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ThesisItem Embargo Effect of foliar application of iron and molybdenum on horticultural traits and nutrient uptake in guava (Psidium guajava L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Amit Kumar; Khokhar, YogeshThe present investigation was carried out to study the effect of supplemental foliar application of Iron and Molybdenum sources on horticultural traits of winter season fruits and nutrient uptake in guava cv. Shweta (Psidium guajava L.) trees. X years old trees were sprayed once and twice with ferrous sulphate (0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5%), single spray of ammonium molybdate and sodium molybdate each at 0.05 %, 0.10 % and 0.15 % concentration during middle of August and September. The results revealed that greater vegetative shoot extension (33.74 cm), leaf area (81.3 cm2 ), fruit set (62.7 %), fruit retention (67.3 %) were recorded with single spray of ferrous sulphate @ 0.5 % which were at par with 0.10 % ammonium molybdate spray. Similarly, fruit physical parameters such as fruit weight (204.9 g), fruit size i.e. fruit length (7.9 cm) and fruit breadth (7.5 cm) and yield (29.6 kg) were recorded significantly higher in single spray of ferrous sulphate treatment. Likewise, in the same treatment biochemical characteristics viz. total soluble solids content (TSS), vitamin C and proline also recorded maximum which were at par with foliar application of 0.10 % ammonium molybdate. Foliar application of ferrous sulphate @ 0.5 % twice exhibited significant improvement in fruit colour as compared to other treatments. However, pectin content was not affected by ferrous sulphate as well as molybdenum sprays. Foliar N, P, K and Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo contents also improved with foliar sprays of ferrous sulphate and ammonium molybdate over control. In conclusion, the application of single spray of 0.5 % ferrous sulphate has a potential to improve vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality of guava.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge of Kinnow cultivation and post-harvest handling among Kinnow growers in Fazilka district of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Amit Kumar; Pankaj KumarThe study entitled “Knowledge of Kinnow cultivation and post-harvest handling among Kinnow growers in Fazilka district of Punjab” was undertaken with the objectives to study the knowledge level of Kinnow cultivation, extent of adoption of selected recommended practices and post-harvest handling techniques followed by respondents. The study was conducted in Fazilka district of Punjab and a total of 120 Kinnow growers were selected for the study. It was observed that majority (50.8%) of respondents belonged to age group 38-54 year. About (33.3%) of the respondents educated up to graduation and 35 per cent of the respondents had medium operational land holding (35%). Majority (50.8%) of respondents had medium level of extension contacts and 40.0 per cent had medium level of mass media exposure. More than half (55.0%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge about Kinnow cultivation. Majority (50.8%) of the respondents procured nursery plants from recommended sources. About 25 per cent of the respondents planted recommended number of plants per acre. In general majority of the respondents applied recommended pesticides for control of insects (citrus psylla, aphids, leaf minor, white fly and mites etc.) and diseases (citrus canker and gummosis/foot rot). Extent of adoption under recommended practices was maximum (34.8%) in Abohar block. Majority (64.3%) of the respondents leased out their Kinnow orchards to contractors. All the respondents of self-marketing category engaged in direct sale of produce. Availability of good planting material as compare to other fruit crops was major reason behind adoption of Kinnow cultivation. Fluctuation in price of Kinnow was major constraint faced by (80.8%) respondents.ThesisItem Open Access Chemistry of sesquiterpenoids from essential oil of Cyperus scariosus and their antioxidant and antifungal potential(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Amit Kumar; Chahal, K.K.The present investigation deals with Chemistry of sesquiterpenoids from essential oil of Cyperus scariosus and their antioxidant and antifungal potential. The roots of C. scariosus were grounded and subjected to hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus to extract the essential oil. The essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 30 compounds, accounting for 93.30 % of the total essential oil, were identified. Longiverbenone, nootkatone, caryophyllene oxide and cyperene were found to be the major compounds present. The C. scariosus roots were also extracted by Soxhlet extractor using three different solvent i.e. hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. Total of 55, 67 and 25 compounds were present in hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts respectively. Cyperene, isolated from essential oil was chemically derivatized into cyperotundone, cyperene alcohol, cyperenol, cyperenal and cyperene epoxide. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. C. scariosus essential oil, various extracts, isolated and derivatized compounds were tested for antifungal and antioxidant activities at different concentrations viz.0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL respectively. All the extracts and essential oil showed significant antifungal activity. Essential oil was most active as compared to other tested components against all plant pathogens. The antioxidant activity of C. scariosus essential oil, various extracts, isolated and derivatized compounds was carried out in vitro using involving 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical scavenging potential, inhibition of nitric oxide radical generation and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Methanol extract of C. scariosus showed highest antioxidant activity in all the methods tested as compared to essential oil, hexane and dichloromethane extracts. Cyperenol showed highest antioxidant activity as compared to isolated and derivatized compounds.
