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ThesisItem Restricted Response of sulphur and potassium applications on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Sandhu, Sangram Singh; Kulbir SinghThe present investigation was conducted at vegetable research farm, biochemistry laboratory and soil science laboratory, Punjab Agricultural University, during rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to standardize the potassium and sulphur dose for growth, yield and quality of garlic. The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. Variety ‘PG-18’ was used as plant material. The experiment comprised of sixteen treatment combinations with four levels of potassium (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg K ha-1) and sulphur (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg S ha-1). Potassium and sulphur were applied as basal dose at bed preparation and all the agronomic practices were followed in accordance with package of practice. It was observed from the results that with the application of 60 kg of potassium along with 30 kg sulphur, growth parameters like, plant height (82.8 cm), bulb diameter (5.24 cm), total bulb yield(14.17 t ha-1), quality parameters like allicin (12.64 mg g-1) was recorded highest. Highest Benefit Cost ratio was also observed with same treatment combination. It was observed that highest bulb yield was in the same combination of treatments with highest nutrient uptake status. Therefore, from the results it was found that 60 kg of potassium along with 30 kg sulphur treatment was found beneficial for growth, yield and quality of garlic and it is recommended for North Indian conditions.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of Asiatic radish (Raphanus sativus L.) genotypes for heat stress tolerance(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Dhand, Amit; Garg, NaveenThirty genotypes of Asiatic radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications in 6 sowing dates (environments) during summer 2021 for 14 traits at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda to ascertain their adaptation and adaptability. The six sowing times were E1 (15 March), E2 (15 April), E3 (15 May), E4 (15 June), E5 (15 July) and E6 (15 August). The data were subjected to statistical analysis following AMMI model. The mean squares due to genotypes (G) and environments (E) were significant for all traits. The G × E interaction variance was significant for all traits except root length, root diameter, dry matter and crude fiber and it was partitioned into two principal components i.e. IPCA 1 and IPCA 2 which were significant for 13 and 7 traits, respectively, and explained 67 to 96% of the interaction variance. The residual variance was non-significant for all traits except root: shoot, ascorbic acid and isothiocyanate. Among various environments, E1 recorded the best results for number of leaves, plant weight, root weight, shoot weight and root length, E6 for marketable yield and isothiocyanate, whereas E3 for ascorbic acid. Five top performing genotypes on the basis of marketable yield were G2 (PMMS-1), G11 (RL-2210), G3 (Palak Mooli), G9 (RL-19-1) and G5 (RL-9-1) which yielded 57.2%, 57.0%, 55.4%, 54.9% and 51.7% higher than check i.e. „Pusa Chetki‟ (93.8 q/ha), respectively. These five genotypes also showed general adaptability across all six environments for most traits. However, the best yield performance in E2 and E6 was exhibited by G2, G3, G9 and G11; in E1 by G2, G3 and G11; in E3 and E4 by G2; and in E5 by G3, G9 and G11.ThesisItem Restricted Effect of priming on seed quality and storability in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Varinda; Rajinder SinghThe present study was conducted on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds var. Punjab Naveen with the objective to evaluate the effect of various priming treatments on the quality and storability of seeds. The freshly harvested seeds were subjected to different concentrations of priming treatments viz. K2HPO4, KH2PO4, Hydroxyurea, GA3, ethrel, benzyl adenine, mimosine, KNO3, ZnSO4 and H2O for 6 hours at 25°C and various physiological (germination percentage, speed of germination, mean days to germination, seedling length, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index) and biochemical parameters (Total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, α-amylase activity, dehydrogenase activity, total phenol content, catalase activity, peroxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and membrane stability index) were recorded. Seed priming treatments ethrel (50ppm) followed by KNO3 (1.5%) and mimosine (100µM) were the most effective treatments in improving percent and speed of germination and reducing mean germination time immediately after priming. The best sixteen treatments along with control were selected thereafter and seeds were stored in cloth bags for 12 months in a refrigerator (4⁰C) to validate the effect of priming on seed quality during the storage period. The data were collected at bimonthly intervals, viz. zero, two, four, six, eight, ten and twelve months of storage. It was observed that with an increase in storage duration, an increase in physiological and biochemical aspects of seed quality in primed seeds. An increase in parameters was observed upto ten months of storage and sharp decline observed thereafter. All the priming treatments improved the germination related parameters in primed seeds over control but the extent of improvement varied. Seed priming with mimosine (200µM) followed by priming with KNO3 (1.5%) and KH2PO4 (10-5M) were found to be the best treatments for cucumber seeds even after storage for 12 months.ThesisItem Restricted Identification of tomato genotype(s) suitable for off season cultivation under Punjab conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Sharma, Shubham; Jindal, S. K.Twenty-two tomato genotypes including two checks Punjab Chhuhara and Punjab Varkha Bahar-4 were evaluated for yield and quality traits at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2021-22 with the objective to identify tomato genotype(s) suitable for off season cultivation under Punjab conditions. The adaptability and stability of genotypes were tested across six environments (1st August sowing, 15th August sowing, 2nd September sowing, 15th September sowing, 1st October sowing and 15th October sowing in the year 2021). The data on growth, yield and quality traits were analyzed using Eberhart and Russell‟s model and GGE biplot analysis. The pooled mean square due to genotypes and G×E interaction was significant for all the studied traits. The genotypes PVB-45, RS-19 and RS-67 were found as promising for total fruit yield (kg/plant) and number of fruits per plant in all the six environments whilst on the basis of regression, NLLR-1 was found most adaptable across the environments for number of fruits per plant. RS-11 and NLLR-1 had highest average fruit weight over all the environments. The genotypes PVB-45 and RS-19 were best performer for percent seedling survival in the nursery and field. The genotype RS-19 exhibited minimum number of days to first anthesis across the environments whereas most adaptable and stable genotype was PVB-45. The genotypes RS-191 and RS-19 showed minimum days from transplanting to first harvest whereas the genotypes RS-67, RS-19 and PVB-4 showed maximum adaptability and stability. The genotype NLLR-2 was best performer for total soluble solids and dry matter content over the environments. All the genotypes showed resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl Disease (ToLCD) incidence over the environments however, the genotypes Punjab Chhuhara, NLLR-7 and NLLR-2 showed susceptibility in first four environments (E1, E2, E3 and E4). It was concluded that environment E6 (15 October sowing) was best for getting highest fruit yield followed by E2 (15 August sowing) and E1 (1 August sowing). The genotypes viz. RS-11, NLLR-12 and RS-212 were most suitable for harvesting fruits during spring season. Total fruit yield showed significant positive correlation with number of fruits per plant, lycopene content, percent seedling survival in the field and average fruit weight at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Strong correlation of these characters revealed that selection based on these characters would consequently improve the total fruit yield. Path analysis showed that number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, percent seedling survival in the nursery and number of locules per fruit exhibited high positive direct phenotypic effects on total fruit yield whereas, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, percent seedling survival in the field and pollen viability had very high positive direct genotypic effect. Therefore, emphasising these traits in selection programmes for increasing yield would be profitable. The promising genotypes, including PVB-45, RS-19, RS-67, RS-212, PVB-172, RS-191, NLLR-1 and NLLR- 12 must be evaluated in multi-location trials under off season conditions of Punjab before their commercial exploitation at the farmers‟ field.ThesisItem Restricted Genetic variation for vitamins and minerals, and characterization of GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase gene(s) in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.)(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Johar Singh; Sharma, MadhuThe present investigation entitled ‘Genetic variation for vitamins and minerals and characterization of GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase gene(s) in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. ex Poir.)’ was conducted in the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from spring 2020 to spring 2022. 96 (59 pumpkin and 37 butternut group) genotypes were screened for five biochemical traits i.e., dry matter, β-carotene, vitamin C, iron and zinc during spring 2021. Thirty (14 pumpkin and 16 butternut) outperforming and diverse genotypes for β-carotene and vitamin C were selected for morphological and biochemical characterization in spring 2022. Genotypes like P17, P24 and P18 exhibited high β-carotene content of 56.88, 37.33 and 35.83 mg/100g FW, respectively. Maximum vitamin C was present in genotypes like P26 (29.55 mg/100g FW) followed by P7 (27.29 mg/100g FW), P17 (25.80 mg/100g FW) and P23 (26.87 mg/100g FW). In minerals, P25 had the highest value of iron (0.95 mg/100g DW) and zinc (1.56 mg/100g DW). Genetic parameters like PCV, GCV, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance were high in biochemical traits viz., β-carotene, vitamin C, dry matter, iron and zinc, depicting the presence of additive gene action in them. Majority of morphological traits; fruit yield per plant, number of primary branches, vine length, fruit diameter, fruit flesh thickness, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight showed similar trends for genetic parameters. Positive correlation of vitamin C with β-carotene and zinc displayed pumpkin’s potential for biofortification. Mahalanobis D2 statistic grouped 30 pumpkin genotypes into six broad clusters with the maximum genotypes in cluster I, but single genotypes in each of clusters IV, V, and VI. The highest intracluster D2 (2614.44) and inter-cluster D2 (30890.43) were unveiled in cluster III and between cluster V and VI. GGP genes in C. moschata (CmGGP) were observed to be 74.5 and 74.2% similar with GGP of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phylogenetic tree of CmGGP depicted high conservation of candidate gene with other plant species. The study concludes that pumpkin can be an ideal crop for biofortification programmes due to its excellent nutritional qualities, intensive cultivation, high consumer acceptability and broader climatic adaptability.ThesisItem Restricted Influence of plant geometry on performance of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) hybrids in different seasons(Punjab Agricultural University, 2022) Gupta, Divya; Navjot SinghAn study was undertaken to assess the impact of plant spacing and planting season on the growth and yield attributes of brinjal hybrids during 2020-21 at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemistry Laboratory of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Vegetable Research Farm, Khanaura (Hoshiarpur). The experiment was laid out in factorial split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatment includes the planting seasons i.e. summer, rainy and winter seasons, while the sub plot treatments include the two factors, viz. spacing (67.5 x 45 cm, 90 x 45 cm, 120 x 45 cm, and 135 x 45 cm), and brinjal hybrids (PBH-3, PBH-4, and PBHR-41). Among the three planting seasons, brinjal planted in rainy season gave highest plant height (93.8-98 cm), number of primary branches (5.9-6.1), secondary branches (7.9), plant spread (113.5-130.3 cm), leaf area index LAI (4.0), Photosynthetically active radiation PAR (77.2-78.8 %), least number of days to 50 per cent flowering (66.7-67.5 days), highest number of fruits (27.1), highest average fruit weight (93.6-97.8 g), highest yield/plant (2.3-2.5 kg), yield (531.0-560.9 q/ha) and highest anthocyanin content (14.5-15.2 mg/100 g) at Ludhiana and Khanaura. Summer season crop gave highest phenol content (21.5-22.4 mg/100 g) and highest cost benefit ratio (1:9.10-1:9.67). Among plant spacing the widest spacing (135 x 45 cm) gave the highest plant height (92.5-98.6 cm), number of primary branches (6.1-6.3), number of secondary branches (8.08.4), plant spread (114.6-126.3 cm), LAI (4.0), PAR (79.3-79.8 %), number of fruits (25.2-25.4), average fruit weight (92.3-93.4 g) and highest yield/plant (2.1-2.3 kg) at Ludhiana and Khanaura. The 90 x 45 cm spacing gave the highest phenol content (13.1-13.6 mg/100g) and highest yield (490.1505.1 q/ha) at both the locations. In terms of hybrids, PBHR-41 attained the highest plant height (102.4-105.4 cm), number of primary branches (6.0), number of secondary branches (7.7-8.1), plant spread (113.0-129.9 cm), LAI (4.0), PAR (78.3-79.0 %), fruit weight (120.2-123.2 g) and yield/plant (2.1 kg) at Ludhiana and Khanaura. The phenolic content (19.2-20.3 mg/100 g) and yield (479.4-501.0 q/ha) was highest in hybrid PBH-4 at both the study areas. Interaction between the genetics of a hybrid, growing environment and management affects the crop productivity. Hence this study chalks out the best combination of hybrid, season and spacing for attaining maximum benefits from the crop. In conclusion, for the three hybrids among growth parameters the best combination was rainy season with spacing of 135 x 45 cm, except for plant height which was highest during rainy season at spacing of 120 x 45 cm. Phenological parameters for all the hybrids were best during the rainy season at 120 x 45 cm and 135 x 45 cm. Among the yield parameters, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight was highest for all the hybrids at 135 x 45 cm during rainy season. In case of plant yield it was also highest for all hybrids during rainy season at 120 x 45 cm and 135 x 45 cm spacing. In terms of total yield all three hybrids have highest values for the rainy season crop sown at 120 x 45 cm. As for the quality parameters phenol content was highest during summer season, at spacing 120 x 45 cm for PBH-3 and PBH-4, and at 135 x 45 cm for PBHR-41. Anthocyanin content was highest during rainy season, at 120 x 45 cm for PBH-3 and PBHR-41, and at 135 x 45 cm at PBH-4.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of varying mulching and irrigation techniques on growth and yield attributes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Jagvir Singh; Arora, DeepakAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of varying mulching and irrigation techniques on growth and yield attributes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for two years (2020-21 and 2021-22) at University Seed Farm Ladhowal of PAU, Ludhiana. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with ten treatments comprising two in main plot as flood and drip irrigation along with five different mulches in sub-plot with three replications. From the present investigations, it is inferred that for most of the traits drip irrigation proved to be significantly better than flood irrigation. Under different types of mulches, the Silver-Black Mulch was observed to be best among all the treatments in terms of fruit yield per plant, fruit length and fruit weight. This treatment significantly suppressed the weed growth as there were 81.38 % less population of weeds than in control. The best treatment combination was Drip irrigation+ Silver-black plastic mulch for all the traits. For overall yield and growth enhancement of cucumber, one should go for combination of Drip irrigation+ Silver-black plastic mulch as this combination expressed total yield improvement of 22.39 % over the control plots.ThesisItem Embargo Heterosis, combining ability and potence ratio for yield and quality attributes of parthenocarpic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in poly-net house(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Prakash; Dhall, R.K.The present experiment was conducted to estimate the heterosis, combining ability and potence ratio for yield and quality attributes of parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids grown under poly-net house conditions. The four parthenocarpic lines and seven testers were crossed in line x tester mating design to develop 28 cross combinations. The 41 genotypes including 11 parents, 28 cross-combinations and two standard checks were evaluated for eleven yield and quality traits in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications during February 2022 to May 2022. The analysis of variance indicated significant genetic variability among all the genotypes for all the traits. The analysis of combining ability revealed highly significant variance due to GCA and SCA effects for almost all the traits indicating the role of both additive and non-additive gene action, respectively in inheritance of these traits. The experimental results revealed that the line „PBRK-16‟ exhibited high and significantly positive GCA effects and mean performance for fruit yield per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter and water content whereas „PBRK-15‟ was observed to be good general combiner for earliness which includes node at which first female flower appears and days to first fruit picking. The line „Punjab Kheera-1‟ exhibited high and significant GCA effects for number of fruits per plants. Among testers, „PBRK-8‟ showed high and significant GCA effects and mean performance for fruit yield per plant and number of fruits per plant whereas PBRK-10 exhibited highly significant GCA seffects and mean performance for fruit length and fruit weight. Besides, the „PBRK-1‟ exhibited high and significant GCA effects for earliness. The cross combinations „PBRK-16 x PBRK-18‟, „PBRK-16 x PBRK-8‟ and „PBRK-16 x PBRK-1‟ exhibited high and significantly positive SCA effects, mean performance and economic heterosis for fruit yield per plant and number of fruits per plant, respectively whereas cross combination „Punjab Kheera-1 x PBRK-1‟ and „PBRK-9 x PBRK-17‟ showed high and significantly negative SCA effects, mean performance and economic heterosis for node at which first female flower appears and days to first fruit picking. However, cross combination „PBRK-9 x PBRK-10‟ showed high and significantly positive SCA effects, mean performance and economic heterosis for fruit length and fruit weight. From potence ratio, it was observed that partial to over-dominance effect was observed for all the traits under study. However, the cross combinations „PBRK-16 x PBRK-8‟ and „Punjab Kheera-1 x PBRK-18‟ showed over-dominance (>±1) effect for fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant and fruit length. Besides, the over-dominance effect was showed high amount of heterosis which can be achieved by development of high yielding parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids. Therefore, it is concluded that hybrids „PBRK-16 x PBRK-18‟ and „PBRK-16 x PBRK-1‟ are observed to be best for most of yield and its attributing traits having desirable fruit length and fruit diameter. Hence, these parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids can be released as commercial for cultivation in poly-net house.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on growth, yield and quality parameters of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under different sowing dates(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Farwan, Kunal; Ruma DeviTwenty-eight carrot (Daucus carota L.) genotypes were studied under eight sowing dates (environment E1-E8) over the two years (2019-20 and 2020-21) at Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The data was recorded for the thirty different traits and subjected to the pooled analysis of variance (ANOVA) and trait stability by GGE biplot. The significant mean sum of square due to genotypes, environments and genotype x environment interactions for all the traits demonstrated the possibility to develop environment specific and ideal mean performing cultivars through selection. It was found that different genotypes behaved differently under different sowing dates. As per the mean vs. stability view of GGE biplot, genotype PC-171 (V12) performed better in the months of August and September of both the years (E1, E2, E5 and E6). Whereas, PC-160 (V3) followed by Cartvar-2 (V18) performed better in the month of October (E3 and E7) for the total root yield parameter. Genotype PC-161 (203.44 q acre-1) followed by PC-171 (205.32 q acre-1) and PC-160 (208.20 q acre-1) were most ideal genotypes across all the environments for root yield of carrot. Biochemical analysis showed that among the 28 genotypes, BMMD (5.46 %) and CC-P-Desi (1.69 %) were most ideal genotypes for total and non-reducing sugars content, respectively. Similarly, genotype CC-J3 was observed as stable and mean performing genotype for total soluble solids (7.00) and carotene content (6.99 mg 100g-1). Total soluble solids, total sugars and reducing sugars all rose simultaneously from the months of August to September and later began to fall from October to November. Starch and dry matter content was highest in the August month of sowing (E1 and E5). Magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters. Heritability was reported more than 80% for most of the traits. Estimation of genotypic and phenotypic correlation showed that root weight, root length and root diameter had significant and positive correlation with root yield. Root weight had maximum direct effect on marketable yield. Hence, GGE biplot can efficiently be used for categorization and environment specific selection of varieties based on their mean performance and stability in the given growing environment for morphological and qualitative traits
