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ThesisItem Open Access Diversity and risk assessment of parasitic infections harboured by commensal rodents in central zone of Punjab state(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sukhmanpreet Kaur; Singla, NeenaPresent study on diversity and prevalence of ecto and endo-parasites of commensal rodents was conducted in Ludhiana, Punjab from November 2017 to October 2019. A total of 300 rodents belonging to three species namely Rattus rattus (201), Bandicota bengalensis (90) and Mus musculus (09) were live trapped from residences/shops, poultry farms and fish market in three seasons. Fifty eight percent of the total rodents were found infested with 724 specimens of five ectoparasite species namely Xenopsylla cheopis (249), Polyplax spinulosa (394), Ornithonyssus bacoti (32), Liponyssoides sanguineus (41) and Haemaphysalis sp. (08) with infestation rate of 61.19% and 56.67% in R. rattus and B. bengalensis. No parasite was found in M. musculus. A significant effect of host species was found on prevalence of ecto and endo-parasites, however, season, study location, sex and age had no significant effect. Oocysts/trophozoites of protozoans, Cryptosporidium murisand Giardia sp. were also recorded in faecal samples. Overall prevalence of endoparasites was 65.67% with highest rate in B. bengalensis (72.22%) followed by R. rattus (65.67%). Amongst nematodes, highest prevalence was recorded for Capillaria hepatica (59.33%) followed by Strongyloides ratti (49.00%), Trichuris muris (34.33%), Syphacia muris (26.33%), Aspiculuris tetraptera (22.67%) and Heterakis spumosa (21.33%). Amongst cestodes, Cysticercus fasciolaris (64.68%) was the most prevalent followed by Hymenolepis nana (63.00%) and H. diminuta (52.00%).One acanthocephalan species (Moniliformis moniliformis) (8.60%) was also recorded. Significant effect of parasitic infection was observed on sperm parameters, estrous cycle, hormones, and biochemical parameters. Histopathologically, necrotic changes were observed in infected liver and intestine. The study suggests that proper rodent pest and vector management should be conducted in animal and human inhabitations to avoid the spread of zoonotic diseases caused by themThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of profenofos induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in female albino rat(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2016) Sukhmanpreet Kaur; Khera, K.S.The present study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of profenofos on female albino rats at two subchronic doses of 1/10th and 1/50th of LD50 (430.89 mg/kg b.w.) for six weeks. Commercial formulation of profenofos (Curacron 50 EC) was used for treatment. Hyperactivity was observed in rats treated with 1/10th of LD50 of profenofos. Relative weight of reproductive organs was found to be significantly decreased in treated rats. Feed intake and estrous cyclicity was found to be significant during treatment. Biochemical parameters like total proteins, lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol and phosphatases decreased significantly in ovaries of treated rats as compared to the control rats. Antioxidant activity, concentration of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation showed alterations in treated rats. Microsomal degranulation increased at dose dependent manner which indicated that profenofos has a potential for carcinogenicity. Increase in the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes emphasised the genotoxic effect of profenofos in bone marrow cells of treated rats. Levels of estrogen and luteinising hormone increased while progesterone and follicle stimulating hormone decreased significantly in plasma of treated rats. Follicular atresia also increased in ovaries of treated rats. Histological examination of female reproductive organs in treated rats also showed significant alterations. Profenofos intoxication through hormones has resulted in biochemical and histopathological changes in reproductive parameters in treated female rats.
