, flowering and milking (CTFM) and five irrigations at crown root initiation, tillering, booting, flowering and dough (CTBFD)} in main plots and factorial combinations of 3 depths of first ITigation {65 mm (F): 75 mm (F.) and 85 mm (F)} and 3 depths of subsequent irigations {55 mm (S): 65 mm (S.) and 75 mm (S)} in sub plots. There was significant increase in grain yield, apparent and crop water productivity when number of irigations were increased from 3 in CBM to 5 in CTBFD. The grain yield increased significantly when depth of first irrigation was increased from 65 to 75 mm whereas further increase Tesulted in numeric increase only. Similarly, the effect of depth of subsequent irigations was significant only p tO 0 mm. The grain yield was maximum in the treatment CTBFD with 75 mm depth of first irrigation but S Was Statistically at par with the treatment CTBFD with 55 and 65 mm irrigation depth of first irrigation. e DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model performed well in simulating the days to anthesis (RMSE-1.19 and 1.94 days; 1MAPE-0.94 and 1.799%), maturity (RMSE=1.59 and 1.86 days: MAPE=0.90 and 1.02%), leaf area index na 0.86; RMSE-0.39 and 0.,13: MAPE=2.33 and 3.43%), grain yield (r=0.94 and 0.98; RMSE=160.6, Kg ha ; MAPE=3.43 and 3.51%), biological yield (r-0.93 and 0.95; RMSE494.0 and 362.7 kg ha PEF3.63 and 2.86%). ETc (r=0 94 and 0.96: RMSE=8.28 and 11.73 mm; MAPE-2.34 and 3.49%o) and TesU.04 and 0.79; RMSE-0.12 and 0.14 mm: MAPE=8.03 and 9.18%) during 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively. The study finally concluded that simulation modelling along with field experimentation may help in determining , optimum sowing time of different cultivars and optimizing irigation water use in wheat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Weed management in cotton raised through conventional flood and drip irrigation methods
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Ajay Kumar; Brar, Harjeet Singh
    The present study entitled “Weed management in cotton raised through conventional flood and drip irrigation methods” was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda and Abohar during kharif 2020. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design where three methods of irrigation i.e. Flood irrigation (FI), surface drip irrigation (SDI), sub surface drip irrigation (SSDI) were kept in vertical strips and six weed control treatments i.e. weedy check, weed free, pendimethalin @ 750 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin @ 250 g a.i. ha-1 (band application) + interculture, pyrithiobac sodium @ 75 g a.i. ha-1 + quizalofop ethyl @ 50 g a.i. ha-1, pyrithiobac sodium @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 + quizalofop ethyl @ 17 g a.i. ha-1 (band application) + interculture were kept in horizontal strips and replicated thrice. Significantly lesser weed density and biomass was recorded under both drip irrigation methods (SSDI and SDI) as compared to FI. Crop growth and yield attributes were also significantly better under drip irrigation methods, which led to significant improvement in seed cotton yield (SCY) as compared to FI at both locations. Lint quality parameters improved under SSDI and SDI over FI. The water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were also found higher for dripirrigation over FI. At 10 DAT, weed biomass and densities of all weed species were statistically similar in different weed control treatments but were significantly lesser than weedy check. Whereas, at 20 and 30 DAT, pyrithiobac sodium at 25 g a.i. ha-1 + quizalofop ethyl at 17 g a.i. ha-1 + interculture had lower weed density followed by pendimethalin at 250 g a.i. ha-1 + interculture; both were statistically at par with weed free check. Lesser weed competition under these weed control treatments led to improvement in growth and yield attributes, which ultimately produced significantly higher SCY over weedy check and statistically at par with weed free treatment. Lint quality parameters, WUE and IWUE were also improved under both the herbicide treatments in combination with interculture. Drip irrigation method (either SSDI or SDI) and weed control with pyrithiobac sodium 25 g a.i. ha-1 + quizalofop ethyl 17 g a.i. ha-1 or pendimethalin 250 g a.i. ha-1 along with interculture are viable options for effective weed management and better cotton productivity in south-western districts of Punjab.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Water and nutrients utilization by cotton-wheat rotation through fertigation using sub-surface drip irrigation system
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Tarandeep Kaur; Sharma, P. K.
    The present study “Water and nutrients utilization by cotton-wheat rotation through fertigation using sub-surface drip irrigation system” was carried outat Research Farm, Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021.The experiment was conducted with the combination of 3 irrigation regimes (60%, 80%,100% ETc), 2 fertility levels (80 % recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN),100 % RDN) and 2 method of application (Mfoliar i.e. foliar application of nutrients, Msoil i.e. soil application of nutrients). These 12 combinations were compared with 3 controls; control1: surface drip, 100% RDN, Mfoliar ; control 2: surface drip,100% RDN, Msoil; control 3: Flood irrigation, soil RDN, Mfoliar. The highest seed cotton, grain yield, yield and growth attributes were obtained with 100% ETc being at par with 80% ETc but significantly better than 60% ETc. Growth, yield and yield attributes produced under 100% RDN were numerically higher than 80% RDN, in both cotton and wheat. Mfoliar resulted in better growth and yield attributes over Msoil in cotton, however later treatment had more residual effect in wheat. Irrigation at 60% ETc resulted in deeper root length of cotton over controls. However, in wheat root mass density was higher under sub-surface drip treatments at 15-30 cm depth over controls. Apparent water productivity was higher under 60% ETc followed by 80% and 100% ETc. Nitrogen use efficiency was higher under 100% RDN over 80% RDN in both cotton and wheat. Combination of 80% ETc, 80% RDN and Mfoliar was statistically at par with surface drip at 100% ETc with 100% RDN and Mfoliar. in terms of yield, growth and quality. Energy productivity and benefit:cost of the system was higher under 100% ETc, 100% RDN and Mfoliar over all controls. Sub-surface drip at 80% ETc, increased system productivity with water saving of 30.80 and 43.2 % of the system over flood irrigation during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021, respectively. Therefore, foreseeing the impeding water resources irrigation at 80% ETc with 80% RDN and Mfoliar seems to be better preposition in terms of water and fertilizer saving over conventional practices.