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Biochemical evaluation of bitter gourd genotypes in response to yellow mosaic virus disease
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navneet Kaur; Sangha, Manjeet Kaur
The study evaluated biochemical changes in resistant and susceptible bitter gourd plants; 4 cultivars and 11 advanced lines inoculated with viruliferous whiteflies for about 2 weeks for study of yellow mosaic virus disease (YMVD) caused by yellow mosaic virus (YMV). The disease severity was scored at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days of inoculation (DOI) and grouped the plants into highly resistant (Jhaar Karela, Punjab-15, and Punjab Kareli-1), resistant (PAUBG-407, PAUBG-200, and PAUBG-1514), moderately resistant (PAUBG-204), highly susceptible (Punjab-14, PAUBG-301, PAUBG-229, and PAUBG-341), susceptible (PAUBG128) and moderately susceptible (PAUBG-394, PAUBG-226, and PAUBG-353) groups. Further, PCR diagnosis indicated the presence of the virus in all samples. The infection decreased mean chlorophyll (a, b, total), carotenoids, and Fv/Fm ratio more in susceptible genotypes than resistant genotypes over healthy controls. The susceptible genotypes registered higher total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars but the contents of total soluble and crude proteins decreased with increasing DOI. The infection increased phenols, hydrogen peroxide, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), phenyl ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) activity more in infected resistant genotypes than in susceptible genotypes. Data was significant (5%) w.r.t genotypes, stages, and treatments. A greater increase in biochemicals in resistant samples may give better protection and the resistant genotypes may aid in crop improvement programs against YMVD.
Embargo
Evaluation of edible coatings for microbiological and physicochemical quality maintenance of freshcut carrot and cucumber
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navneet Kaur; Pooja
Six different edible coatings including chitosan, pectin, alginate, starch, carrageenan and CMC were evaluated to determine their effect on physicochemical properties and microbial growth inhibition over fresh cut cucumber and carrot. Microbial load over FCV was reduced by 1.03 log cfu/g total plate count, 0.49 log cfu/g yeast and mould, 0.61 log cfu/g coliforms count whereas microbial count over fresh cut carrot got reduced by 0.94 log cfu/g total plate count, 0.54 log cfu/g yeast and mould and 0.73 log cfu/g coliforms after disinfecting fresh cut cucumber and carrot with 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution for 23 minutes and 8 minutes at 10°C, respectively. After disinfection pretreatment, fresh cut vegetables were coated with above mentioned edible coatings. Evaluation of coatings showed chitosan and pectin showed comparable effects in restricting the microbial growth over fresh cut cucumber. However, chitosan coated FCV exhibited minimum microbial load over FCV after 9 days of storage as compared to other coatings and control FCV samples with maintaining all other quality attributes. Therefore, chitosan was selected for further optimization studies w.r.t coating concentration and dipping time that was statistically designed and analyzed using response surface methodology. Microbial analysis for TPC, Y&M and coliform count and physicochemical analysis viz. pH, TSS, total sugars, and firmness was taken. Fresh cut cucumber dipped in 1 percent (w/v) for 5 minutes and fresh cut carrot dipped in 1 percent (w/v) for 3 minutes was found to be optimum coating conditions, respectively. The validation investigations carried out at 3 kg scale resulted in firmness 4.5 and 24 (lb), total sugars 3.7 and 6.8 (g/100g), TSS 5.2 and 8.0 (ºB), pH 5.0 and 6.5, TPC 4.0 and 3.9 (log cfu/g) ,Y&M 2.0 and 1.8 (log cfu/g) and Coliforms 2.1 and 2.0 (log cfu/g) in fresh cut cucumber and carrot with desirability of 90 percent and 93 percent, respectively. Shelf life studies of pretreated chitosancoated fresh cut cucumber and carrot FCV cucumber and carrot were tested for a period of 12 days or till deterioration at a regular interval of 3 days under optimal coating conditions. Results revealed that chitosan coated FC cucumber and carrot can be consumed upto 12 days and 15 days, respectively while maintaining their desirable physicochemical and sensory characteristics with microbial loads under acceptable range. Microbial count over chitosan coated FC cucumber on 12th day of storage showed 4.54 log cfu/g TPC, 2.90 log cfu/g Y&M and 2.95 log cfu/g Coliforms under acceptable limits while uncoated samples had microbial count above acceptable limits on 6th day of storage. Microbial count over chitosan coated FC carrot on 15th day of storage showed 4.72 log cfu/g TPC, 2.90 log cfu/g Y&M and 2.95 log cfu/g coliforms under acceptable limits while uncoated samples had microbial count above acceptable limits on 6th day of storage. As a result, the present study found that preteated fresh cut cucumber coated with 1 percent (w/v) chitosan for 5 minutes and fresh cut carrot coated with 1 percent (w/v) chitosan for 3 minutes were able to inhibit the microbial load over FC cucumber and carrot during storage period under refrigeration conditions of 5-7º C maintaining its all physicochemical and sensorial characteristics.
Restricted
Effect of harvest stages on fermentation characteristics and nutritional quality of silage in oat genotypes
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navneet Kaur; Goyal, Meenakshi
The present investigation was aimed at studying the effect of different harvest stages on fermentation characteristics and nutritional quality of silage in oat genotypes. During 2019-20 fifty oat germplasm was screened for nutritional composition viz. crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), dry matter (DM), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and field parameters at milk developmental stage to find out the best genotypes for silage making. The average content of CP, IVDMD, WSC and DM was found to be 6.88%, 27.67 mg/g, 51.71% 16.12 % respectively. Principal components (PC 1 & PC 2) cumulatively accounted for 41.5% of the total variation present among the genotypes. The dendrogram constructed using cluster analysis classified the test genotypes into six diverse clusters. Based on the results obtained by above parameters, PCA and cluster analysis, four genotypes (OL 1990, OL 1994, OL 1954 and OL 1968) were selected for silage potential at different harvest stages (heading, milk, dough and maturity stages). During rabi 2020-2021 above four genotypes along with three checks (OL 12, OL 13, OL 1861) were raised in the field of Forages, Millet and Nutrition section, Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics. At the respective harvest stages, silage was prepared in five kg polythene bags. At these stages forage sample was also taken for nutritional analysis. Fodder samples were analysed for nutritional composition, IVDMD and yield parameters. The quality attributes CP, IVDMD, WSC decreased and DM, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) increased with advancing maturity of vegetative fractions of plant. The silage was opened after 45 days, analysed for fermentation characteristics, nutritional composition, IVDMD. ADF, NDF, DW and ADL increased with increase in maturity stages. The highest content of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids was found in OL 12 and OL 1896. Optimum pH was observed in dough stage of silage. Genotypes OL 1990 and OL 1861 had shown maximum values of WSC and IVDMD at dough stage. Overall, in the present study, silage prepared from dough stage had better yield and fermentation characteristics and proves to be the best stage for silage making due to appropriate dry matter and pH. Also, OL 1861, OL 1990 and OL 12 genotypes responded better in terms of quality traits as well as yield of the crop.
Open Access
Conversion of non-aromatic rice to aromatic rice by editing Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (BADH2) gene
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navneet Kaur; Vikal, Yogesh
Aroma in rice is a highly appreciated trait and acts as determining factor for market price. Basmati rice varieties possess characteristic aroma, however, are usually low yielding. Attempts for transfer of aroma to high-yielding rice varieties through conventional breeding approaches have not been much successful. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been established as a revolutionary crop improvement technique. The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) mediated delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 complex is showing immense potential for transgene-free genome editing in rice. The current research was carried out for editing of OsBADH2 gene through CRISPR/Cas9-RNP complex in PR114, high yielding non-aromatic rice variety. A total of five gRNAs were designed through CRISPR P 2.0 for generation of OsBADH2 mutants. Primers were designed for the assembly of gRNA-DNA template for two gRNA selected and transcribed to gRNA utilizing “GeneArtTM Precision gRNA synthesis Kit”. The cleavage efficiency of RNP complex was detected through in vitro cleavage detection. The gRNA were incubated with Cas9 nuclease enzyme to form RNP complexes and coated onto gold particles for the biolistic delivery into the explants. Embryos excised from mature seeds and calli were used as explants for transformation. A variety of media were tested for callus induction and regeneration in PR114. Approximately, 2000 mature embryos and 381 calli were transformed using gRNA-Cas9 complex delivered through gene gun. A total of 35 plants, created through transformation of gRNA-RNP complex targeting exon 7, were characterized through MSBSPPCR technique. The plants showing positive results were proceeded for Sanger’s sequencing. The sequencing results were analysed through FinchTV software for quality of sequencing. The sequences were aligned using Clustal Omega and NCBI-BLASTn online tools. An addition of nucleotide “A” was found in one plant. The nucleotide sequence was translated through Expasy tool. Through insilico analysis of the amino-acid sequence of mutant frameshift mutation was observed. The mutation resulted in alteration in the last four aminoacids of the peptide chain. The T1 progeny of this mutant plant didn’t show presence of the mutation. Rest of the transformed T0 plants are being screened through restriction digestion assay. The mutants so found will be further analyzed through molecular and biochemical techniques
Restricted
Use of antifeedant and antifertility properties of neem seed extract for management of male Bandicota bengalensis
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navneet Kaur; Babbar, B.K.
Neem extracts have strong Insecticidal, repellent and antifertility effect. Seven different doses of NSA extract (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 9.5 ml out of 25 ml stock) mixed in bait were tested against male bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis in bi-choice feeding tests. Results revealed antifeedant effect with all treated baits and there was non-significant difference among treated baits. Therefore only three different doses (1.5, 7.0 and 9.0ml) were selected for further studies. Testing of existence of primary repellent effect revealed that rats avoided all the treated baits for first five hours after exposure. After that rats developed habituation for primary/olfactory repellent effect and started eating treated baits which might had caused gastrointestinal malaise in rats resulting in development of secondary repellent effect among rats. However rats were not habituated for secondary repellent effect with all the selected doses of NSA extract upto experimental period of 30 days. Therefore for field application, formulations F1 and F2 were developed using NSA extract (7.5-9.0ml). These formulations were tested under simulated field condition. Results revealed potential of F2 in preventing rodent damage for considerably long time as compared to F1. To use the antifertility property of neem seed, neem seed alcoholic hexane (NSAH) extract and its formulations as baits (F3 –F7) were developed and fed to rats. Consumption of F7 bait was maximum. Results revealed potential of NSAH extract and its F7 bait in reducing reproductive potential of rats. However there is a need to increase the acceptance and application rate of F7 bait under field conditions.
Open Access
Physiological and biochemical evaluation for acquired thermotolerance in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) at seedling stage
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Navneet Kaur; .) Jagmeet Kaur
The present investigation was conducted to study the physiological and biochemical evaluation for acquired thermotolerance in three pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) genotypes at seedling stage. Heat acclimation (45°C for 3h) and salicylic acid (0.5 mM and 1 mM for 3h) pre-treatments induced physiological changes in terms of seedling length, seedling weight, RGR, electrolyte leakage and RWC and biochemical changes in terms of cellular respiration, total soluble sugars, proline content, photosynthetic efficiency, MDA and H2O2 content and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and POX) imparting thermotolerance. These pre-treatments conferred protection against heat stress through improved seedling growth, reduced electrolyte leakage, increased RWC, increased accumulation of sugars and proline, improved photosynthetic efficiency, reduced MDA and H2O2 content. Antioxidant defense system was induced in terms of CAT (average 1.02 fold increase in heat acclimated, 0.77 fold in 0.5 mM SA and 1 fold in 1 mM SA) and POX (average 1.30 fold increase in heat acclimated, 1.24 fold in 0.5 mM SA and 1.37 fold in 1 mM SA) activity in all genotypes. Separation of proteins through SDS-PAGE revealed the accumulation of some new proteins (heat shock proteins) of low and high molecular weight in heat acclimated seedlings to overcome the harmful effects of heat stress. Among the three genotypes, AL 1931 performed best and acquired maximum thermotolerance. Although both the pre-treatments resulted in induction of thermotolerance but SA pre-treatment proved better in the present study.
Open Access
Chemistry and antioxidant potential of dill (Anethum graveolens L) seed essential oil
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Navneet Kaur; Chahal, K.K.
The present investigation deals with chemistry and antioxidant potential of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) seed essential oil. The dill seed essential oil was analysed using GC–MS which showed the presence of 31 compounds. Carvone (41.15 %) was identified as major compound; other compounds identified were limonene (23%), camphor (9.25%), dihydrocarvone (3.75%), butyl acetate (2.65%), dill apiole (1.65%) and dill ether (1.02%) etc. The essential oil was fractionated into its non-polar and polar fractions by column chromatography. Carvone, limonene and camphor were isolated from dill seed oil using column chromatography. Carvone, limonene and camphor were chemically transformed into different derivatives viz. carveol, carvone semicarbazone, carvone oxime, camphor oxime and perillyl alcohol. Isolated and transformed compounds were identified using FT-IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopy. Methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction method. Presence of phytochemicals such phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinone, reducing sugar, tannins, cardiac glycosides and saponin were tested in hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extract. Quantitative estimation of phenolic, flavonoid, sugars, peroxide value and saponification value was calculated. Dill seed essential oil, its fractions, isolated and derivatized compounds were tested for their antioxidant potential at different concentration levels viz. 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1 and 0.05 mg ml-1. The antioxidant potential of tested components were evaluated using 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), hydroxyl (OH•), nitric oxide (NO•), superoxide (O2•) radical scavenging methods and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Methanol extract was found most active among extracts and fractions whereas carveol showed maximum potency for radical savenging activity amongst isolated and derivatised compounds.
Open Access
Assessing variation in Eucalyptus clones for morphological and physiological traits
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Navneet Kaur; Dhillon, G.P.S.
The study was conducted at main experimental area of Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Fourteen clones were characterized for morphological and physiological traits. All clones had similar leaf shape i.e. lanceolate except clone PE-10. Branch habit was either upward (PE-3, PE-12, PE-7, PE-5, PE-6, PE-8, PE-11 and C-413) or perpendicular (PE-14, PE-9, PE-13, PE-4 and C-72) except in PE-10 (drooping). Leaf base shape was obtuse in clone PE-3 while all other clones had cuneate shape. Wide variations were found for all the leaf traits and number of branches. However no clear trend was noticed. The ratio of open to closed stomata was significantly variable on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces. In second experiment, out of the four treatments- T1 (submerged conditions), T2 (30 % moisture), T3 (25% moisture) and T4 (15% moisture), T3 registered maximum plant height, collar diameter and number of branches. Significantly lowest values were found under submerged conditions. Clone C-413 showed maximum height; clones PE-11 and PE-13 recorded significantly highest collar diameter values. T3 registered the maximum values for fresh and dry biomass of branches and leaves as well as stem. Root biomass was maximum in T2. Clone PE-13 was the best for biomass of branches and leaves as well as stem. Root biomass was highest in clone PE-11. The third experiment had four treatments at 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of the Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE). T2 registered the maximum values for all growth traits i.e. plant height, collar diameter and number of branches. Clone C-413 was found to be the best for plant height. PE-1 had maximum collar diameter and number of branches. T1 registered the maximum number of roots. Clone PE-1 performed best for number of roots as well as length of roots. C-2045 was the poorest performer for root traits. T2 registered maximum values for both fresh and dry biomass of branches and leaves, stem and roots. Clone PE-1 recorded maximum biomass of branches and leaves, stem as well as root. Clone C-2045 showed lowest biomass values. Under submerged conditions, clone PE-1 registered maximum biomass values. T2 registered the maximum values for photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration. Clone PE-1 was found to be the superior most for all physiological traits.
Open Access
Growth, yield and water productivity of bed-planted summer moong in relation to irrigation regimes
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2014) Navneet Kaur; Mahal, S. S.
A field experiment entitled “Growth, yield and water productivity of bed-planted summer moong in relation to irrigation regimes” was conducted at Students’ Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during Rabi 2014. The soil of the experimental site was loamy sand in texture, normal in soil reaction and electrical conductivity, low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorous and potassium. The field capacity and permanent wilting point of 0-180 cm soil profile were 37.88 and 13.13 cm, respectively, with an average bulk density of 1.59 g cm-3. The field experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. There were three dates of sowing; D1 (20 March), D2 (30 March) and D3 (10 April) and four irrigation schedules; I1 (0.6 IW/CPE), I2 (0.8 IW/CPE), I3 (1.0 IW/CPE) and I4 (1.2 IW/CPE) with IW=5.0 cm. The results revealed that D1 recorded significantly higher plant height, dry matter accumulation and leaf area as compared to D3. All the yield attributing characters viz. pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight were significantly more in D1 than D3 sowing date. Maximum seed yield was observed under D1 sowing date which was significantly higher than D2 and D3. The seed yield increase in D1 was 9.3 and 20.9 per cent as compared to D2 and D3, respectively. Crop water use was to be higher under D3 sowing date due to higher temperature conditions prevailing at that time. Likewise, water use efficiency and apparent water productivity were also higher under D1. Among the various irrigation schedules, higher values of all the growth characters were found under I4 irrigation schedule which was significantly more than I2 and I1 and statistically at par with I3. Similar trends were observed under various yield attributing characters viz; pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight. I4 was at par with I3 and produced the highest seed yield which was significantly better than I2 and I1. Crop water use was more under I4 due to more number of applied irrigations. However, apparent water productivity was higher under I1 irrigation schedule.

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