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Biochemical evaluation of bitter gourd genotypes in response to yellow mosaic virus disease
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navneet Kaur; Sangha, Manjeet Kaur
The study evaluated biochemical changes in resistant and susceptible bitter gourd plants; 4 cultivars and 11 advanced lines inoculated with viruliferous whiteflies for about 2 weeks for study of yellow mosaic virus disease (YMVD) caused by yellow mosaic virus (YMV). The disease severity was scored at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days of inoculation (DOI) and grouped the plants into highly resistant (Jhaar Karela, Punjab-15, and Punjab Kareli-1), resistant (PAUBG-407, PAUBG-200, and PAUBG-1514), moderately resistant (PAUBG-204), highly susceptible (Punjab-14, PAUBG-301, PAUBG-229, and PAUBG-341), susceptible (PAUBG128) and moderately susceptible (PAUBG-394, PAUBG-226, and PAUBG-353) groups. Further, PCR diagnosis indicated the presence of the virus in all samples. The infection decreased mean chlorophyll (a, b, total), carotenoids, and Fv/Fm ratio more in susceptible genotypes than resistant genotypes over healthy controls. The susceptible genotypes registered higher total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars but the contents of total soluble and crude proteins decreased with increasing DOI. The infection increased phenols, hydrogen peroxide, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), phenyl ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) activity more in infected resistant genotypes than in susceptible genotypes. Data was significant (5%) w.r.t genotypes, stages, and treatments. A greater increase in biochemicals in resistant samples may give better protection and the resistant genotypes may aid in crop improvement programs against YMVD.
Embargo
Evaluation of edible coatings for microbiological and physicochemical quality maintenance of freshcut carrot and cucumber
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navneet Kaur; Pooja
Six different edible coatings including chitosan, pectin, alginate, starch, carrageenan and CMC were evaluated to determine their effect on physicochemical properties and microbial growth inhibition over fresh cut cucumber and carrot. Microbial load over FCV was reduced by 1.03 log cfu/g total plate count, 0.49 log cfu/g yeast and mould, 0.61 log cfu/g coliforms count whereas microbial count over fresh cut carrot got reduced by 0.94 log cfu/g total plate count, 0.54 log cfu/g yeast and mould and 0.73 log cfu/g coliforms after disinfecting fresh cut cucumber and carrot with 100 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution for 23 minutes and 8 minutes at 10°C, respectively. After disinfection pretreatment, fresh cut vegetables were coated with above mentioned edible coatings. Evaluation of coatings showed chitosan and pectin showed comparable effects in restricting the microbial growth over fresh cut cucumber. However, chitosan coated FCV exhibited minimum microbial load over FCV after 9 days of storage as compared to other coatings and control FCV samples with maintaining all other quality attributes. Therefore, chitosan was selected for further optimization studies w.r.t coating concentration and dipping time that was statistically designed and analyzed using response surface methodology. Microbial analysis for TPC, Y&M and coliform count and physicochemical analysis viz. pH, TSS, total sugars, and firmness was taken. Fresh cut cucumber dipped in 1 percent (w/v) for 5 minutes and fresh cut carrot dipped in 1 percent (w/v) for 3 minutes was found to be optimum coating conditions, respectively. The validation investigations carried out at 3 kg scale resulted in firmness 4.5 and 24 (lb), total sugars 3.7 and 6.8 (g/100g), TSS 5.2 and 8.0 (ºB), pH 5.0 and 6.5, TPC 4.0 and 3.9 (log cfu/g) ,Y&M 2.0 and 1.8 (log cfu/g) and Coliforms 2.1 and 2.0 (log cfu/g) in fresh cut cucumber and carrot with desirability of 90 percent and 93 percent, respectively. Shelf life studies of pretreated chitosancoated fresh cut cucumber and carrot FCV cucumber and carrot were tested for a period of 12 days or till deterioration at a regular interval of 3 days under optimal coating conditions. Results revealed that chitosan coated FC cucumber and carrot can be consumed upto 12 days and 15 days, respectively while maintaining their desirable physicochemical and sensory characteristics with microbial loads under acceptable range. Microbial count over chitosan coated FC cucumber on 12th day of storage showed 4.54 log cfu/g TPC, 2.90 log cfu/g Y&M and 2.95 log cfu/g Coliforms under acceptable limits while uncoated samples had microbial count above acceptable limits on 6th day of storage. Microbial count over chitosan coated FC carrot on 15th day of storage showed 4.72 log cfu/g TPC, 2.90 log cfu/g Y&M and 2.95 log cfu/g coliforms under acceptable limits while uncoated samples had microbial count above acceptable limits on 6th day of storage. As a result, the present study found that preteated fresh cut cucumber coated with 1 percent (w/v) chitosan for 5 minutes and fresh cut carrot coated with 1 percent (w/v) chitosan for 3 minutes were able to inhibit the microbial load over FC cucumber and carrot during storage period under refrigeration conditions of 5-7º C maintaining its all physicochemical and sensorial characteristics.
Restricted
Effect of harvest stages on fermentation characteristics and nutritional quality of silage in oat genotypes
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navneet Kaur; Goyal, Meenakshi
The present investigation was aimed at studying the effect of different harvest stages on fermentation characteristics and nutritional quality of silage in oat genotypes. During 2019-20 fifty oat germplasm was screened for nutritional composition viz. crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), dry matter (DM), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and field parameters at milk developmental stage to find out the best genotypes for silage making. The average content of CP, IVDMD, WSC and DM was found to be 6.88%, 27.67 mg/g, 51.71% 16.12 % respectively. Principal components (PC 1 & PC 2) cumulatively accounted for 41.5% of the total variation present among the genotypes. The dendrogram constructed using cluster analysis classified the test genotypes into six diverse clusters. Based on the results obtained by above parameters, PCA and cluster analysis, four genotypes (OL 1990, OL 1994, OL 1954 and OL 1968) were selected for silage potential at different harvest stages (heading, milk, dough and maturity stages). During rabi 2020-2021 above four genotypes along with three checks (OL 12, OL 13, OL 1861) were raised in the field of Forages, Millet and Nutrition section, Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics. At the respective harvest stages, silage was prepared in five kg polythene bags. At these stages forage sample was also taken for nutritional analysis. Fodder samples were analysed for nutritional composition, IVDMD and yield parameters. The quality attributes CP, IVDMD, WSC decreased and DM, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) increased with advancing maturity of vegetative fractions of plant. The silage was opened after 45 days, analysed for fermentation characteristics, nutritional composition, IVDMD. ADF, NDF, DW and ADL increased with increase in maturity stages. The highest content of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids was found in OL 12 and OL 1896. Optimum pH was observed in dough stage of silage. Genotypes OL 1990 and OL 1861 had shown maximum values of WSC and IVDMD at dough stage. Overall, in the present study, silage prepared from dough stage had better yield and fermentation characteristics and proves to be the best stage for silage making due to appropriate dry matter and pH. Also, OL 1861, OL 1990 and OL 12 genotypes responded better in terms of quality traits as well as yield of the crop.
Open Access
Conversion of non-aromatic rice to aromatic rice by editing Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (BADH2) gene
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Navneet Kaur; Vikal, Yogesh
Aroma in rice is a highly appreciated trait and acts as determining factor for market price. Basmati rice varieties possess characteristic aroma, however, are usually low yielding. Attempts for transfer of aroma to high-yielding rice varieties through conventional breeding approaches have not been much successful. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been established as a revolutionary crop improvement technique. The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) mediated delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 complex is showing immense potential for transgene-free genome editing in rice. The current research was carried out for editing of OsBADH2 gene through CRISPR/Cas9-RNP complex in PR114, high yielding non-aromatic rice variety. A total of five gRNAs were designed through CRISPR P 2.0 for generation of OsBADH2 mutants. Primers were designed for the assembly of gRNA-DNA template for two gRNA selected and transcribed to gRNA utilizing “GeneArtTM Precision gRNA synthesis Kit”. The cleavage efficiency of RNP complex was detected through in vitro cleavage detection. The gRNA were incubated with Cas9 nuclease enzyme to form RNP complexes and coated onto gold particles for the biolistic delivery into the explants. Embryos excised from mature seeds and calli were used as explants for transformation. A variety of media were tested for callus induction and regeneration in PR114. Approximately, 2000 mature embryos and 381 calli were transformed using gRNA-Cas9 complex delivered through gene gun. A total of 35 plants, created through transformation of gRNA-RNP complex targeting exon 7, were characterized through MSBSPPCR technique. The plants showing positive results were proceeded for Sanger’s sequencing. The sequencing results were analysed through FinchTV software for quality of sequencing. The sequences were aligned using Clustal Omega and NCBI-BLASTn online tools. An addition of nucleotide “A” was found in one plant. The nucleotide sequence was translated through Expasy tool. Through insilico analysis of the amino-acid sequence of mutant frameshift mutation was observed. The mutation resulted in alteration in the last four aminoacids of the peptide chain. The T1 progeny of this mutant plant didn’t show presence of the mutation. Rest of the transformed T0 plants are being screened through restriction digestion assay. The mutants so found will be further analyzed through molecular and biochemical techniques
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Water productivity, energetics and economics of maize based cropping sequences compared to rice-wheat system under different moisture regimes
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navneet Kaur; Brar, Ajmer Singh
A field experiment was carried out over two consecutive years of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. To compare various maize based crop sequences with rice-wheat system, a replicated experiment was conducted with varying degrees of crop sequences and irrigation regimes. Eight crop sequences were compared in the main plots: rice-wheat, maize-wheat, maize-potato- mentha + onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-spring maize, maize + cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong, maize-toria + gobhi sarson-summer moong and maize + cowpea (f)-toria + gobhi sarson-summer moong. Four irrigation regimes of IW/CPE ratio 0.75, IW/CPE ratio 1.0, IW/CPE ratio 1.25 and recommended schedule were compared in sub plots. The rice equivalent yield was significantly higher in maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion followed by maize-potato-mentha + onion and maize + cowpea-potato-spring maize compared to other crop sequences. This was due to higher production potential of potato which ultimately increased the rice equivalent yield of sequences in which potato was included as one of the component crop. The rice equivalent yield of various crop sequences increased with increase in frequency of irrigation water. The crop water productivity was significantly higher with maize + cowpea-potato-mentha + onion with I0.75 during both the years as compared to all other crop sequences and irrigation regimes combinations except maize-potato-mentha + onion with I0.75. Rice-wheat sequence with recommended schedule produced significantly lower crop water productivity as compared to maize-potato-mentha+ onion, maize + cowpea (f)-potato-mentha + onion and maize-potato-spring maize with all the irrigation regimes during both the years. The apparent water productivity was significantly higher in maize + cowpea-potato- mentha + onion sequence as compared to all other crop sequences during both the years. The lowest apparent water productivity was recorded with rice-wheat sequence under all the irrigation regimes. On the basis of energy efficiency, R-W with IRec had lower energy efficiency compared to maize-wheat, maize-potato-mentha+onion and maize+ cowpea (f)-potato-mentha+onion under all the irrigation regimes during both the years. Among different maize based crop sequences, the most energy efficient was maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with IRec followed by maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with I1.25 during both the years. On the basis of energy productivity, maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with I1.25 was found to be the most energy productive being statistically at par with rice-wheat with IRec and maize+cowpea (f)-gobhi sarson-summer moong with IRec during 2016-17 while it was significantly better compared to rice-wheat with IRec during 2017- 18. Economic analysis reveals that R-W with IRec recorded the lowest net returns compared to maize- potato-mentha+onion with I1.25 and IRec, maize+cowpea(f)-potato-mentha+onion with I1.25 and IRec and maize+cowpea(f)-potato-spring maize with I1.25 and IRec during both the years.
Restricted
Use of antifeedant and antifertility properties of neem seed extract for management of male Bandicota bengalensis
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Navneet Kaur; Babbar, B.K.
Neem extracts have strong Insecticidal, repellent and antifertility effect. Seven different doses of NSA extract (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 9.5 ml out of 25 ml stock) mixed in bait were tested against male bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis in bi-choice feeding tests. Results revealed antifeedant effect with all treated baits and there was non-significant difference among treated baits. Therefore only three different doses (1.5, 7.0 and 9.0ml) were selected for further studies. Testing of existence of primary repellent effect revealed that rats avoided all the treated baits for first five hours after exposure. After that rats developed habituation for primary/olfactory repellent effect and started eating treated baits which might had caused gastrointestinal malaise in rats resulting in development of secondary repellent effect among rats. However rats were not habituated for secondary repellent effect with all the selected doses of NSA extract upto experimental period of 30 days. Therefore for field application, formulations F1 and F2 were developed using NSA extract (7.5-9.0ml). These formulations were tested under simulated field condition. Results revealed potential of F2 in preventing rodent damage for considerably long time as compared to F1. To use the antifertility property of neem seed, neem seed alcoholic hexane (NSAH) extract and its formulations as baits (F3 –F7) were developed and fed to rats. Consumption of F7 bait was maximum. Results revealed potential of NSAH extract and its F7 bait in reducing reproductive potential of rats. However there is a need to increase the acceptance and application rate of F7 bait under field conditions.
Open Access
Physiological and biochemical evaluation for acquired thermotolerance in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) at seedling stage
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Navneet Kaur; .) Jagmeet Kaur
The present investigation was conducted to study the physiological and biochemical evaluation for acquired thermotolerance in three pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) genotypes at seedling stage. Heat acclimation (45°C for 3h) and salicylic acid (0.5 mM and 1 mM for 3h) pre-treatments induced physiological changes in terms of seedling length, seedling weight, RGR, electrolyte leakage and RWC and biochemical changes in terms of cellular respiration, total soluble sugars, proline content, photosynthetic efficiency, MDA and H2O2 content and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and POX) imparting thermotolerance. These pre-treatments conferred protection against heat stress through improved seedling growth, reduced electrolyte leakage, increased RWC, increased accumulation of sugars and proline, improved photosynthetic efficiency, reduced MDA and H2O2 content. Antioxidant defense system was induced in terms of CAT (average 1.02 fold increase in heat acclimated, 0.77 fold in 0.5 mM SA and 1 fold in 1 mM SA) and POX (average 1.30 fold increase in heat acclimated, 1.24 fold in 0.5 mM SA and 1.37 fold in 1 mM SA) activity in all genotypes. Separation of proteins through SDS-PAGE revealed the accumulation of some new proteins (heat shock proteins) of low and high molecular weight in heat acclimated seedlings to overcome the harmful effects of heat stress. Among the three genotypes, AL 1931 performed best and acquired maximum thermotolerance. Although both the pre-treatments resulted in induction of thermotolerance but SA pre-treatment proved better in the present study.
Open Access
Physico-chemical studies on synthesized graphene oxidemagnesium ferrite based nanocomposites and their adsorption potential for Ni (II) ion
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Navneet Kaur; Manpreet Kaur
Role of magnetic nanocomposites for the remediation of waste-water is a thrust area of research. In the present study, hybrid graphene oxide (GO) based inverse spinel magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanocomposites (NCs) with bentonite/charcoal/chitosan were synthesized using facile sonication method. p-XRD patterns confirmed the presence of spinel ferrite phase in the NCs with the crystalline size 8-32 nm. FT-IR spectra displayed absorption bands corresponding to GO, MgFe2O4 NPs and bentonite/charcoal/chitosan in the NCs along with red shift of bands corresponding to C=O, C=C and O-H stretching. TGA confirmed higher stability of NCs over pristine GO. MgFe2O4 NPs imparted appreciable saturation magnetization to the NCs (4.03-11.10 emug-1). SEM and TEM revealed high porosity and immobilization of clusters of MgFe2O4 NPs onto GO sheets in the NCs. BET surface area of the NCs ranged from 58.34 to 165.29 m2g-1 and was markedly higher than pristine MgFe2O4 NPs. Removal of Ni (II) ions was studied by batch adsorption method. Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich models were followed in perfect way. Maximum adsorption capacity from Langmuir model ranged between71.43-111.11 mgg-1 for NCs. Kinetic data fitted pseudo-second-order equation. Thermodynamic parameters revealed spontaneous and endothermic removal using NCs; whereas using GO the removal was exothermic. Percentage removal of Ni (II) was maximum for MgFe2O4 NPs and their binary NCs with GO. Effect of co-existing ions on Ni (II) adsorption was studied in Pb-Cd-Ni-Zn system. NCs possessed higher removal potential for Pb (II) as compared to Ni (II) due to the lower hydration energy of the former. For electroplating waste-water the optimum adsorbent dose required for complete metal ion removal was higher than that for spiked water because of presence of other interfering ions.
Open Access
Chemistry and antioxidant potential of dill (Anethum graveolens L) seed essential oil
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Navneet Kaur; Chahal, K.K.
The present investigation deals with chemistry and antioxidant potential of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) seed essential oil. The dill seed essential oil was analysed using GC–MS which showed the presence of 31 compounds. Carvone (41.15 %) was identified as major compound; other compounds identified were limonene (23%), camphor (9.25%), dihydrocarvone (3.75%), butyl acetate (2.65%), dill apiole (1.65%) and dill ether (1.02%) etc. The essential oil was fractionated into its non-polar and polar fractions by column chromatography. Carvone, limonene and camphor were isolated from dill seed oil using column chromatography. Carvone, limonene and camphor were chemically transformed into different derivatives viz. carveol, carvone semicarbazone, carvone oxime, camphor oxime and perillyl alcohol. Isolated and transformed compounds were identified using FT-IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopy. Methanol, dichloromethane and hexane extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction method. Presence of phytochemicals such phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinone, reducing sugar, tannins, cardiac glycosides and saponin were tested in hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extract. Quantitative estimation of phenolic, flavonoid, sugars, peroxide value and saponification value was calculated. Dill seed essential oil, its fractions, isolated and derivatized compounds were tested for their antioxidant potential at different concentration levels viz. 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1 and 0.05 mg ml-1. The antioxidant potential of tested components were evaluated using 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), hydroxyl (OH•), nitric oxide (NO•), superoxide (O2•) radical scavenging methods and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Methanol extract was found most active among extracts and fractions whereas carveol showed maximum potency for radical savenging activity amongst isolated and derivatised compounds.

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