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Linkage map construction in guava F1 population of Allahabad Safeda x Arka Kiran using molecular markers
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jindal, Manish; Mittal, Amandeep
Guava is a perennial fruit tree grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. As of now, there are about 160 cultivars available in India. Crop improvement work attempted in India has resulted in release of several superior selections or hybrids. However, the maximum area under guava cultivation is occupied by Allahabad Safeda. Being a cross-pollinated tree (25.7 to 41.3 % cross pollination) guava has a heterozygous genome. Molecular mapping can help us to find the relative positions of the markers as well as the markers co-segregating with the trait of interest that could finally be transferred to the cultivated species. In the present study we have attempted Linkage map construction in guava. A cross between white fleshed Allahabad Safeda and colored fleshed Arka Kiran was attempted in Fruit Science, PAU. We genotyped Allahabad Safeda and Arka Kiran using 167 genomic SSR, 22 EST based and 5 apple color specific markers. Forty eight markers showed polymorphism out of 194 total markers. Polymorphic markers applied on a population of 73 F1 individuals showed segregation. Pattern of marker segregation in the population was scored and analysed with software, MAPDISTO version 1.7.7.0.1.1 (XL 2007) and a genetic linkage map was constructed using stringency parameters of LOD score and recombination frequency set to 3.0 and 0.35, respectively. Out of 48 polymorphic markers, thirty markers were mapped on different linkage groups of guava genome and 6 linkage groups were obtained. The genetic linkage map covered a total of 538.68 cM of the guava genome. Fruits were not set on 2 year old F1 trees so color segregation was studied on leaves as a proxy for fruit color trait. Color in young and mature leaves was measured using miniature leaf spectrometer. The data recorded in terms of anthocyanin reflective index 1 (ARI1) was analysed with the help of mapping software. Two markers mPgCIR93 and mPgCIR21 were mapped to linkage group 2 on positions 54.3 cM and 10.3 cM for leaf color traits at young and mature stage.
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Pretreatment of paddy straw for cultivation of Vplvariella (Bull.ex Fr.) Singer
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Swarthi K.; Sodhi, Harpreet Singh
Two strains of Volvariella volvacea, VV3 and VV6 were evaluated for their mycelia growth rate and yield potential on pretreated paddy straw as substrate under Punjab conditions. Mycelial growth studies on Nutrient agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) inoculated with Bacillus sp. and Delftia sp. separately revealed that bacteria had no antagonistic effect on the growth of V. volvacea. The mycelia growth rate of V. volvacea on PDA inoculated with bacterium was statistically at par with control and covered plate in 5 days whereas on NA mycelia growth covered the plate in 8 days. The effect of pretreatment of paddy straw on its chemical composition was studied with 6 different pretreatments: urea 1% (w/w), urea 0.5% (w/w), urea 0.5% (w/w)+Delftia sp. 0.5% (v/w), urea 0.5% (w/w) +Bacillus 0.5% (v/w), Delftia sp. 0.5%, Bacillus sp. 0.5% (v/w) and water 0.5% (v/w) as control. The pretreated paddy straw was analysed for proximate principles at a periodic interval of 5 days upto 20 days. Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Cellulose, hemicelluloses, Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL), Ash content and crude protein content were analysed. A significant decline in NDF value from 75.7% to 46 % and 34.4% was observed when urea 0.5% + Bacillus 0.5% + Delftia 0.5% were used as pretreatment of paddy straw respectively.The ADF value was significantly reduced to 23% and 33% when urea 0.5% +Delftia 0.5% and urea 0.5% + Bacillus 0.5% were used to treat paddy straw. A significant reduction in cellulose content was observed from 40% to 25% to 20% with urea 0.5%+ Delftia 0.5% and urea 0.5% + Bacillus 0.5% respectively. The hemicelluloses content recorded maximum reduction to 11.45% from 23.4% with urea 0.5% + Delftia 0.5%. There was a rapid decline in ADL with urea 0.5% + Delftia 0.5% and urea 0.5% + Bacillus 0.5% from 12.3% to 4.3% and 7% respectively. The ash and crude protein content increased with all the pretreatments. Studies on mycelia growth rate on pretreated paddy straw revealed that the addition of bacteria along with urea had improved the growth rate of both the strains of V. volvacea indicating the significant role of bacterial pretreatment in the mycelia growth of V.volvacea. Cultivation of V.volvacea strains on pretreated paddy straw had shown the maximum yield was obtained from pretreated paddy straw from VV6 (14.84 kg/ q dry straw) followed to strain VV3 (13.82 kg/q dry straw) on pretreated paddy straw. The yield from untreated (control) paddy straw was 10.5 kg/q dry straw from VV3, 12.5 kg/q dry straw from VV6. Present study revealed that pretreatment of paddy straw with urea 0.5%+Delftia sp. 0.5% gave better yield than untreated paddy straw.
Open Access
Physiological and biochemical evaluation for acquired thermotolerance in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) at seedling stage
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Navneet Kaur; .) Jagmeet Kaur
The present investigation was conducted to study the physiological and biochemical evaluation for acquired thermotolerance in three pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) genotypes at seedling stage. Heat acclimation (45°C for 3h) and salicylic acid (0.5 mM and 1 mM for 3h) pre-treatments induced physiological changes in terms of seedling length, seedling weight, RGR, electrolyte leakage and RWC and biochemical changes in terms of cellular respiration, total soluble sugars, proline content, photosynthetic efficiency, MDA and H2O2 content and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and POX) imparting thermotolerance. These pre-treatments conferred protection against heat stress through improved seedling growth, reduced electrolyte leakage, increased RWC, increased accumulation of sugars and proline, improved photosynthetic efficiency, reduced MDA and H2O2 content. Antioxidant defense system was induced in terms of CAT (average 1.02 fold increase in heat acclimated, 0.77 fold in 0.5 mM SA and 1 fold in 1 mM SA) and POX (average 1.30 fold increase in heat acclimated, 1.24 fold in 0.5 mM SA and 1.37 fold in 1 mM SA) activity in all genotypes. Separation of proteins through SDS-PAGE revealed the accumulation of some new proteins (heat shock proteins) of low and high molecular weight in heat acclimated seedlings to overcome the harmful effects of heat stress. Among the three genotypes, AL 1931 performed best and acquired maximum thermotolerance. Although both the pre-treatments resulted in induction of thermotolerance but SA pre-treatment proved better in the present study.
Open Access
Studies on quality improvement and storage life in flame seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) through use of pre and postharvest application of chemicals
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Simranbir Kaur; Arora, N.K.
The present research entitled “Studies on quality improvement and storage life in Flame Seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) through use of pre and post-harvest application of chemicals” was conducted at Fruit Research Farm and Postharvest Laboratories, Department of Fruit Sciences, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during two consecutive seasons 2017 and 2018. The investigation was conducted in three experiments viz. cumulative effect of forchlorfenuron (CPPU), berry thinning and ethephon on time of ripening, yield and quality of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes; preharvest applications of hexanal formulation and methyl jasmonate on fruit quality and storage life of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes and effect of postharvest applications of hexanal, calcium chloride & salicylic acid on fruit quality and storage life of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes. In quality improvement studies, the grape vines were treated with CPPU (1, 2 & 3 ppm) and berry thinning at pea stage in combination with foliar application of ethephon (300, 400 & 500 ppm) at veraison stage. Results revealed that maturity time was delayed by 5-7 days in grape vines perceived highest concentration of CPPU (3 ppm) in comparison with berry thinning + ethephon (400 ppm) treatment. Foliar spray of CPPU @ 1 ppm + ethephon @ 400 ppm significantly improved the average yield (26.81 Kg/ vine) and quality of grape clusters viz. cluster weight (338.04 g), cluster length (22.82 cm), berry size (1.70 × 1.69 cm) and berry weight (2.58 g), berry pedicel diameter (1.44 mm), berry firmness (224.42 g force-1), TSS: acid ratio (34.79), sugars (14.39 %), juice pH (3.49), anthocyanin accumulation (34.29 mg/l) and CIRG index (3.47). However, an adverse effect on fruit quality parameters has been observed in response to higher concentration of CPPU (3 ppm) where ethephon remained partially effective to overcome the detrimental effects; although positive influence on berry firmness and yield characters was documented. No significant effect on phenolic concentration improvement was observed with respect to CPPU treatments as compared to berry thinning treatments. Potential of preharvest applications of hexanal formulation, methyl jasmonate and ethephon was investigated for evaluation of pre and postharvest quality of grapes. Two superimposed application of hexanal formulation (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) were given before 15 and 30-days of harvesting, whereas methyl jasmonate (100, 200 and 300 ppm) and ethephon (400 ppm) was sprayed at veraison stage. Clusters were harvested at commercial mature stage for the evaluation of initial and postharvest quality attributes after 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of storage. Grape clusters were harvested and packed in low density polythene bags followed by storage at 0-2oC and 90-95 % RH. Results revealed that the earliest ripening (June 6) was induced by ethephon @ 400 ppm treatment. The maximum average yield (26.46 kg/vine) was obtained from grape vines treated with foliar application of hexanal formulation @ 2.0 percent through increasing the average cluster weight (340.62 g), cluster length (24.06 cm), berry weight (2.48 g), berry size (1.56 × 1.61 cm) and berry pedicel diameter (1.38 mm). Hexanal formulation @ 2.0 % significantly improved the berry firmness (217.60 g Force-1), specific gravity (1.11 g cm-1) as well as total phenolic content (43.71 mg GAE/100 g FW). Grape clusters treated with ethephon @ 400 ppm accumulated highest mean TSS (18.4 %), TSS: acid ratio (43.59), total sugars (16.11 %), juice pH (3.89), anthocyanin content (47.27 mg/l) and lowest mean titratable acidity (0.42 %). Pre-harvest foliar application of hexanal formulation @ 2.0 % was found to be the most effective in maintaining the postharvest life of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes under 60 days of cold storage by reducing the physiological loss in weight (2.06 %), berry shattering (1.16 %), PME activity (0.13 µg/g FW) while maintaining the higher mean palatability rating (7.92), rachis freshness (0.86), TSS (17.8 %), TA (0.54 %), total sugars (16.39 %) and anthocyanin content (49.24 mg/l) during entire storage period as compared to other treatments, where ethephon (400 ppm) treatment exerted prejudicial effects during cold storage studies. The effect of postharvest applications of hexanal, calcium chloride and salicylic acid was evaluated for quality maintenance of table grapes cv. ‘Flame Seedless’ under extended cold storage. Uniform coloured grape clusters were harvested at commercial maturity and treated for five 5-miutes in aqueous solution of hexanal (0.010, 0.015 and 0.020 %), calcium chloride (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %) and salicylic acid (1, 2 and 3 mM). Treated fruits were packed in low density polythene bags aligned with grape guard and stored at 0-2oC and 90-95 % RH followed by quality evaluation upto 60 days. Grape clusters treated with hexanal @ 0.015 and 0.020 % and calcium chloride @ 1.5 % were moderately to very much desirable after 60 days cold storage. Hexanal @ 0.015 % was found to be the most efficacious treatment in maintaining the postharvest life of ‘Flame Seedless’ grapes upto 60 days cold storage by reducing the physiological loss in weight (1.70 %), berry shattering (1.53 %), titratable acidity (0.54 %), PME activity (0.12 µg/g FW and maintaining the palatability rating (8.21), rachis freshness score (0.18), TSS (17.9 %), total sugars (16.51 %), anthocyanin content (57.26 mg/l) at higher level during entire storage period as compared to other treatments.
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A study on the repellent and antifertility potential of neem seed extract against female Bandicota bengalensis
(PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,LUDHIANA, 2018) Chawla, Ritika; Babbar, B.K
Fifteen different doses of Neem seed alcoholic (NSA) extract (1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.5, 8.0 and 9.0 ml out of 25ml stock NSA) were tested under laboratory condition to determine the effective dose with repellent effect. Results revealed antifeedant/ secondary repellent effect with all the doses and non-significant difference in antifeedant index (AI) among doses. Therefore for further studies, only three different doses (1.5, 7.5 and 9.0 ml) were selected. Testing of existence of primary repellent effect revealed that rats avoided all the treated baits for first five hours after exposure. After that rats developed habituation for primary/olfactory repellent effect and started eating treated baits which might had caused gastrointestinal malaise in rats resulting in development of secondary repellent effect among rats. However rats were not habituated for secondary repellent effect with all the selected doses of NSA extract upto experimental period of 30 days. There was also a significant increase in AI during treatment period Formulations F1 and F2 were tested under simulated field condition. Results revealed potential of F2 as repellent in preventing rodent damage for considerably long time as compared to F1. To use the antifertility property of neem seed, neem seed alcoholic hexane (NSAH) extract and its formulations as baits (F3–F7) were developed and fed to rats. Consumption of F7 bait was maximum. Results revealed potential of NSAH extract and its F7 bait in reducing reproductive potential of rats. However there is a need to increase the acceptance and application rate of F7 bait under field conditions.
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A situational analysis of powerloom industry : micro, small and medium enterprises of Ludhiana
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Singh, Garima; Brar, Kanwaljit Kaur
The present study was conducted on a sample of 128 micro, small and medium enterprises, comprising of all the micro and medium powerloom enterprises enlisted in the list of DIC, Ludhiana and seventy-six small enterprises selected through purposive probability proportional to size sampling technique, in purposively selected Industrial Area A and Focal Point areas of Ludhiana district as the clusters of powerloom MSMEs existed there. The data collected from owners/managers of the units using self-structured interview schedulewere analysed using percentages, mean score and chi-square test. In powerloom MSMEs of Ludhiana, acrylic yarn (97.65 %) was the most popularly used raw material for woven goods. All the MSMEs procured the yarn from local sources as high-quality man-made and blended yarns were readily available in the local market. Maximum percentage of the MSMEs (78.90%) had installed plain looms with jacquard attachment for structural designs. Among all MSMEs, only 12.05 per cent units had electronic looms with jacquard attachment and just 7.81 per cent possessed fully computerized looms with dobby attachmentwhich had higher production capacity. Out of 39 MSMEs, 38.46 per cent had imported new looms from Italy. Nearly 60.00 per cent of the powerloom MSMEs operated throughout the year. Still a considerable percentage of units (40.61%) had main production period from July-December. All the MSMEs performed the pre-loom activities like winding to weaving, and more than 60.00 per cent of them were also designing and finishing the products. Cutting (14.06%), printing (7.03%) and stitching (14.47%) activities were performed by low percentage of small enterprises and half of the medium enterprises carried out all the postloom activities. Men‘s yardage for shirting and suiting (64.85%), women‘s suit yardage (87.5%) and different types of shawls such as plain, jamawar (39.06) and embroidered shawls (29.68%) were manufactured by MSMEs. Most of the MSMEs had not ventured into forward vertical integration and value addition of the products due to lack of funds and low managerial capacities. Maximum percentage of the MSMEs (53.12%) could earn 5-10 per cent profit followed by 35.93 per cent owners who gained 10-15 per cent profit in their business. Majority of the MSME owners (87.50%) were found to be well acquainted about government schemes. All unit owners were aware of Margin Money Subsidy Scheme, yet only 37.50 per cent of them were availing its benefits due to time consuming and cumbersome process. Stiff market competition offered by large enterprises was a challenge for all the medium powerloom enterprises. Perennial problems of powerloom MSMEs of Ludhiana such as hiked prices of yarn, old weaving technology, soaring cost of labour, low profit margin and market recession still persist. Concrete policy framework, government‘s intervention and help to the industry can boost its performance.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF A DIVERSIFIED SET OF Triticum timopheevi BASED FERTILITY RESTORERS IN WHEAT
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Harmeet Singh; Srivastava, Puja
The study was based on 2100 backcross progenies derived from crosses of fertility restorers with 9 European winter wheat lines. BC1F6 progenies were evaluated at PAU, Ludhiana in 2017-18 for key traits of fertility restoration and anther extrusion, along with preliminary agronomic performance. On the scale of 1-9 for anther extrusion, about 75% progenies exhibited score of 7 and above as high anther extrusion winter wheat lines were used as parents. The range for fertility restoration varied from 12% - 80% in the backcross derivatives. Mean yield of the diversified restorer set was found to be higher than the R-parents. In the restorer evaluation trial, two top yielding lines were line no. 6 (R-1//AMORAK/R-19) and 78 (RS-534//HURLEY/R-4). A total of 26 restorer lines surpassed the highest yielding R-parent. The back cross derivatives involving Amorak as winter parent proved to be superior, followed by Exotic and Maxyl based restorers. R-1//AMORAK/R-19 came out to be best performing in terms of mean yield as well as fertility restoration, whereas R-1//AMORAK/R-1 and RW-17//EXOTIC/R-1, both proved to be best performing for pollen viability and anther size characters. RS-317//HURLEY/R-4 and RS-534//MAXYL/R-28 displayed superiority in terms of tiller number and thousand grain weight, respectively. In the preliminary evaluation of test hybrids, 11.1% F1s showed significant heterosis over commercial checks. The best hybrid from the restorer set was TH 32 (CMS BWL 3275 X R-4//HURLEY/R-1), exhibiting standard heterosis of 29.5%, 21.5%, 25.4% and 28.5%, over checks HD 2967, HD 3086, PBW 725 and PBW 723 respectively. In F2 populations derived from fully fertile F1s, significant association was observed between fertility restoring Rf8 gene with fertility restoration trait.
Open Access
Effect of poplar-based microclimate on intercultivation of onion
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Jyoti Devi; Gill, R.I.S.
The present study entitled ‘Effect of poplar-based microclimate on intercultivation of onion’ was carried out at main research area of the Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during the year 2016-2017 and 2017-18. The study was carried out to optimize the planting time of different onion varieties under poplar plantation. An experiment was laid out during three planting times viz. end-December, mid- January and end-January with the four onion varieties viz. Pb-Naroya, PRO-6, PWO-35 and PRSC-10. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design with the two environments as main plot, three times of planting as sub-plot and four onion varieties as sub-sub plot. Various growth and yield parameters were recorded for both trees and crops. The onion crop showed positive effect on the tree growth parameters such as tree height, diameter at breast height and crown spread. The average temperature was recorded higher under open conditions as compared to poplar plantation whereas relative humidity was recorded higher under poplar plantation as compared to under open conditions. The average total bulb yield was recorded higher under two-year-old plantation (188 q/ha) as compared to the bulb yield under threeyear- old plantation (175.5 q/ha). The average total bulb yield was recorded higher under open conditions (222.5 q/ha) as compared to poplar plantation (128.5 q/ha). Under open conditions, the mean bulb yield of end-December planted crop (253.1 q/ha) was significantly higher than the mid-January (235.8 q/ha) and end-January (194.5 q/ha) planted crop. Among the varieties, the mean bulb yield was found maximum in PWO-35 (259.5 q/ha) which was followed by Pb-Naroya (235.8 q/ha), PRO-6 (223.6 q/ha) and PRSC-10 (192.4 q/ha). Under poplar plantation parameters viz. number of leaves, plant height, weight of plant before and after curing, average fresh bulb weight, dry matter content and TSS content was recorded maximum in the end-December planted crop which was followed by mid-January and end- January planted crop. Among the varieties, PWO-35 variety performed much better than the other three varieties. Overall, the best combination of planting time and variety in the present study was observed to be end-December planting time and PWO-35 variety.
Open Access
Effect of genotypic variation and seeding practices on coronal root formation in wheat
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Paramdeep Kaur; Sarlach, R.S.
The present study entitled “Effect of genotypic variation and seeding practices on coronal root formation in wheat” was carried out to explore diversity in coronal root parameters (number of coronal roots per tillers, effective anchoring length (cm), effective anchoring thickness (mm), angle with respect to vertical root axis and first internodal length (cm) of coronal roots) among genotypes under different seeding rates and seeding depths. The study was conducted at the experimental area of Wheat section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during two successive growing seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18. In first growing season, 28 genotypes under different tillage systems (normal, deep sowing and zero tillage) were sown. On basis of coronal root parameters and morphological parameters 18 genotypes were selected to be sown in second growing season. In 2017-18 eighteen genotypes were sown in nine seeding conditions representing combination of 3 seeding depths (2 cm, 5 cm, 8 cm) and 3 seeding rates (4g/0.64 m2, 8g/0.64 m2, 16g/0.64 m2). Coronal root parameters were recorded at vegetative and anthesis stage. Coronal roots performed best under 2 cm and 5 cm seeding depth with 4g seeding rate. Based on the performance of genotypes under different seeding practices and lodging scores BWL 1771, HD 2967, BWL 3473, PBW 723, HD 3086 can be regarded as lodging tolerant genotypes on the basis of coronal root parameters.

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