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20133
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Author: Sandeep Kaur × End date: 2013 × Start date: 2013 ×
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    PRODUCTION OF RICE VINEGAR AND DNA FINGERPRINTING OF FERMENTING MICROORGANISMS
    (2013) Sandeep Kaur
    The present study envisaged to isolate ethanol producing yeast and acetic acid producing bacteria from natural sources for vinegar production from two rice varieties, Basmati (PUSA 1121) and parmal (PR 116). The saccharification of rice starch was optimised through response surface methodology. Using crude enzyme at 60°C, maximum sugars were obtained in the wort of 20% substrate i.e. 110 and 95 mg/ml glucose from rice varieties PUSA 1121 and PR 116 respectively. With commercial enzyme too, maximum sugars were obtained with 20% substrate i.e. 172 mg/ml glucose with PUSA 1121 at 54.5°C and 133 mg/ml glucose with PR 116 at 60°C, hence giving saccharification efficiency of 95% and 90% respectively. PUSA 1121 was validated to have saccharified optimally at 20% substrate, pH 5.3, temperature 54°C and 30 IU/g alpha amylase and 50 IU/g glucoamylase. Similarly PR 116 was best saccharified at 20% substrate, pH 5.6, temperature 60°C and 30 IU each of alpha amylase and glucoamylase. Out of 20 yeast isolates screened, the isolate Y-4 gave maximum 79.25% fermentation efficiency, hence was used to produce ethanol by two techniques, separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In SHF, Y-4 produced 7.64% (w/v) and 6.82% (w/v) ethanol from PUSA 1121 and PR 116 worts having initial sugar concentration of 17.2% and 14% respectively. However, SSF led to decreased ethanol production i.e. 5.88% (w/v) from parmal rice and 6.82% (w/v) from basmati rice with the same initial sugar levels in the wort. Characteristically Y-4 utilized fructose, dextrose, galactose and mannose, reproduced by lateral budding, sensitive to cycloheximidine, lacked lipolytic activity and unable to produce starch and was identified as Issatchenkia orientalis F701 (Pichia kudriavzeii). It stands deposited in GenBank with accession no. JX537791. On the other hand, standard culture of Acetobacter acetii NRRL 746 from the Dept. of Microbiology, P.A.U, Ludhiana was used for acetic acid production from ethanol. An 8% ethanol wort produced 6.51% (w/v) volatile acids in PUSA 1121 and 5.08% (w/v) volatile acids in PR 116 in the lab studies. In the scale up production of vinegar to 5 litre, the volatile acidity levels were 5.10 and 4.86% (w/v) for respective rice varieties. The sensory evaluation of vinegar samples scored 7.59 and 8.27 points on 10 point scale for basmati and parmal varieties of rice respectively. Both types of rice vinegar were analyzed to have elements such as Fe, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn within acceptable limits according to Codex Alimentarius (2000).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ANALYSIS OF ABA-DEPENDENT ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS SUGARS
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Sandeep Kaur
    Sugar(Glucose; G and Sucrose; S) regulation of seed germination, growth and antioxidant potential, and involvement of ABA biosynthesis in these regulations were studied in two wheat cultivars varying in ABA sensitivity, where C306 was ABA-higher sensitive and PBW343 was ABA-lesser sensitive. Two concentrations (1.5% and 3%) of both sugars were used for germination and growth experiments where sodium tungstate was used as inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis. Germination inhibition was observed under both sugars supply but ABA biosynthesis was involved only under 3% S in PBW343 and 1.5% S in C306 otherwise not involved in such inhibition. Growth of seedlings was inhibited under both concentration of G and under 3% S in both cultivars where ABA biosynthesis contributed in such inhibition under 1.5% G in both cultivars and 3% S in PBW343. Growth was stimulated under 1.5% S, it involved ABA biosynthesis in both cultivars. Increases in antioxidant enzymes were higher under G than under S in both cultivars and were higher in C306 than PBW343 under both sugar supply. These increases involved ABA biosynthesis in both cultivars. Reduced state of ascorbate was affected under G while increased under S in roots and shoots of PBW343. Reduced state of ascorbate was increased under both G and S in shoots but decreased in roots of C306. Maintainence of reduced state of ascorbate under S involved ABA biosynthesis in both cultivars. Roots of C306 showed toxicity symptoms under G and S where there were concomitant increases in dehydroascorbate, malondialdehyde, H2O2 and decreases reduced state of ascorbate.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    CONTROL ON Mycogone perniciosa (Magnus) Delacr. CAUSING WET BUBBLE DISEASE OF Agaricus bisporus (Lang) Sing.
    (Punjab Agricultural University, 2013) Sandeep Kaur; Dhanda, Shashi
    Present investigation entitled “control on Mycogone perniciosa (Magnus) Delacr. causing wet bubble disease of Agaricus bisporus (Lang) Sing.” was conducted for in vitro toxicity analysis of four chemicals namely, carbendazim, formaldehyde, thiram and zineb against Agaricus bisporus strain (U3). A. bisporus was found sensitive to formaldehyde @ 10ppm. Carbendazim , thiram and zineb were less inhibitory for the growth of Agaricus bisporus. These chemicals further used against Mycogone perniciosa to show complete suppression (100%) of M. perniciosa was at 10 ppm carbendazim and 30 ppm formaldehyde whereas only 26.15 and 21.54% inhibition were observed in case of zineb and thiram upto 40ppm concentration. Carbendazim was selected for the in vivo control of M. perniciosa @5 and 10 times higher concentrations than that of promising in vitro dose (10ppm). Carbendazim (50ppm or 100ppm) was added at the time of casing and spawning + casing time. The maximum disease incidence (45.5%) of M. perniciosa was recorded in negative control with 3.8kg/100kg yield loss and minimum yield loss (1.8kg/100kg) with 100ppm carbendazim when sprayed at the time of spawning + casing. High yield potential of healthy fruit bodies was recorded in positive control (11.6kg/100kgcompost) as well as 100ppm carbendazim sprayed at casing (11.9kg/100kgcompost) in uninoculated M. perniciosa bags. Out of bags inoculated with Mycogone perniciosa , maximum yield of healthy mushroom was observed when100ppm carbendazim sprayed at spawning and casing (10kg/100kg compost) as compare to negative control (4.56kg/100kg).The residue analysis of mushrooms appeared in 100 ppm carbendazim sprayed at time spawning and casing was found below the detectable limit to suggest safe consumption of mushrooms