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ThesisItem Restricted Molecular mapping and interspecific hybridization for hull-less seed trait in pumpkin for value addition in food processing industry(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Barinder Kaur; Dhatt, Ajmer SinghThe present investigation entitled ‘Molecular mapping and interspecific hybridization for hull-less seed trait in pumpkin for value addition in food processing industry’ was conducted in the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from 2016 to 2020. Segregating populations were developed using hulled and hull-less genotypes of Cucurbita pepo for understanding the genetics and molecular mapping of hull-less seed trait. Chi-square analysis of segregating populations revealed that single recessive gene is responsible for controlling this trait. The sequence based bulked segregant analysis of two extreme bulks (hulled and hull-less) of cross HP111 × HLP36 along with their parental lines identified one QTL on chromosome 12 (Cp4.1LG12) between 1891261 to 3863267 bp covering 1.97 Mb genomic region with 396 number of SNPs for hull-less seed trait. In interspecific hybridization, total 916 crosses between C. pepo (HLP36, HLP44, HLP53, HLP72) and C. moschata (HM1404, HM108, HM1343, HM1022, HM2211, HM6711) were attempted to transfer hull-less seed trait, however success was achieved in 5.57% crosses only. The fruit setting, number of seeds/fruit, seed germination and survival of F1 seedlings were high when C. pepo was used as female parent in cross HLP36 × HM1343 (66.67%, 15.00, 45.24% and 49.48%), followed by HLP36 × HM1022 (22.73%, 23.00, 44.35%, 47.06%) and HLP44 × HM1022 (13.79%, 12.00, 45.85%, 45.46%), respectively. However, in reciprocal crosses (C. moschata × C. pepo) success rate was very poor, which was overcome through in vitro ovule culture after 17 to 19 days of pollination in cross HM1343 × HLP53 and HM6711 × HLP72. The hybridity of putative Cucurbita interspecific hybrids was confirmed through molecular, morphological and micromorphological markers and their results were found to be highly consistent. The phenotyping of F2 populations of interspecific crosses confirmed the transfer of hull-less seed trait. Findings of the present study will facilitate in genetic dissection of candidate gene(s) and to enhance productivity, improve quality and multi-season cultivation of hull-seeded pumpkin in India.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of hybrid(s) for resistance to late blight and leaf curl virus diseases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Arora, Healy; Jindal, Salesh KumarThe current study in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was conducted at PAU, Ludhiana during 2019-20 with the objective of developing hybrids possessing combined resistance to late blight and leaf curl virus diseases, along with desirable horticultural characters. The experimental material included 32 F1 hybrids (developed by line × tester method), 12 parental lines (8 lines and 4 testers; including susceptible check Punjab Chhuhara) and standard check NS-524 were transplanted in randomized complete block design with three replications. The values of σ2SCA/σ2GCA were more than unity for all the traits except average fruit weight and ascorbic acid, which indicated the predominance of non-additive effects. Lines CLN-1386-7-0, CLN-104-48-1-0 and CLN-154-22-5-0 resulted as good general combiners for most of characters. Cross combinations viz. PVB-1 × LBR-12 and CLN-138-6-7-0 × LBR-21 possessed good SCA effects for most of the characters, while combinations CLN-154-22-5-0 × LBR-12 and CLN-154-22-5-0 × LBR-21 recorded significant heterosis over better parent and check for fruit yield and other quality characters. Natural and artificial screening was performed for all the experimental material against leaf curl virus and late blight diseases respectively. Out of 32 hybrids, crosses namely CLN-154-22-5-0 × LBR-12, CLN-154-22-5-0 × LBR-21, PVB-1 × LBR-10, PVB-4 × LBR-12, CLN-104-48-1-0 × LBR-10 and CLN-3241H-27 × LBR-21 were identified for combined disease resistance against late blight and leaf curl virus, vis-à-vis desirable horticultural characters particularly fruit yield, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, dry matter, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content with fair amount of heterosis. Henceforth, hybrids which displayed good potential in yield with acceptable performance of qualitative traits, along with combined disease resistance could be utilised for commercial purpose exploitation.ThesisItem Restricted Marker assisted breeding for introgression of genetic male sterile ms10 gene from hot pepper to heat tolerant bell pepper(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Menisha Rani; Jindal, Salesh KumarIn the present investigation, marker assisted selection (MAS) strategy was employed to introgress genetic male sterile (GMS) ms10 gene from the donor parent MS-12 (Capsicum annuum var. annuum), popular GMS line, into the genetic background of eight heat tolerant bell pepper (C. annuum var. grossum) inbreds, to develop new GMS lines in bell pepper. The chi-square test (χ2) results of six F2 and BC1F2 populations showed that the ratio well fitted to the Mendelian ratio i.e. 3:1, validated the non-discriminated segregation of the male sterility (MS) trait possessing ms10 gene. The analysis confirmed that the MS trait is inherited by a single recessive gene. Further, the recently identified molecular marker ‘AVRDC-PP12’ linked to the ms10 gene was employed to test the segregation in backcross generations of bell pepper incorporated with the ms10 gene. A total of 576 and 360 individuals in BC1F1 and BC2F1, respectively, 72 plants of each BC1 and 60 plants of each BC2 were screened (foreground selection) for the ms10 gene by using SSR marker. Among the eight backcrossed populations screened, six were showed compatibility with the ms10 gene. The results were analyzed by χ2-tests to know whether the observed number of plants in each class fitted well to the anticipated genetic ratio of 1:1. The molecular marker in each backcrossed series displayed a good fit in-to the expected ratio of Mendelian segregation i.e. 1:1 for one gene in backcross population(s), which was non-significant at a probability level of 0.05, indicating the relationship with pepper male sterility ms10 gene. Simultaneously, targeted gene positive (Ms10ms10) non-pungent (pun1) heterozygous plant(s) were identified in BC2F1 generations using BF7 and BF9-SCAR marker. A total of 27 BC2F1 Ms10ms10 plants of MSSM-2 population were segregated in a 5: 22 non-pungent to pungent ratio, and 26 Ms10ms10 plants of MSSM-3 segregated in 3 (non-pungent): 23 (pungent) ratio. The rest of the four BC2F1 populations, MSSM-1, MSSM-9, MSSM-17 and MSSM-21 have pungent heterozygous male fertile (Ms10ms10 Pun1pun1) plant. The background recovery rate of the recurrent parent phenome (RPP) in BC2F1 progeny was estimated by measuring the shift in means for horticultural traits. Based on a paired 't' test analysis, out of six, the MSSM-1 and MSSM-2 generation was shown to be non-significant for all 19 studied traits followed by MSSM-3 (18), indicating a successful recovery of the recipient genome through marker-assisted backcross breeding after successful introgression of the ms10 gene. Finally, from this work six gene positive (ms10) GMS lines namely, MSSM-1, MSSM-2, MSSM-3, MSSM-9, MSSM-17 and MSSM-21 were obtained. The newly developed GMS lines will provide great economic value for non-pungent hybrid bell pepper seed production in the near future.ThesisItem Open Access Imparting root knot nematode resistance through grafting in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sumeet Singh; Kulbir SinghThe present investigation was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for “Imparting root knot nematode resistance through grafting in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” during Autumn season of 2015-2016 and 2016-17. The work plan was divided into three experiments based on different grafting methods which further divided into two different sites i.e. infested with root knot nematode and non-infested soil. Ten rootstocks with combination of two different scions (Punjab Sartaj and Punjab Ratta) were used as experiment material. For infested plots pure culture of nematodes were raised by taking galled roots of tomato plants from infested plots than galls were teased and freshly hatched second stage juveniles were raised and used for inoculums. It was observed that plant and fruit characters like plant height, fruit weight, harvest duration, marketable yield as well as total yield increased in grafted plants over nongrafted plants both in nematode free as well as Nematode infested plots. Further it was also revealed that plants grafted with Tube graft method observed highest success rate and was even responsible for earliness as well as high marketable yield in tomato plants. On evaluation of rootstocks plants grafted on EC-119197 recorded highest plant height, higher total and marketable yield, higher fruit weight and prolonged harvest duration both in Nematode infested and nematode free plots. Whereas plants grafted on rootstock PNR-7 recorded early flowering as well as early picking in infested plots. Rootstock L-097 recorded maximum fruit TSS while plants grafted on rootstock EC-119197 recorded maximum pericarp thickness. No significant effect was observed when grafted and non-grafted plants were examined for lycopene content. Overall rootstock EC-119197 can be used as a resistant rootstock against root knot nematode in addition it can fetch higher yield and better fruit quality.ThesisItem Open Access Study on inheritance of fertility restoration in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Khushwinder Kaur; Dhatt, Ajmer SinghBrinjal, an often cross-pollinated crop is exploited in heterosis breeding due to advantages for yield, horticultural and quality traits. However, hand emasculation and pollination process makes the hybrid seed production costly, which can be reduced by using male sterility mechanism. Recently, Department of Vegetable Science, PAU Ludhiana has developed male sterile and restorer lines in brinjal. But the inheritance of fertility restoration was yet to determine for further use in different breeding programs. Therefore, the present investigation „Study on inheritance of fertility restoration in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)‟ was planned, where; four CMS (D-CMS 291A, D-CMS 99A, D-CMS5A and D-CMS 72A) and restorer lines (R 2-1, R 3-4, R 6-2 and R 2596-2) lines were used to develop F1, F2 and BC1P2 populations. Phenotyping of all segregation populations and analysis with chi-square test revealed involvement of single dominant gene (Rf) for fertility restoration. All the male fertile plants exhibited normal anthers filled with pollen grains, while the sterile plants had shrivelled anthers devoid of pollen grains. Further, pollen fertility analysis through pollen stainability, pollen germination and pollen index indicated that restorer R 2-1 had highest pollen fertility than the others. The germination media M5 containg 0.5% agar + 300ppm calcium nitrate + 5% sucrose + 50mg/l boric acid + 400 mg/l PEG 4000 exhibited highest pollen germination. The restorer R 2-1 also exhibited better floral and horticultural traits compared with other three. Out of 29 primer pairs used, only 9 primers displayed polymorphism between the parental DNA on 3% agarose and were then subjected to BSA (Bulk segregant analysis). But, none of them distinguished between the male sterile and male fertile bulks. This indicated that none of the primers used is linked to the Rf gene. For further testimony, either these bulks can be subjected to QTLseqr or as now chromosome anchored genome of brinjal is available, so new set of primers can be designed and validated to find any closely linked marker to the fertility restorer gene.ThesisItem Open Access Induction of variability through chemical mutagenesis in garlic (Allium sativum)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sukhvir Kaur; Sharma, MadhuThe present investigation entitled “Induction of variability through chemical mutagenesis in garlic (Allium sativum L.)” was conducted during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 in Rabi season. The experiment was carried out with three garlic genotypes viz. PG-44, PG-52 and PG-80 with different concentrations of colchicine and EMS. The experiment consisted of six treatments of colchicine namely (C0 - control, C1-0.05%, C2-0.15%, C3-0.25%, C4-0.35%, C50.45% and C6-0.55%) and seven treatments of EMS (E0-control, E1-0.05%, E2-0.15%, E30.25%, E4-0.35%, E5-0.45%, E6-0.55% and E7-0.75%) with three exposure durations of 6, 12 and 24 hours. Data were recorded for lethal doses, growth (leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and plant height), yield (clove length, clove width, bulb diameter, average bulb weight, total yield) and biochemical parameters (allicin acid and pyruvic acid). In colchicine treatments, LD50 was attained at 0.19% for 6 hours, 0.15% for 12 hours and 0.08% for 24 hour duration in PG-44. In PG-52, it was obtained at 0.38% at 6 hour, 0.29 at 12 hour and 0.14% at 24 hour duration. While in PG-80, it was found at 0.33% at 6 hour, 0.32% at 12 hour and 0.09% at 24 hour duration. In EMS, LD50 was attained at 0.45% at 6 hour, 0.41% at 12 hour and 0.37% at 24 hour duration in PG-44. In PG-52, it was observed at 0.42% at 6 hour, 0.4% at 12 hour and 0.38% at 24 hour duration. In PG-80, it was obtained at 0.5% at 6 hour, 0.44% at 12 hour and at 0.31% at 24 hour duration. Among morphological parameters promontory effects of mutagens were observed for leaf characters (leaf number, leaf length and leaf width) and bulb diameter at lower concentrations (0.05 and 0.15%). Linear reduction in all characters had been noticed at increased concentrations of both colchicine and EMS. While, exponential decrease was recorded for all characters understudy at increased treatment duration. Higher variation in characters was observed in EMS treatments as compared to cholchicine. Mutagenic frequency was higher at increased concentrations of mutagens whereas, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency was higher at lower concentrations. More biological damage occurred at higher concentrations of mutagens. Thus, the present study concluded that lower doses of mutagens at higher exposure time and higher doses of mutagens at lower exposure duration are better in inducing variability in garlic.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of parthenocarpic genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under net-house and open field conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sarangal, Anupama; Sidhu, Mohinder KaurThe present investigation was carried out to assess the performance of twenty four parthenocarpic genotypes along with checks under net-house and open-field conditions during rainy and spring-summer seasons of 2018-19 in brinjal. The genotypes, environments and their interactions affected the performance of all the traits under investigation. In General, most of the traits related to vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting and yield related traits performed better under net house conditions as compared to open field conditions. Overall performance for vegetative traits was the best in parthenocarpic genotypes PC-104-13-3, PC133-1, PC-104-12-2 in both the seasons. The 93213-PC-2-3 and 93213-PC-2-1 were the earliest for days to 50% flowering, days to harvest, had the highest the number of flower and fruits per cluster as well as marketable fruits per plant in both the environments and seasons. The highest fruit weight was observed in PC-104-13-1. The parthenocarpic genotype, PC123-1 had the highest marketable fruit yield per plant (2.89 kg) as well as fruit yield per acre (346.38q) in net house during rainy season, while PC-11-2 had the maximum marketable fruit yield per plant (1.27kg) fruit yield per acre (158.75q) in net-house during spring-summer season. Among various traits, the number of flowers and fruits per cluster, days to harvest, and number of marketable fruits per plant showed high GCV, PCV and heritability and can be used for effective selection of parthenocarpic lines in adverse conditions also. Most of the morphological traits were positively correlated with the yield potential of plant; however, days to 50% flowering (0.995) under net house and average fruit weight (0.979) in open field conditions in rainy season, average fruit weight (0.991) under net house and days to first harvest(0.947) in open field conditions in spring summer season were highly correlated with marketable yield per plant. Marketable yield and associated traits were affected with the type of cultivation as well as season, where the parthenocarpic genotypes performed best in nethouse conditions during rainy season cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and combining ability studies in watermelon [Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai](Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Amandeep Singh; Jindal, Salesh KumarA study was conducted to assess the extent of heterosis and combining ability of watermelon in a line x tester mating design at Vegetable research farm, Department of Vegetable Science, PAU, Ludhiana. The 40 F1 hybrids, 10 lines, 4 testers and standard check (WMH-7) were evaluated in Feb-May, 2019 for yield and component traits. The analysis of variance indicated significant variability among all the genotypes for all the traits. The combining ability analysis revealed that general combining ability effects and specific combining ability effects were significant for all the traits. The ratio of σ2SCA/ σ2GCA indicated predominance of non-additive gene effects for vine length, internode length, days to appearance of 1st female flower, number of days taken to first fruit harvest, fruit length, fruit width, average fruit weight, number of fruits/ plant, yield/ plant, 100 seed weight, TSS, vitamin C and total dry matter. Among the lines, Yellow-2 was good general combiner for TSS, lycopene content and number of fruits/ plant; 5419-2011 for days to appearance of 1st female flower, fruit length, seed number per fruit and total dry matter and WM-10 for yield/plant. Among the testers, KFF 1-1-2 was good general combiner for of most characters viz. short vine length, days taken to first fruit harvest, seed number per fruit, TSS, vitamin C, total carotenoids and lycopene. Sugar Baby noted good combiner for fruit width, average fruit weigh and 100 seed weight. The hybrid, 5419-2011 × EC-829870 recorded best specific combiner for TSS, total carotenoids, lycopene and days to appearance of 1st female flower. Barmer × Sugar Baby exhibited highest SCA effect for number of fruits/plant and yield/ plant. The cross combination exhibited highest positive and significant heterobeltiosis for TSS was WM-5 × EC-829870; for yield/plant was Yellow-2 × EC-829870 and for number of fruits/plant was 5419-2011 × EC-829828. Yellow-2 × KFF 1-1-2 performed best with highest heterosis over check (WMH-7) for total carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C and number of days taken to first fruit harvest. W-6-3-3-3-2 × KFF 1-1-2 and Barmer × Sugar Baby exhibited highest standard heterosis for TSS; number of fruits/plant and yield/plant, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Response of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) to drip irrigation and fertigation under mulch conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jaspreet Kaur; Kulbir SinghThe present investigation was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to standardize the optimum moisture regime, NPK levels under drip irrigation and mulch for crop establishment, growth, yield and quality fruit production in muskmelon. Hybrid „MH-27‟ comprised as a plant material. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation regimes i.e. at 100 per cent crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80 per cent ETc and 60 per cent ETc along with mulch treatment (silver black polythene mulch and no mulch) under main plot treatments and three level of fertigation i.e. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 80 per cent RDF and 60 per cent RDF was considered under sub plot treatments resulting in eighteen treatments combinations which were compared with the conventional practices. Drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF under mulch improved vine length, number of primary branches, average fruit weight and yield which was statistically at par with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 80 per cent RDF. Further, it was noticed that yield from different treatments of drip fertigation varied from 168.8 q/ha to 201.8 q/ha which was 16 per cent higher from conventional system. Various quality parameters i.e. ascorbic acid and dry matter content were found to increase with increase in depth of irrigation and fertilizer dose. However, maximum total soluble solids (TSS) were observed with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF. The economic analysis revealed that highest net returns (Rs 130023/ha) were obtained under drip fertigation along with mulch application which was 17.2 per cent higher from conventional system. Thus, it may be concluded from the present investigation that drip fertigation at 80 per cent ETc level and 80 per cent RDF along with mulch application is beneficial to improve productivity and quality of muskmelon with saving of 80.85 water and 20 per cent fertilizer over the conventional method.
