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ThesisItem Restricted Integrated weed management in wheat and characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Gurpreet Kaur; Tarundeep KaurThe study ―Integrated weed management in wheat and characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor Retz.‖, consisted of two field and one pot experiment. Expt I: Integrated weed management in relation to paddy straw levels, nitrogen rates in wheat under rice -wheat cropping system was conducted in split plot design with paddy straw levels i.e. 0 t ha-1 , 7.5 t ha-1 and 10 t ha-1 paddy straw in main plots, nitrogen doses i.e. 100 % , 125 % and 150 % recommended nitrogen in sub plots and weed control i.e. without herbicide (control) and metribuzin 42% + clodinafop propargyl 12% at 270 g ha-1 (POST) in sub-sub plots with three replications. Significant reduction in viable weed seeds and density of Phalaris minor, Medicago denticulata and Rumex dentatus was recorded in 7.5 and 10 t ha-1 than 0 t ha-1. An increase of 9.3 & 8.1 % and 9 & 5.9 % in grain yield was recorded in 7.5 and 10 t ha-1 paddy straw level than 0 t ha-1 paddy straw level during 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Grain yield slightly enhanced with increasing 100 to 125 % recommended nitrogen and started decreasing with further increasing nitrogen to 150 % recommended nitrogen. Lower density of weeds and higher grain yields (38.1-51.3%) were produced in metribuzin + clodinafop (pre-mix) at 270 g ha-1 than without herbicide. Expt II: Integrated weed management with crop establishment methods and row spacing in wheat under rice -wheat cropping system was conducted in split plot design with crop establishment methods i.e. mechanically transplanted rice and manual transplanted rice in main plots, row spacing i.e. 18.25 cm (7.3 inches) and 22.5 cm (9 inches) in sub plots and weed control i.e. without herbicide (control), pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 (PRE), metsulfuron 10% + carfentrazone 40% at 25 g ha-1 (POST) and metribuzin 42% + clodinafop 12% at 270 g ha-1 (POST) in sub-sub plots with three replications. Closer row spacing of 18.25 cm had better smothering effect on weeds and gave 9.2 and 12.5% increased grain yields than row spacing of 22.5 cm. Metribuzin + clodinafop at 270 g ha-1 and pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 reduced grass and broad leaf weeds effectively. Metsulfuron + carfentrazone at 25 g ha-1 managed broad leaf weeds efficiently but it did not control grass weeds and their biomass. Metribuzin + clodinafop at 270 g ha-1 and pyroxasulfone at 127.5 g ha-1 gave higher grain and straw yield than without herbicide. Expt III: Characterization of herbicide resistance in Phalaris minor was carried out using five post emergence herbicides viz clodinafop, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, pinoxaden, sulfosulfuron and isoproturon, and three pre-emergence herbicides namely pendimethalin, pendimethalin+metribuzin and pyroxasulfone at 0, 0.25X, 0.50X, X, 2X and 4X doses of recommended field use of herbicides with three replications tested against 95 populations of Phalaris minor alongwith two susceptible population. It was found that 13 populations had homozygous resistant alleles (404bp band), 41 populations had homozygous sensitive alleles (169 and 235 bp band) whereas 12 populations had heterozygous resistant alleles (169, 235 and 404bp band). T to A nucleotide transversion was observed in amplfied region of ACC gene which is responsible for resistance to Acetyl CoA Carboxylase enzyme in Phalaris minor. Non-enzymatic antioxidant components and antioxidant enzymes played an important role in defence mechanism of Phalaris minor resistant populations under herbicide stress. H2O2 produced during the oxidative stress was detoxified in resistant Phalaris minor populations either by peroxidase enzyme and/or catalase enzyme and/or ascorbate peroxodase and/or glutathione reductase in combination of two or more enzymes along with superoxide dismutate enzyme.ThesisItem Open Access Molecular mapping of yellow mosaic virus resistance in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Gurpreet Kaur; Navraj KaurBitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a popular cultivated vegetable in India and other countries. The susceptible parent ‘Punjab-14’ and the resistant parent ‘PAUBG-6’ were crossed to obtain F4 mapping population comprising 101 individuals with the objective of mapping yellow mosaic disease resistance in bitter gourd. In the present study, genotypingby-sequencing (GBS) approach was used to develop the genetic linkage map. The map contained 3,144 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, consisted of 15 linkage groups and spanned for 2415.2 cM with an average marker distance of 0.7 cM. By adopting the artificial and field inoculation techniques, F4:5 individuals were phenotyped for disease resistance in Nethouse (2019), Rainy (2019) and Spring season (2020). The QTL analysis using the genetic map and phenotyping data identified three QTLs qYMD.pau_3.1, qYMD.pau_4.1 and qYMD.pau_5.1 on chromosome 3, 4 and 5 respectively with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) from 13.5 to 22.1%. In addition, nine horticultural important traits including days to appearance of first female flower, days to appearance of first male flower, days to fruit maturity, node to appearance of first female flower, seed hardness, seed number, fruit length, fruit diameter and fruit weight were evaluated using quantitative data. As a result, twelve QTLs responsible for these traits were also identified. In another experiment, the relative gene expression of begomovirus genes in susceptible and resistant hosts was studied to understand the mechanism of virus resistance. The expression analysis indicated the high expression of AC4 gene in resistant plant provided the information on the efforts of virus to combat the resistance of plant. The information generated in this study is very useful in future for fine-mapping and for marker-assisted selection for these traits.ThesisItem Restricted Formulation and nutritional evaluation of cereal-pulse based extruded snacks supplemented with dehydrated herbs(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Gurpreet Kaur; Singla, NeerjaIn the present investigation, a combination of wheat and chickpea (80:20) was used for formulation of extruded snacks which were supplemented with varying levels of 1-5 percent dried herbs namely Basil (BL), Mint (ML), Drumstick leaves (DL) and a mixture of all these herbs (MXL) having one percent of each herb. While comparing fresh and dried leaves of herbs, It was found that dried leaves had significantly higher (p<0.01) levels of crude protein, fibre, fat, ash, β-carotene, minerals (Ca, Fe and Zn) and bioactive components. Organoleptically extrudates were found to be most acceptable at three percent level of supplementation for all the herbs. Overall acceptability of various extrudates was in order of MXL>DL>ML>BL. A significant change (p<0.05) in physical parameters namely mass flow rate, bulk density, moisture retention, expansion ratio, water absorption index, water solubility index and water holding capacity (WHC) of supplemented extrudates was observed as compared to their control counterparts. The moisture, ash, crude protein, fibre and fat content of supplemented extruded snacks ranged from 3.40 to 3.88, 2.32 to 2.90, 11.35 to 12.20, 3.0 to 3.36 and 1.67 to1.75 g/100g, respectively. Ascorbic acid and β-carotene content of supplemented extruded snacks ranged from 9.72 to 12.98 mg/100g and 54.71-98.10 µg/100g, respectively. Total iron, calcium and zinc content in supplemented extruded snacks were found to increase in the range of 19-29, 38-77 and 52-63%, respectively in comparison to control. The total phenol and flavonoid content of supplemented extruded snacks varied from 153.45 to 184.76 mg GAE/100g and 222.38 to 384.40 mg RE/100g, respectively. The percent increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in supplemented snacks ranged from 97-124, 93-125, 96-154 and 25-46%, respectively by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RPA, respectively as compared to control. The percent decrease in moisture, ash, protein, fat and fibre ranged from 58-60, 14-18, 0.73-0.87, 19-23, 5-8 %, respectively among the supplemented extrudates in comparison to their raw mixtures. The reduction in vitamin C and β-carotene content was 18-21 and 2-3%, respectively after extrusion. The reduction in phytate, oxalate and trypsin inhibitor content after extrusion was 8-9, 14-15 and 21-24%, respectively after extrusion. Percent increase in total phenols and flavonoid content after extrusion was in the range of 24-28 and 2-3%, respectively. A significant increase (p<0.05) in TAC as measured by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RPA was observed among supplemented extrudates as compared to their raw mixtures. An increase of 20, 26 and 35 % for in vitro carbohydrate, protein digestibility and iron bioavailability was observed in supplemented extrudates after extrusion. While determining the effect of storage period and type of packaging on organoleptic parameters like appearance, colour etc. were not much affected while changes were observed in texture, taste and flavour. Statistically significant increase in moisture content and decrease in TAC was observed on storage of extrudates in both the packaging materials aluminium laminates (AL) and Ziploc pouches (ZL). However, the rate of loss in TAC was comparatively lower in aluminium laminate stored extrudates as compared to Ziploc pouches. However, moisture and the microbial count were found to be within the permissible limits even after four months of storage period. It can be concluded that supplementation of some of the commonly used dehydrated herbs leaves in the powder form to the cereal-pulse based extruded snacks can help to introduce a new type of value added snacks which will not only satisfy consumers short time hunger but also provide numerous health benefits especially in terms of bioactive components.ThesisItem Restricted BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES WITH RESPECT TO NITROGEN USE EFFICIECNY(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Gurpreet Kaur; Bavita, AsthirIncreased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer has raised concerns because N surplus causes environmental contamination and also high cost associated with its production. Thus, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) through identification of efficient genotypes is becoming a necessity. In this two years study (2009-10 and 2010-11), 18 wheat genotypes (PBW 621, PBW 636, PBW 590, DBW 17, HD 2967, PBW 509, BW 9178, BW 9183, BW 8989, BW 9022, PBW 343, PBW 550, GLU 1101, GLU 1356, GLU 2001, GLU 700, PH132-4836, PH132-4840) selected on the basis of their commercial relevance or distinct genetic background were used for studying N metabolism at four N doses including the presently recommended N dose (RDN) (120 Kg N/ha), suboptimal N doses [RDN-50% (60 Kg N/ha) and RDN-25% (90 Kg N/ha)] and supraoptimal N dose [RDN+25% (150 Kg N/ha)]. Enzymes involved in N assimilation [nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)] in relation to deposition of amino acids and proteins were studied at tillering (30 days after sowing; DAS), anthesis (about 90-100 DAS) and post-anthesis (15 days post anthesis) stages. PBW 621 showed higher activities of NR, NIR and GS at RDN-25%. At RDN-50%, PBW 636 and GLU 1356 showed highest GS activity. HD 2967 and PBW 590 revealed maximum activities of these enzymes at RDN and RDN+25%. Widely grown cultivar PBW 343 and advanced breeding lines BW 9178, BW 9183, BW 8989 and BW 9022 showed low efficiency for N assimilating enzymes. GLU 1356 showed high grain protein content indicating higher translocation of assimilates from flag leaf to sink. Sugar and starch content was higher in the PBW 343, BW 9178, BW 8989 and BW 9022 genotypes in which amino acid and protein content was less. PBW 621 showed higher NUE and yield compared to other genotypes. NR and GS enzymes were positively correlated with NUE and yield indicating that these might be the rate limiting steps in N metabolism. Biochemical similarity between PBW 621, PBW 636 and GLU 1356 was authenticated from cluster analysis. Tiller culture technique did not reveal much difference with respect to PBW 621 and PBW 343 in N metabolism. However, hydroponically raised seedlings showed complementary results with field studies in identifying genotypes with maximum NUE. Due to stable performance of PBW 621, PBW 636 and GLU 356 at suboptimal doses over two years, these genotypes hold future potential for developing new cultivars with improved NUE.ThesisItem Restricted Physiology Of Yield Development In Chickpea Cultivars And Role Of Plant Growth Regulators In Cold Stress Ameliration(Punjab Agricultural University; Ludhiana, 2006) Gurpreet Kaur; Parmil SinghThesisItem Open Access Optimum Combination Of Farm Enterprises To Improve The Income Of Punjab Farmers(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2001) Gurpreet Kaur; Joshi, A. S.ThesisItem Open Access Urinary Signals In The Lesser Bandicoot Rat Bandicota Bengalensis (Gray) And Their Application For Management Of Its Population(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2005) Gurpreet Kaur; Parshad, V RThesisItem Restricted Genotypic variation for water and salt stress induced proline dynamics in wheat(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Gurpreet Kaur; Asthir, BavitaThe present study was conducted to evaluate the proline metabolism and its cross talk with various biochemical parameters in nineteen wheat genotypes viz. C 306, C 273, C 591, C 518, Type 11, Excalibar, Krichauff, Babax, Gladius, Drysdale, Kharchia, Krl 1-4, Krl 19, PBW 175, HD 2967, PBW 621, WH 1105, HD 3086 and PBW 660 raised under water deficit (8% PEG – 6000), water withholding and salt stress (300 mM NaCl) conditions. Enzymes involved in proline synthesis [glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and δ-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR)] and degradation [proline dehydrogenase (PDH)] were studied in the roots and shoots of seven day old seedlings. Based on various biochemical parameters, these genotypes were categorized into four groups i.e tolerant towards water stress (Excalibar, Krichauff, Babax, Drysdale, Gladius and C 306), tolerant towards salinity stress (Kharchia, Type 11, Krl 1-4 and Krl 19), intermediate tolerant (C 273, C 518 and C 591) and susceptible towards water and salinity stress (HD 2967, PBW 621, WH 1105, HD 3086, PBW 660 and PBW 175). Genotypes tolerant to water and salt stress revealed increased proline content and 1,1 diphenyl-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity alongwith reduced content of thiobarbituric acid reactive species in parallel with decreased H2O2 content. Correspondingly, higher activities of GDH, P5CS and P5CR were also observed in these genotypes. However, the declining trend of PDH activity and low contents of TBARS and H2O2 were recorded in all studied genotypes except for HD 2967, PBW 621, HD 3086, PBW 175 and WH 1105. Results were further strengthened by studying the effect of ABA and its cross talk with various parameters under different stresses in selected five genotypes viz. Gladius, Drysdale, Kharchia, PBW 660 and PBW 175. Exogenous ABA application triggered the upregulation of proline synthesis in tolerant genotypes (Kharchia, Gladius and Drysdale) which indicated a predominant role of this osmolyte in maintaining root/shoot elongation and thereby, ameliorating the deleterious effect of ROS on membrane stability both under water and salt stress conditions. Overall, results indicated that increased proline content might have contributed in upregulating proline synthesizing enzymes and thereby overcoming oxidative stress more in tolerant genotypes than susceptible ones. In crux, results indicated that GDH activity was particularly responsible in proline synthesis pathway via enhancing P5CS activity and would trigger abiotic stress tolerance. Proline metabolizing enzymes particularly P5CS and GDH could be used as a marker for enhancing tolerance to these stresses by breeders and plant biotechnologists.
