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Open Access
RESPONSE OF COTTON GENOTYPES TO RELATION TO INDUCTION OF RESISTANCE AGAINST COTTON LEAF CURL DISEASE
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Ritu Raj; P S, Sekhon
The present study was conducted to check the response of different American cotton cultivars namely RS 921, LH 2076, PIL 8, Ankur 3028 BGII and a desi cotton variety LD 694 to Jasmonic acid (JA) and Salicylic acid (SA) in induction of resistance against cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). Different cotton cultivars were grown in pots under screen cages. At four to six leaf stage potted plants of different cotton cultivars were treated with different concentration of JA and SA i.e. 50 μM, 100 μM, 150 μM, 200 μM respectively and water sprayed plants of corresponding genotypes served as control. Quantification of proteins was done using spectrophotometric method from the leaf samples collected at 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs and a week after treatment with JA and SA. Application of JA and SA resulted in the induction of proteins 24 hrs after treatment. After a week interval at 150 μM concentration of JA maximum protein induction of 19.9 mg/g fr. wt., 16.7 mg/g fr. wt., 19.6 mg/g fr. wt., 15.0 mg/g fr. wt. and 14.4 mg/g fr. wt. was recorded in RS 921, LH 2076, PIL 8, Ankur 3028 BGII and LD 694 respectively whereas, in case of SA 200 μM concentration showed maximum protein induction i.e 10.6 mg/g fr. wt., 9.3 mg/g fr. wt., 9.9 mg/g fr. wt., 9.0 mg/g fr. wt., 8.1 mg/g fr. wt. in RS 921, LH 2076, PIL 8, Ankur 3028 BGII and LD 694 respectively. In the induction of proteins JA was found to be more effective than SA. Electrophoretic study of cotton cultivars treated with 150 μM of JA and 200 μM of SA revealed the induction of Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins ranging from 15-45 kDa along with some other proteins as well. JA and SA applied at different concentrations affected the CLCuD incidence and severity when inoculated with viruliferous whiteflies (Bemesia tabaci) in screen cages. Lower disease incidence as well as disease index was observed with JA when applied @ 150 μM and SA @ 200 μM. Disease incidence was 37%, 30%, 30% and disease index was 48%, 40%, 40% in RS 921, LH 2076, Ankur 3028 BGII at 150 μM concentration of JA whereas, at 200 μM SA disease incidence was 48%, 36%, 34% and disease index was 57%, 50%, 50% respectively in above mentioned cultivars and in their respective control values for disease incidence and disease severity were quite high. So, JA at 150 μM and SA at 200 μM concentration was found to be most effective in lowering the disease. Latent carry over detection of symptomless plants treated with 150 μM of JA and 200 μM of SA through PCR amplification using DNA specific primers confirmed the presence of virus in all the tested cotton cultivars except LD 694 which signified that PR proteins does not eliminate virus. JA and SA application resulted in imparting tolerance with the induction of PR proteins but does not lead to complete resistance against the disease.
Open Access
RESPONSE OF COTTON GENOTYPES TO JASMONIC ACID IN RELATION TO INDUCTION OF RESISTANCE AGAINST COTTON LEAF CURL DISEASE
(PAU Ludhiana, 2013) Raj, Ritu
The present study was conducted to check the response of different American cotton cultivars namely RS 921, LH 2076, PIL 8, Ankur 3028 BGII and a desi cotton variety LD 694 to Jasmonic acid (JA) and Salicylic acid (SA) in induction of resistance against cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). Different cotton cultivars were grown in pots under screen cages. At four to six leaf stage potted plants of different cotton cultivars were treated with different concentration of JA and SA i.e. 50 μM, 100 μM, 150 μM, 200 μM respectively and water sprayed plants of corresponding genotypes served as control. Quantification of proteins was done using spectrophotometric method from the leaf samples collected at 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs and a week after treatment with JA and SA. Application of JA and SA resulted in the induction of proteins 24 hrs after treatment. After a week interval at 150 μM concentration of JA maximum protein induction of 19.9 mg/g fr. wt., 16.7 mg/g fr. wt., 19.6 mg/g fr. wt., 15.0 mg/g fr. wt. and 14.4 mg/g fr. wt. was recorded in RS 921, LH 2076, PIL 8, Ankur 3028 BGII and LD 694 respectively whereas, in case of SA 200 μM concentration showed maximum protein induction i.e 10.6 mg/g fr. wt., 9.3 mg/g fr. wt., 9.9 mg/g fr. wt., 9.0 mg/g fr. wt., 8.1 mg/g fr. wt. in RS 921, LH 2076, PIL 8, Ankur 3028 BGII and LD 694 respectively. In the induction of proteins JA was found to be more effective than SA. Electrophoretic study of cotton cultivars treated with 150 μM of JA and 200 μM of SA revealed the induction of Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins ranging from 15-45 kDa along with some other proteins as well. JA and SA applied at different concentrations affected the CLCuD incidence and severity when inoculated with viruliferous whiteflies (Bemesia tabaci) in screen cages. Lower disease incidence as well as disease index was observed with JA when applied @ 150 μM and SA @ 200 μM. Disease incidence was 37%, 30%, 30% and disease index was 48%, 40%, 40% in RS 921, LH 2076, Ankur 3028 BGII at 150 μM concentration of JA whereas, at 200 μM SA disease incidence was 48%, 36%, 34% and disease index was 57%, 50%, 50% respectively in above mentioned cultivars and in their respective control values for disease incidence and disease severity were quite high. So, JA at 150 μM and SA at 200 μM concentration was found to be most effective in lowering the disease. Latent carry over detection of symptomless plants treated with 150 μM of JA and 200 μM of SA through PCR amplification using DNA specific primers confirmed the presence of virus in all the tested cotton cultivars except LD 694 which signified that PR proteins does not eliminate virus. JA and SA application resulted in imparting tolerance with the induction of PR proteins but does not lead to complete resistance against the disease. Key words: Cotton, Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), Jasmonic acid (JA), Salicylic acid
Open Access
VARIABILITY IN Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze CAUSING WHITE RUST OF RAPESEED-MUSTARD
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Yash Pal; P. S., Sandhu
ABSTRACT White rust caused by Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze is a serious threat to the production of oilseed Brassica crops in India and around the world. Variation occurs w.r.t. infection of the pathogen on different species of oilseed Brassicas which encouraged us to carry out the studies on “Variability in A. candida (Pers.) Kuntze causing white rust of rapeseed-mustard”. Survey was conducted in different locations (Bathinda, Mansa, Barnala, Faridkot, Muktsar, Sangrur, Ferozepur, and Ludhiana) of Punjab to estimate disease incidence and severity of the disease. The disease incidence and severity of white rust ranged from 44.39-59.36 and 21.92-27.83 per cent, respectively, in different locations of Punjab. A total of 52 isolates were collected from different locations and varieties. These isolates were classified into three groups (AC-I, AC-II and AC-III) on the basis of pustule size, pustule shape and germination of sporangia. Three representative isolates of each group were tested on twelve differential host cultivars (B. juncea, B. nigra, B. napus, B. carinata, B. oleracea, B. tournifortii, B. rapa var. Toria, B. rapa (Brown sarson), B. rapa (Yellow sarson), Raphanus sativus, Sinapis alba and Eruca sativa) of rapeseed and mustard. AC-III group has most virulent and AC-II group showed least virulence based on disease reaction, incubation period, latent period, pustule size, shape, number of pustules per leaf and number of sporangia per pustule. Further, within AC-III group, Ac6 isolate was observed as more virulent than other isolates of same group. Hence, it is concluded that morphological and pathological variation exists in A. candida population from Punjab.
Open Access
MANAGEMENT OF BOTRYTIS BLIGHT (Botrytis gladiolorum Timm.) IN GLADIOLUS THROUGH CULTURAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS
(PAU Ludhiana, 2011) SATYA PRAKASH PANDEY; Premjit Singh
The incidence and severity of Botrytis blight of gladiolus (Botrytis gladiolorum Timm.) and yield of the crop were the minimum in the early- and late-planted crop, as compared to the recommended planting date, i.e. 15th October. Closer spacing resulted in higher incidence and severity of the disease but the corm yield was recorded to be higher in the closer spacing as compared to the wider spacing. Plant spacing of 20x 20 cm was found to be suitable. Incidence and severity of the disease were also found to be high in the un-weeded control. Pre-emergence application of weedicide Stomp at 650 ml/ac, alone, and in combination with one manual weeding at six-leaf stage of the crop, recorded low incidence and severity of the disease and also registered high corm and cormel yields. Two manual weedings, at three- and six-leaf stages of the crop, respectively, also gave good results. Among the non-systemic fungicides, Dithane M-45 showed the best result under in vitro conditions as it completely inhibited spore germination of the pathogen at 100μg/ml, while Kavach and Antracol completely inhibited spore germination at higher concentrations of 500μg/ml. Among the systemic-fungicides, Stroby was the most effective fungicide, followed by Flint and Bavistin. Germ tube length of the fungus was found to be the minimum in Kavach and Dithane M-45. The fungicides Stroby and Flint were found to be the most effective fungicides against Botrytis blight of gladiolus under field conditions. The fungicides Kavach and Dithane-M-45 also showed very promising efficacy.
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EVALUATION OF HOST PLANT RESISTANCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRUS(ES) CAUSING LEAF CURL DISEASE OF CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.) IN PUNJAB
(2013) Itoo, Asif Ahmad
Chilli is known to be affected by forty five viruses, among them whitefly transmitted begomovirus of family Geminiviridae is considered to be the most destructive virus in terms of yield loss, causing leaf curl disease of chilli. In the present study, survey conducted in major chilli growing areas of Punjab showed that chilli leaf curl disease (ChiLCD) is prevalent in all the four districts surveyed with incidence ranging from 11 to 64%; maximum severity recorded in the months July-August in the districts Patiala and Sangrur. A total of 155 genotypes were screened under natural conditions and the identified resistant stocks were subjected to artificial inoculation. Symptom variability and mixed infections of begomovirus along with beta DNA satellite molecule was found in samples collected from field. Five begomoviruses viz., tomato leaf curl Jodyebpur virus (ToLCJV), tomato leaf curl Palampur (ToLCPV), tomato leaf curl New Delhi (ToLCNDV), tomato leaf curl Karnatka (ToLCKV) and papaya leaf crumple virus (PaLCrV) were found to be associated with ChiLCD in Punjab. Typical begomovirus symptoms were observed in artificially inoculated chilli lines after five weeks of inoculation. Three lines Surian 2010, Perennial and Japanese Loungi were promising against tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus causing ChiLCD. Symptomatic and asymptomatic weeds showed presence of begomovirus when subjected to rolling circle amplification (RCA) + polymerase chain reaction (PCR), except Calatropis and Parthenium. Weeds are potential reservoir of tomato leaf curl Joydebpur virus (Abutilon and Ageratum), papaya leaf crumple virus (Cannabis), chilli leaf curl India virus (Ipomea and Amranthus) in Punjab.
Open Access
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF CURVULARIA LEAF SPOT OF GLADIOLUS CAUSED BY Curvularia trifolii f. sp. gladioli PARMELEE AND LUTTRELL
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) HANUMAN SINGH
The fungus C. trifolii f. sp. gladioli did not survive in pots containing sterilized soil during the off-season. Colonies of fungus C. trifolii f. sp. gladioli could not be observed from the artificially inoculated soil by dilution plate method. Among fifty varieties evaluated in the field, none was found to be immune. However, nine varieties namely SJN, Yellow Stone, Plum Tart, Jacksonville Gold, Pink Elegence, Delhi Pink, Shagun, Arka Kesar and Punjab Flame showed very good level of genetic resistance (disease reaction: ≤ 1.0) against the disease. The varieties, namely Jester, Chandani, Punjab Dawn, Gunjan, Shobha, Solist, Jessica, Aldebaran, Purple Flora, Overture and Alexander the Great were susceptible to the disease (disease reaction: >3.0-4.0). Out of the nine fungicides evaluated in pots, all the fungicides except for Bavistin (0.1%) reduced the severity of the disease significantly over the control. In field, the minimum disease severity was recorded in Antracol, Score and Tilt (1.33), followed by Dithane M-45, Kavach and Topas (1.67). Moderate disease severity was found in Cuman-L, Blitox and Bavistin sprayed plant (2.33). The yield data showed that the highest number of corms/plot was recorded in Score (58.00); followed by Tilt (57.67), Kavach (56.33), Antacol (55.33), Dithane M-45 (54.33), Cuman-L (54.00), Bavistin (53.00), Topas (52.67) and Blitox (50.00).
Open Access
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF BLAST DISEASE OF RICE
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Singh, Sukhjinder; Mohan, Chander
Disease surveys revealed that disease incidence and severity of rice blast on nursery plants of Pusa basmati 1121 cultivar varied from 15.0 to 40.0 per cent and 10.0 to 35.0 per cent respectively at different locations of Punjab during 2011 crop season. The basmati rice fields which had high disease severity at seedling stage in the villages of Deep Singh Wala (22.0 %), Sarala Kalan and Avan Khalsa (15.0 %) were also visited during the adult plant stage and disease severity in all the above fields varied only from traces to 4.0 per cent. Disease survey at adult plant stage revealed that the highest disease incidence and severity was recorded from village Dhurial (Jalandhar) and Murthli (Gurdaspur) on cultivar Pusa basmati 1121 during 2011 and 2012 crop season. Maximum colony growth and sporulation of Pyricularia grisea was observed on Oat meal agar medium. A temperature of 250C was found to be highly suitable for colony growth and sporulation of the pathogen. Minimum colony growth and sporulation was observed at 15°C. Maximum colony growth and sporulation was observed at pH 6.0 followed by pH 7.0. Among different substrates tested maximum sporulation was observed on makra grass followed by carrot cubes. A minimum of 12 hours of leaf wetness was required for infection and symptoms appeared within 7 days of incubation period. Thereafter, the incubation period decreased while disease severity increased significantly with increase in leaf wetness from 12 to 48 hours. A positive correlation between leaf wetness duration and disease severity was observed. Maximum increase in lesion length was recorded at 250C followed by 200C. Increase in lesion length was minimum at 100C. Under in vitro conditions, tebuconazole proved most effective followed by azoxystrobin + difenconazole, propiconazole and difenconazole. Under pot house conditions tebuconazole was most effective in reducing the disease followed by propiconazole. Under field conditions, propiconazole followed by azoxystrobin + difenconazole and tricyclazole were most effective in reducing the disease and increasing the paddy yield.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF BLAST DISEASE OF RICE
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Sukhjinder Singh
Disease surveys revealed that disease incidence and severity of rice blast on nursery plants of Pusa basmati 1121 cultivar varied from 15.0 to 40.0 per cent and 10.0 to 35.0 per cent respectively at different locations of Punjab during 2011 crop season. The basmati rice fields which had high disease severity at seedling stage in the villages of Deep Singh Wala (22.0 %), Sarala Kalan and Avan Khalsa (15.0 %) were also visited during the adult plant stage and disease severity in all the above fields varied only from traces to 4.0 per cent. Disease survey at adult plant stage revealed that the highest disease incidence and severity was recorded from village Dhurial (Jalandhar) and Murthli (Gurdaspur) on cultivar Pusa basmati 1121 during 2011 and 2012 crop season. Maximum colony growth and sporulation of Pyricularia grisea was observed on Oat meal agar medium. A temperature of 250C was found to be highly suitable for colony growth and sporulation of the pathogen. Minimum colony growth and sporulation was observed at 15°C. Maximum colony growth and sporulation was observed at pH 6.0 followed by pH 7.0. Among different substrates tested maximum sporulation was observed on makra grass followed by carrot cubes. A minimum of 12 hours of leaf wetness was required for infection and symptoms appeared within 7 days of incubation period. Thereafter, the incubation period decreased while disease severity increased significantly with increase in leaf wetness from 12 to 48 hours. A positive correlation between leaf wetness duration and disease severity was observed. Maximum increase in lesion length was recorded at 250C followed by 200C. Increase in lesion length was minimum at 100C. Under in vitro conditions, tebuconazole proved most effective followed by azoxystrobin + difenconazole, propiconazole and difenconazole. Under pot house conditions tebuconazole was most effective in reducing the disease followed by propiconazole. Under field conditions, propiconazole followed by azoxystrobin + difenconazole and tricyclazole were most effective in reducing the disease and increasing the paddy yield.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF Pseudomonas fluorescens AS BIOCONTROL AGENT TO CONTROL BACTERIAL BLIGHT IN BASMATI RICE
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2011) Anjali Thakur
Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the most devastating disease in south-east Asia including India. Fluorescent pseudomonads have been successfully employed in controlling major plant diseases due to their antimicrobial metabolites. The present study focuses on isolation, characterization, in-vitro, in-vivo evaluation and rhizosphere competence of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Isolations were done from the rice and wheat rhizosphere which were identified on the basis of cultural characters and molecular markers. It was found that the isolates showing fluorescent characteristics in the selective media showed the amplification of the targeted ITS region. In-vitro evaluation by dual culture method revealed that isolate Pf-4-R was inhibitory to the test pathogen showing maximum inhibition zone of 5.5 mm. The result was supported by the use of phl gene specific primers and HPTLC based method characterizing the production of antimicrobial compound DAPG. Isolate Pf-4-R was also found to have stimulatory effect on germination and radical elongation. Talc based powder formulation of the effective isolate Pf-4-R was prepared for further evaluation. Pot-house and field evaluation revealed that seed treatment and root dip and post-inoculation foliar spray significantly reduce the disease showing least disease index (25.6%) and maximum disease suppression efficiency (62.4%). Rhizosphere competence was studied by raising rifampicin (rif) resistant mutant, it was found that once introduced bioagent was able to establish in the root zone effectively and maintained its count for whole of the crop season. Shelf life of the formulation was studied at room temperature and low temperature, it was found that bacterium remained viable and at optimum number for 60 days in the formulated product and storage at low temperature was more effective as compare to room temperature.

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