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ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of hybrid(s) for resistance to late blight and leaf curl virus diseases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-, 2020) Arora, Healy; Jindal, Salesh KumarThe current study in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was conducted at PAU, Ludhiana during 2019-20 with the objective of developing hybrids possessing combined resistance to late blight and leaf curl virus diseases, along with desirable horticultural characters. The experimental material included 32 F1 hybrids (developed by line × tester method), 12 parental lines (8 lines and 4 testers; including susceptible check Punjab Chhuhara) and standard check NS-524 were transplanted in randomized complete block design with three replications. The values of σ2SCA/σ2GCA were more than unity for all the traits except average fruit weight and ascorbic acid, which indicated the predominance of non-additive effects. Lines CLN-1386-7-0, CLN-104-48-1-0 and CLN-154-22-5-0 resulted as good general combiners for most of characters. Cross combinations viz. PVB-1 × LBR-12 and CLN-138-6-7-0 × LBR-21 possessed good SCA effects for most of the characters, while combinations CLN-154-22-5-0 × LBR-12 and CLN-154-22-5-0 × LBR-21 recorded significant heterosis over better parent and check for fruit yield and other quality characters. Natural and artificial screening was performed for all the experimental material against leaf curl virus and late blight diseases respectively. Out of 32 hybrids, crosses namely CLN-154-22-5-0 × LBR-12, CLN-154-22-5-0 × LBR-21, PVB-1 × LBR-10, PVB-4 × LBR-12, CLN-104-48-1-0 × LBR-10 and CLN-3241H-27 × LBR-21 were identified for combined disease resistance against late blight and leaf curl virus, vis-à-vis desirable horticultural characters particularly fruit yield, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, dry matter, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content with fair amount of heterosis. Henceforth, hybrids which displayed good potential in yield with acceptable performance of qualitative traits, along with combined disease resistance could be utilised for commercial purpose exploitation.ThesisItem Open Access Study on inheritance of fertility restoration in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Khushwinder Kaur; Dhatt, Ajmer SinghBrinjal, an often cross-pollinated crop is exploited in heterosis breeding due to advantages for yield, horticultural and quality traits. However, hand emasculation and pollination process makes the hybrid seed production costly, which can be reduced by using male sterility mechanism. Recently, Department of Vegetable Science, PAU Ludhiana has developed male sterile and restorer lines in brinjal. But the inheritance of fertility restoration was yet to determine for further use in different breeding programs. Therefore, the present investigation „Study on inheritance of fertility restoration in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)‟ was planned, where; four CMS (D-CMS 291A, D-CMS 99A, D-CMS5A and D-CMS 72A) and restorer lines (R 2-1, R 3-4, R 6-2 and R 2596-2) lines were used to develop F1, F2 and BC1P2 populations. Phenotyping of all segregation populations and analysis with chi-square test revealed involvement of single dominant gene (Rf) for fertility restoration. All the male fertile plants exhibited normal anthers filled with pollen grains, while the sterile plants had shrivelled anthers devoid of pollen grains. Further, pollen fertility analysis through pollen stainability, pollen germination and pollen index indicated that restorer R 2-1 had highest pollen fertility than the others. The germination media M5 containg 0.5% agar + 300ppm calcium nitrate + 5% sucrose + 50mg/l boric acid + 400 mg/l PEG 4000 exhibited highest pollen germination. The restorer R 2-1 also exhibited better floral and horticultural traits compared with other three. Out of 29 primer pairs used, only 9 primers displayed polymorphism between the parental DNA on 3% agarose and were then subjected to BSA (Bulk segregant analysis). But, none of them distinguished between the male sterile and male fertile bulks. This indicated that none of the primers used is linked to the Rf gene. For further testimony, either these bulks can be subjected to QTLseqr or as now chromosome anchored genome of brinjal is available, so new set of primers can be designed and validated to find any closely linked marker to the fertility restorer gene.ThesisItem Open Access Induction of variability through chemical mutagenesis in garlic (Allium sativum)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sukhvir Kaur; Sharma, MadhuThe present investigation entitled “Induction of variability through chemical mutagenesis in garlic (Allium sativum L.)” was conducted during the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 in Rabi season. The experiment was carried out with three garlic genotypes viz. PG-44, PG-52 and PG-80 with different concentrations of colchicine and EMS. The experiment consisted of six treatments of colchicine namely (C0 - control, C1-0.05%, C2-0.15%, C3-0.25%, C4-0.35%, C50.45% and C6-0.55%) and seven treatments of EMS (E0-control, E1-0.05%, E2-0.15%, E30.25%, E4-0.35%, E5-0.45%, E6-0.55% and E7-0.75%) with three exposure durations of 6, 12 and 24 hours. Data were recorded for lethal doses, growth (leaf number, leaf length, leaf width and plant height), yield (clove length, clove width, bulb diameter, average bulb weight, total yield) and biochemical parameters (allicin acid and pyruvic acid). In colchicine treatments, LD50 was attained at 0.19% for 6 hours, 0.15% for 12 hours and 0.08% for 24 hour duration in PG-44. In PG-52, it was obtained at 0.38% at 6 hour, 0.29 at 12 hour and 0.14% at 24 hour duration. While in PG-80, it was found at 0.33% at 6 hour, 0.32% at 12 hour and 0.09% at 24 hour duration. In EMS, LD50 was attained at 0.45% at 6 hour, 0.41% at 12 hour and 0.37% at 24 hour duration in PG-44. In PG-52, it was observed at 0.42% at 6 hour, 0.4% at 12 hour and 0.38% at 24 hour duration. In PG-80, it was obtained at 0.5% at 6 hour, 0.44% at 12 hour and at 0.31% at 24 hour duration. Among morphological parameters promontory effects of mutagens were observed for leaf characters (leaf number, leaf length and leaf width) and bulb diameter at lower concentrations (0.05 and 0.15%). Linear reduction in all characters had been noticed at increased concentrations of both colchicine and EMS. While, exponential decrease was recorded for all characters understudy at increased treatment duration. Higher variation in characters was observed in EMS treatments as compared to cholchicine. Mutagenic frequency was higher at increased concentrations of mutagens whereas, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency was higher at lower concentrations. More biological damage occurred at higher concentrations of mutagens. Thus, the present study concluded that lower doses of mutagens at higher exposure time and higher doses of mutagens at lower exposure duration are better in inducing variability in garlic.ThesisItem Restricted Evaluation of parthenocarpic genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under net-house and open field conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Sarangal, Anupama; Sidhu, Mohinder KaurThe present investigation was carried out to assess the performance of twenty four parthenocarpic genotypes along with checks under net-house and open-field conditions during rainy and spring-summer seasons of 2018-19 in brinjal. The genotypes, environments and their interactions affected the performance of all the traits under investigation. In General, most of the traits related to vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting and yield related traits performed better under net house conditions as compared to open field conditions. Overall performance for vegetative traits was the best in parthenocarpic genotypes PC-104-13-3, PC133-1, PC-104-12-2 in both the seasons. The 93213-PC-2-3 and 93213-PC-2-1 were the earliest for days to 50% flowering, days to harvest, had the highest the number of flower and fruits per cluster as well as marketable fruits per plant in both the environments and seasons. The highest fruit weight was observed in PC-104-13-1. The parthenocarpic genotype, PC123-1 had the highest marketable fruit yield per plant (2.89 kg) as well as fruit yield per acre (346.38q) in net house during rainy season, while PC-11-2 had the maximum marketable fruit yield per plant (1.27kg) fruit yield per acre (158.75q) in net-house during spring-summer season. Among various traits, the number of flowers and fruits per cluster, days to harvest, and number of marketable fruits per plant showed high GCV, PCV and heritability and can be used for effective selection of parthenocarpic lines in adverse conditions also. Most of the morphological traits were positively correlated with the yield potential of plant; however, days to 50% flowering (0.995) under net house and average fruit weight (0.979) in open field conditions in rainy season, average fruit weight (0.991) under net house and days to first harvest(0.947) in open field conditions in spring summer season were highly correlated with marketable yield per plant. Marketable yield and associated traits were affected with the type of cultivation as well as season, where the parthenocarpic genotypes performed best in nethouse conditions during rainy season cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and combining ability studies in watermelon [Citrulus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai](Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2020) Amandeep Singh; Jindal, Salesh KumarA study was conducted to assess the extent of heterosis and combining ability of watermelon in a line x tester mating design at Vegetable research farm, Department of Vegetable Science, PAU, Ludhiana. The 40 F1 hybrids, 10 lines, 4 testers and standard check (WMH-7) were evaluated in Feb-May, 2019 for yield and component traits. The analysis of variance indicated significant variability among all the genotypes for all the traits. The combining ability analysis revealed that general combining ability effects and specific combining ability effects were significant for all the traits. The ratio of σ2SCA/ σ2GCA indicated predominance of non-additive gene effects for vine length, internode length, days to appearance of 1st female flower, number of days taken to first fruit harvest, fruit length, fruit width, average fruit weight, number of fruits/ plant, yield/ plant, 100 seed weight, TSS, vitamin C and total dry matter. Among the lines, Yellow-2 was good general combiner for TSS, lycopene content and number of fruits/ plant; 5419-2011 for days to appearance of 1st female flower, fruit length, seed number per fruit and total dry matter and WM-10 for yield/plant. Among the testers, KFF 1-1-2 was good general combiner for of most characters viz. short vine length, days taken to first fruit harvest, seed number per fruit, TSS, vitamin C, total carotenoids and lycopene. Sugar Baby noted good combiner for fruit width, average fruit weigh and 100 seed weight. The hybrid, 5419-2011 × EC-829870 recorded best specific combiner for TSS, total carotenoids, lycopene and days to appearance of 1st female flower. Barmer × Sugar Baby exhibited highest SCA effect for number of fruits/plant and yield/ plant. The cross combination exhibited highest positive and significant heterobeltiosis for TSS was WM-5 × EC-829870; for yield/plant was Yellow-2 × EC-829870 and for number of fruits/plant was 5419-2011 × EC-829828. Yellow-2 × KFF 1-1-2 performed best with highest heterosis over check (WMH-7) for total carotenoids, lycopene, vitamin C and number of days taken to first fruit harvest. W-6-3-3-3-2 × KFF 1-1-2 and Barmer × Sugar Baby exhibited highest standard heterosis for TSS; number of fruits/plant and yield/plant, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Response of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) to drip irrigation and fertigation under mulch conditions(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Jaspreet Kaur; Kulbir SinghThe present investigation was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm and Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to standardize the optimum moisture regime, NPK levels under drip irrigation and mulch for crop establishment, growth, yield and quality fruit production in muskmelon. Hybrid „MH-27‟ comprised as a plant material. The treatments included three levels of drip irrigation regimes i.e. at 100 per cent crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 80 per cent ETc and 60 per cent ETc along with mulch treatment (silver black polythene mulch and no mulch) under main plot treatments and three level of fertigation i.e. 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 80 per cent RDF and 60 per cent RDF was considered under sub plot treatments resulting in eighteen treatments combinations which were compared with the conventional practices. Drip irrigation at 100 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF under mulch improved vine length, number of primary branches, average fruit weight and yield which was statistically at par with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 80 per cent RDF. Further, it was noticed that yield from different treatments of drip fertigation varied from 168.8 q/ha to 201.8 q/ha which was 16 per cent higher from conventional system. Various quality parameters i.e. ascorbic acid and dry matter content were found to increase with increase in depth of irrigation and fertilizer dose. However, maximum total soluble solids (TSS) were observed with drip irrigation at 80 per cent ETc and 100 per cent RDF. The economic analysis revealed that highest net returns (Rs 130023/ha) were obtained under drip fertigation along with mulch application which was 17.2 per cent higher from conventional system. Thus, it may be concluded from the present investigation that drip fertigation at 80 per cent ETc level and 80 per cent RDF along with mulch application is beneficial to improve productivity and quality of muskmelon with saving of 80.85 water and 20 per cent fertilizer over the conventional method.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and molecular characterization of CMS lines and their seed production potential in onion (Allium cepa L.)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Sharma, Suman; Dhatt, A.S.The present investigation entitled „Morphological and molecular characterization of CMS lines and their seed production potential in onion (Allium cepa L.)‟ was carried out in the Department of Vegetable Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India) during 2017-2019. The objective was to characterize and study seed set potential of male sterile lines D-10 A&B, D-11 A&B, D-48 A&B, D-73 A&B, D-97 A&B, D-102 A&B, D-121 A&B, D-266 A&B and D-305 A&B having cytotype of A. cepa and D-G404 A&B, D-G407 A&B, D-G408 A&B, D-G413 A&B, D-G414 A&B, D-G416 A&B and D-G421 A&B having cytotype of A. galanthum. In morphological characterization, analysis of variance exhibited significant differences for all 14 quantitative traits. Moderate to high values for coefficients of variation, high heritability along with high genetic advance were observed for bolting per cent (%), polar diameter, TSS, pyruvic acid and lachrymatory factor. D2 statistics formed total six clusters on the basis of 14 quantitative traits. Mean performance of clusters categorized cluster-IV, V and VI good for leaf length, plant height, equatorial diameter, polar diameter and average bulb weight. On the basis of mean performance, D-97 A, D-G414 A and D-266 A CMS-lines gave highest average bulb weight. Out of 36, 12 polymorphic SSR markers grouped all the CMS-lines into two major clusters and four sub-clusters. ACM 091 presented highest PIC value (0.74) and number of effective alleles (4.38). Isogenic nature of male sterile (A) lines and their respective maintainer (B) lines was confirmed both at morphological and molecular level. Seed set potential of these lines was estimated under controlled and open field conditions. Analysis of variance exhibited significant variation for all floral traits. Significant difference between male sterile and its corresponding maintainer line was reflected for androecial traits whereas, gynoecial characteristics viz., ovary length and width did not differ significantly. Though nectar quantity was higher in B-lines than A-lines for both species, but in general, A. galanthum had less nectar than A. cepa backgrounds. The nectar analysis revealed that fructose content (%) ranged from 5.93 to 43.24 and 5.19 to 33.26 per cent and glucose content (%) from 3.32 to 42.65 and 4.96 to 33.50 per cent in A and B-lines, respectively. Syrphid fly predominated over all other pollinators around onion flowers. Preference of honey bees was observed for male fertile (C-line) over male sterile (A) lines due to less nectar in the latter. Seed yield/umbel and seed yield/plant ranged from 0.58 to 3.80 g and 3.28 to 27.89 g, respectively. The quantity of seed was more in A. cepa as compared to A. galanthum lines. The seed yield/umbel showed significant positive correlation with nectar volume (mg/floret), syrphid fly visits/umbel/ minute, glucose and fructose content.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation and seed production potential of European genotypes of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under different agroclimatic conditions of Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Karamvir Kaur; Dhillon, Tarsem SinghThe investigation entitled “Evaluation and seed production potential of European genotypes of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under different agroclimatic conditions of Punjab ” was carried out at Research Farm (Director Seeds), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (L1) and KVK Langroya, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar (L2). Diverse European carrot genotypes were characterized by morphological, biochemical and seed production potential during 2018-19. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for quantitative traits with respect to locations, dates of sowing and genotypes. GGE Biplot model was used to produce biplot graphs which display the variability of genotypes and G×E interactions and visualized the stable performance of genotypes for all the quantitative and qualitative characters. Morphological, biochemical and seed production potential of European carrot genotypes were best in second location (KVK, Langroya). Mean values of morphological characters like root length, root weight, root girth and total root yield (kg/plot) was significantly maximum of genotypes viz., Carrot Nantes, P-35, P-41 and Carrot Early Nantes when sown in first week of November. The genotypes such as P-35, P-5, Arka Suraj and P-16 showed significantly higher values in terms of total soluble solids, carotene content and sugar content. The genotypes Carrot Nantes, PCO-4, PCO-6 have significantly higher seed quality and seed production potential when sown in first week of January.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of row spacing and leaf cutting on seed yield and contributing traits in coriander(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2019) Harmanjit Kaur; Arora, DeepakThe field investigation was conducted to study the effect of row spacing and leaf cutting on seed yield and contributing traits in coriander for two years (2016-17 and 2017-18) at University seed farms, Ladhowal of PAU Ludhiana, India. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 12 treatments comprising three inter row spacing (30 cm, 45 cm and 60 cm) as main plot treatments and varying number of leaf cuttings (no cut, one cut, two cut and three cuttings) as sub plot treatments and was replicated three times. It is concluded that 60 cm row spacing and one leaf cutting has performed better in case of vegetative growth of plants as maximum number of primary and secondary shoots, thousand seed weight and higher germination percentage was observed in this treatments. Whereas for green leaf yield, 30 cm row spacing along with three leaf cutting has resulted in maximum green leaf yield per hectare (262.77 q/ha) and for higher seed yield (7.1 q/ha), 30 cm spacing along with one leaf cutting has performed best during both the years of study (2016-17 and 2017-18).
