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ThesisItem Open Access Marker assisted consolidation of low polyphenol oxidase and rust resistance genes in high grain protein bread wheat lines(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gill, Manpartik S.; Bhagat, InduLow polyphenol content in wheat grain is a desirable quality trait, conferring bright, amber appearance to products including chapattis. The present study is based on two donor lines (09014/23 and Clear White 515- GpC) each possessing two major recessive QTL’s for low PPO, along with rust resistance genes (i.e. Yr5, Yr15, Yr36, Lr34 and Lr37) and high grain protein gene GpC-B1. The recipient lines BWL 5189 and BWL 5190 represent versions of superior chapatti quality variety PBW 550 carrying introgression of Yr15, Yr36, Lr34 and GpC-B1. The four all possible crosses were performed at main location (2015-16) and F1’s were grown at the PAU offseason research station during summer of 2016. F2 from four crosses were raised at main season location (PAU, Ludhiana) using a strategy for early planting with the objective of obtaining two generations within the season. Seedlings germinated in propagation trays at 14-18 ̊ C were transplanted in mid October and flowered near mid December. One population of 208 plants derived from a single F1 plant from cross, 09014/23 x BWL 5189 was chosen for marker analysis. Marker PPO33, PPO29 and Wmc175 for low PPO genes i.e. PpO- A1 (on chromosome 2A), PpO- D1 (on chromosome 2D) and Yr5 (on chromosome 2B) were used in the study. The marker profiling resulted in identification of 38 plants carrying desirable alleles for three genes, either in homozygous or heterozygous condition. Out of these 38, 2 were found to be homozygous for all the three target alleles. This population along with other F2 populations were carried forward using a rapid generation advanced (RGA) strategy involving, detached tiller culture, followed by harvesting and drying of immature caryopsis with or without cold treatment. Rapid generation advance system was refined further and caryopsis harvested at 16 Days after pollination (DAP) gave desirable combination of high germination with saving of time. It was also observed that cold treatment for 2 days prior to germination was not needed. The 2 homozygous progenies had PPO score of 1.8 and 2.0 as compared to 4.2 (out of 10) in the recipient parent BWL 5189 and 1.2 for 09014/23. The protein content of these were significantly higher (13.31% and 13.14%) than the grand parental line PBW 550 (12.3%) while their grain hardness was 10.69 Kg and 12.12 Kg as compared to 12.26 Kg of PBW 550 and 8.05 of 09014/23. The PPO allele profiling was extended to a set of 87 wheat varieties to see genetic changes that had taken place at this locus as we move from landraces to modern day cultivars.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of herbicides on Rhizobium growth and its symbiosis with mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](2017) Rukinderpreet Singh; Guriqbal SinghThe present study “Influence of herbicides on Rhizobium growth and its symbiosis with mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted at Research field of Pulses Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The field experiment was conducted during two seasons i.e. kharif 2016 and summer 2017. Experiment I, conducted to study the influence of herbicides on Rhizobium and PGPR growth under in vitro conditions, was laid out in CRD replicated three times with 13 treatments (viz. pendimethalin 30 EC at 180, 396, 900 and 1980 ppm, imazethapyr 10 SL at 26, 40, 133 and 200 ppm, pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL (pre-mix) at 180, 396, 900 and 1980 ppm and control). Experiment II entitled, “Effect of herbicides on Rhizobium-mungbean symbiosis and productivity of mungbean” was laid out in RCBD replicated three times with 10 treatments (viz. pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + hand weeding (HW) at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS), pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE), pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL (pre-mix) at 0.45 kg ha-1 (PE) + HW at 4 WAS, pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE), imazethapyr 10 SL at 50 g ha-1 at 15 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 50 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 75 g ha-1 at 15 DAS, imazethapyr 10 SL at 75 g ha-1 at 25 DAS, two HW at 4 & 6 WAS and weedy check). In Experiment I, the highest tolerance of Rhizobium and PGPR was recorded to pendimethalin 30 EC followed by pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL and least by imazethapyr 10 SL. In Experiment II, application of pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.75 kg ha-1 and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, in general, had no/little inhibitory effect on symbiotic parameters (nodule number, nodule dry weight and leghaemoglobin content) in kharif as well as in summer mungbean. Application of pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS, in general, recorded statistically similar growth attributes, symbiotic parameters, yield attributes & yield, economics, soil micro-flora population, weed number & weed dry matter and nutrient uptake by crop & weeds with two HW at 4 & 6 WAS. In terms of symbiotic parameters, grain yield and net returns, pendimethalin 30 EC at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS and pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 SL at 0.45 kg ha-1 + HW at 4 WAS are the promising treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Synthesis of isatin based Schiff bases and their evaluation as antifungal agents(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Loomba, Shivani; Utreja, DivyaSix new Schiff bases of isatin were synthesized by reacting isatin with different aromatic amines. The synthesized compounds were characterized by UV-Visible, 1HNMR, 13 CNMR, IR spectral studies and micro analytical data. The resulted compounds had also been evaluated for their antifungal activity against Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria sp. Chlorine substituted Schiff bases had shown significant antifungal activity as compared to other Schiff bases of isatin.ThesisItem Open Access Chromium adsorption studies on synthesized magnetite activated carbon nanocomposites(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Jaskiran Kaur; Manpreet KaurAdsorptive properties of synthesized magnetite activated carbon nanocomposites are investigated for the facile removal of Cr (VI) ions from water. Fe3O4 NPs and its nanocomposites with activated carbon were characterized by X-ray diffractiion pattern (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) surface area analysis as analytical tools. TEM images revealed the agglomerated spherical morphology of Fe3O4NPs and nanocomposites. A comparative analysis of the Fe3O4 NPs, nanocomposites and activated carbon for the removal of Cr (VI) ions from water was carried out by batch method and Cr (VI) content was estimated spectrophotometrically. The effect of operating parameters including adsorbent dose, temperature, contact time, pH and initial metal ion concentration of Cr (VI) were studied. Optimum pH for adsorption was 2. Values of ∆Go, ∆H˚ and ∆S˚ were found to be negative for all adsorbents, indicating exothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption process The trend for the Cr (VI) ions percentage removal in the ascending order was Fe3O4 NPsThesisItem Open Access Study on performance appraisal of shawl units in Ludhiana(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Sharma, Omika; Gandotra, VandanaThe present investigation was carried out in Ludhiana city. An interview schedule was formulated to collect the required information from the powerloom shawl weaving units regarding the infrastructure of the units. Data were collected with the help of pre structured interview schedule from 60 randomly selected powerloom shawl weaving units. The results of the study revealed that majority of units had made fixed capital investment of `40 lakhs to 60 lakhs and working capital investment between `20 lakhs to 40 lakhs to establish the unit. Majority of units had installed capacity of 10 to 30 power looms and 60 percent possessed semi computerized looms to prepare shawls. Majority of units used acrylic fiber as raw material for preparing shawls and they purchased the yarn from local market. Most of units had employed total number of 40 to 80 workers. All the units produced plain shawls and majority of units had annual production of plain shawls between `60,000-90,000. Majority of units were selling their products in the local market. Twenty five percent units had minimum annual sale up to `50 lakhs. Majority of respondents faced the problems related to shortage of skilled labour (weighted mean score 2.83), high price of raw material (weighted mean score 3.68), low profit margins (weighted mean score 6.50), lack of proper infrastructure (weighted mean score 4.50), lack of power supply (weighted mean score 1.83) and maintenance of looms (weighted mean score 1.16)ThesisItem Restricted Adherence to Residential Building Bye-laws in Ludhiana City(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Batra, Sakshi; Gill, Jatinderjit KaurThe present study entitled “Adherence to Residential Building Bye-laws in Ludhiana City” was undertaken to check the knowledge of heads of family regarding existing residential building bye-laws, their adherence to residential building bye-laws and reason for their non-adherence to existing residential building bye-laws in Ludhiana city. A sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly from areas under Improvement Trust Ludhiana and Municipal Corporation Ludhiana. An interview schedule was prepared to collect data from the respondents. The list of existing residential building bye-laws was obtained from Improvement Trust Ludhiana and Municipal Corporation Ludhiana. The findings of the study revealed that there was positive correlation of education of head of the family and year of construction of house with the adherence to residential building bye-laws in sample-I i.e. localities under Improvement Trust Ludhiana. Whereas, in sample-II i.e. localities under Municipal Corporation Ludhiana the education of head family, family income and year of construction was positively correlated with the adherence to residential building bye-laws. The level of adherence to residential building bye-laws was high in sample-I because majority (90.00%) houses were planned by architect and in sample-II the level of adherence was upto medium level because around half (48.33%) of the houses were constructed before purchase.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of microbial consortium (Bio-fertilizer) on growth and nutrient uptake of Poplar clones in nursery(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Gurinder Singh; Avtar SinghThe present study “Effect of microbial consortium (Biofertilizer) on growth and nutrient uptake by poplar clones in nursery” was conducted in teaching area, Department of Forestry and Natural resources, PAU, Ludhiana during the year 2015-2016. The influence of different doses of microbial consortium (biofertilizer) addition to nine different poplar clones in nursery on growth and nutrient uptake was studied. In present study different doses of biofertilizers showed the significant variation for collar diameter, leaf area, biomass accumulation, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration (%) except plant height and also revealed significant differences for accumulation of N, P and K. Study also revealed that the interaction between different doses of biofertilizers and clones shows the significant results for collar diameter, leaf area, plant height, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration(%) except in plant biomass. The application of microbial consortium (biofertilizers) increases the growth parameters, and nutrient uptake in plants. Application of microbial consortium resulted in enhanced growth for most of the characters and can be applied as alternative to chemical fertilizer for enhanced growth and better nutrient uptake in Populus deltoides plants.ThesisItem Restricted Refinement of leaf colour chart based fertilizer nitrogen management technology using PAU-LCC in transplanted rice(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Amandeep Singh; Varinderpal SinghLarge field to field variability in inherent soil nitrogen (N) supply restricts efficient fertilizer N use when soil test based fertilizer N recommendations are used in transplanted rice. A field experiment was conducted at PAU, Ludhiana to study spectral properties of transplanted rice to guide need-based fertilizer N application and to study need of basal N application in new rice varieties i.e. PR 121, PR 122, PR123 and PR 124. The spectral properties of rice leaves at different growth stages measured using PAU-LCC (PAU-Leaf colour chart), SPAD (chlorophyll) meter and GreenSeeker optical sensor correlated well with leaf N concentration except at 10 days after transplanting (DAT). The PAU-LCC and SPAD meter readings were poorly correlated with leaf dry weight at early growth stages but correlation improved as growth progressed. The NDVI values integrate intensity of leaf colour greenness and biomass and are thus well correlated with leaf dry weight at different growth stages. Close linear relationship (R2=0.732, n= 504) between PAU-LCC score and SPAD meter readings suggested that PAU-LCC can be used as economical substitute to SPAD for making need based fertilizer N topdressings in transplanted rice. The PAU-LCC 4 guided N applications produced grain yield equivalent to soil test based N applications with saving of 60 kg N ha-1, and thus led to maximum agronomic (46.7 kg kg-1 N) and recovery efficiency (82.5 per cent) of applied fertilizer N. Whereas, PAU-LCC 4.5 guided N management improved grain yield production by 8.47 percent with the use of fertilizer N equivalent to soil test based N management in new rice varieties (PR 121, PR 122, PR123 and PR 124). The basal N dose can be delayed till 10 DAT while using threshold leaf greenness of PAU-LCC 4.5.ThesisItem Open Access Heavy metal accumulation in pond and farm cultured fish species of District Ludhiana(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harpinder Kaur; Hundal, S.S.In India, fresh water bodies in the form of naturally occurring ponds, form the lifeline in Indian villages. The present study was carried out to analyze the heavy metals in pond water and their impact on the water quality and fish species inhabiting these ponds. The water samples were collected for a period of one year (July’16- June’17) and the fish samples were collected seasonally (autumn, winter and summer) from three sites i.e. ponds of villages Kila Raipur and Lohatbaddi; and Fish Farm Complex in Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) of district Ludhiana. Analysis of physicochemical parameters of water samples revealed decreased dissolved oxygen and increased BOD, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity, indicating high pollution load in ponds of villages Lohatbaddi and Kila Raipur. Heavy metal accumulation in water samples varied seasonally where zinc was maximally accumulated, while cadmium was least. The heavy metals were greatly accumulated in village pond of Kila Raipur as compared to the other sites. Though the presence of heavy metals was detected in gills, liver and flesh from fish species collected from all sites, samples collected from pond of Lohatbaddi showed highest bioaccumulation of metals in fish with the liver recording greatest value for heavy metals. The haematological indices TEC and Hb were found to exhibit significant decline (P<0.05) whereas TLC depicted significant increase (P<0.05) in all fishes inhabiting the ponds of two villages. Histological examination of gills showed ruptured secondary lamellae and severe necrosis and vacuolization was observed in the liver of fish species collected from ponds of Lohatbaddi and Kila Raipur, flesh of fish species also showed significant histopathological alterations. The present study, therefore, indicated that environmental contaminants systematically disturb the aquatic ecosystem, leading to accumulation of toxicants like heavy metals, which induce severe physiological and histological changes in fish tissues, posing a significant potential health risk to humans from fish consumption.