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ThesisItem Open Access Retirement financial planning behaviour of working women of Ludhiana city(Punjab Agricultural University, 2024) Supriya, Ediga; Dr. Harpinder KaurThe present study was conducted on “Retirement financial planning behaviour of working women of Ludhiana city” with objectives; to study the financial planning behaviour of working women during retirement period; to study the factors influencing financial planning decisions taken by respondents during retirement and to develop and suggest retirement planning guide to achieve financial well-being after retirement. Survey was conducted on working women of Ludhiana city. A total number of 200 working women were randomly selected from four zones of Ludhiana city. A pre-structured interview schedule was used to study the financial planning behaviour of respondents, various factors influencing financial planning and decisions taken by respondents by using different modified scales namely Retirement Financial Planning Scale (Parrotta and Johnson 1998); Financial Risk-Tolerance Scale by Grable and Joo 2001 (on three-point basis) and Financial Decision-Making Style Instrument by Retting and Schuttz 1991. The major findings revealed that maximum number of respondents had 15-20 years in service and 6-10 years were left for their retirement. It was observed that majority of respondents had started planning between the age of 55-58 due to additional liabilities and a lack of financial knowledge. It was found that ‘saving’ aspect of financial planning behaviour got the highest mean score followed by ‘investment’, ‘spending’ and ‘borrowing’ aspect. Maximum number of respondents were in the view that good understanding of money is always required to lead a comfortable life after retirement. Majority of respondents gave more importance to safety in investment rather than returns. Regarding financial literacy, majority of respondents were aware of different financial terms like ‘mobile banking’, ‘on-line banking’, ‘functions of credit card’ and ‘Equated Monthly Instalments’ (EMI)’. It was further observed that maximum number of respondents were investing money in ‘banks and post office’ due to more safety. The confidence mean score of respondents was found confident while performing financial activities manually and digitally. Majority of respondents followed pragmatist type of decision-making style. The influence of personal and economic factors was more on retirement financial planning as compared to psychological and social factors. Statistical analysis showed that age and education were found as the most related independent variables with different dependent variables. A retirement planning guide was formulated which will be helpful for respondents to achieve financial well-being after their retirement.ThesisItem Open Access Software development for determining quality and maturity levels of tomato using image processing techniques(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Kamalpreet Kaur; Gupta, O.P.Agriculture contributes a lot in the economic development of India. Maturity checking has become mandatory for the food industries as well as for the farmers so as to ensure that the fruits and vegetables are not diseased and are ripe. However, manual inspection leads to human error, unripe fruits and vegetables may decrease the production. Thus, this study proposes a Tomato Classification system for determining maturity stages of tomato (Green, Breaker, Pink, Light-Red and Red- Mature) through Machine Learning using Image Processing approach. Design and development of software has been implemented using Pycharm as an IDE and Python as a programming language. The method consists of image collection, preparing database and training seven different classifiers on 80% of the total data for evaluating the maturity stages of tomato using the surface color as an attribute. Rest 20% of the total data is used for the testing purpose. The results are obtained in the form of Learning Curve, Confusion Matrix and Accuracy Score. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Tomato Classification by using Python is achieved. It is observed that out of seven classifiers, Random Forest is successful with 92.49% accuracy in evaluating the maturity category of tomato. It is concluded from the results that the performance of the classifier depends on the size and kind of features extracted from the data set.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF COST REDUCTION PRACTICES ADOPTED BY PHARMACEUTICAL UNITS IN NORTHERN INDIA(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Nitin Chaudhary; Babita KumarThe present study was conducted to analyses the cost reduction practices and problems faced during their implementation in pharmaceutical units. The population for the study consisted of small, medium and large scale units of Northern India. The present study was restricted to Northern India. Out of those units 20 units were selected on the basis of random sampling techniques. Questions were framed to study the cost reduction practices adopted by different departments of the organization. The study found that work standardization was mainly followed as cost reduction practice for manufacturing and improvement in reaction speed and reduction in wastages was achieved in the last two years. Negotiation method for reducing inventory, providing on the job training for reducing training cost, automation for reducing personnel cost, direct selling for reducing distribution cost and improving ROI by process improvement were other cost reduction practices. Organizations were receiving many benefits like improved productivity and quality, reduction in wastages, decrease in inventory cost, increase in profits and competitiveness by adopting cost reduction measures. Organizations were facing problems of customers order which are highly fluctuating, frequent change in design, resistance from employees, lack of technical knowhow, budget constraint and lack of time to implement these practices. On the whole cost reduction practices are not so well engraved in the small pharmaceutical industries whereas they are more well adopted by large and medium scale unitsThesisItem Restricted A STUDY OF PREFERENCE AND SATISFACTION TOWARDS MOBILE SERVICE PROVIDERS AMONG RURAL AND URBAN CONSUMERS(PAU Ludhiana, 2012) MONEY DHINGRA; Gagandeep, BangaThe present study was undertaken to understand and compare the preference and satisfaction of rural and urban consumers towards mobile service providers. The study consisted of all the rural and urban consumers of Ludhiana District. The study was conducted by selecting company outlets of five mobile service providers, one each of Airtel, Idea, Reliance, Vodafone and BSNL, were selected from both urban and rural areas on convenience basis. Further 20 customers from each company outlet were selected on random basis. Thus, 100 urban and 100 rural customers, i.e. a total of 200 customers were selected for the study. The primary data was collected with the help of structured and non disguised questionnaires. The results showed that rural respondents consider economical calling, network coverage, customer service, as the most important factors influencing their choice of mobile service providers. Urban respondents consider economical calling, network coverage, customer service and roaming services, as the most important factors influencing their choice of mobile service providers. It was also found that 69 percent of rural respondents and 56 percent of urban respondents would recommend others to subscribe to their mobile service provider.ThesisItem Open Access MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Harjeet SinghABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Morphological Characterization of Citrus Rootstocks” was carried out during 2012-2013 at New Orchard and College Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana. The research work was carried out on nine citrus rootstocks. Among them three rootstocks having different strains were Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri), Trifoliate (Poncirus trifoliata) and Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) and six individual other rootstocks viz., Cleopatra (Citrus reshni), Pectinifera (Citrus pectinifera), Alemow (Citrus macrophylla), Karna Khatta (Citrus karna), Calamondin (Citrus mitis) and Volkamarina (Citrus volkameriana). Their evaluation was done for characters as per citrus descriptor given by IPGRI. The qualitative trees, leaves, flowers and fruit characters showed little variability within a species. Most of the quantitative trees, leaves, flowers and fruit characters were found statistically significant for all rootstocks. Maximum fruit weight was recorded in Karna Khatta (710 g). Total soluble solids were observed maximum in Flying Dragon (12.10 oBrix) strain of trifoliate while minimum were recorded in Nagpur strain of rough lemon, (5.66 oBrix). The Sohmyndog strain of rough lemon had the highest acidity (5.37 per cent) while minimum was recorded for Flying Dragon strain of trifoliate, being 1.38 per cent. The Brazilian strain of Rangpur lime had the highest seed number (38.0). The X-639 strain of trifoliate, and Brazilian and Texas strains of Rangpur lime were scored as early maturing (October-November) while Trifoliate was scored as late maturing (February-March). Variability analysis was done and Brazilian was most diverse from other strains of rough lemon.ThesisItem Restricted FINANCIAL LITERACY AND RETIREMENT PREPAREDNESS: A STUDY OF NON TEACHING STAFF OF PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY AND GURU ANGAD DEV VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY(2013) Ramandeep KaurIn the present study the basic and advance financial literacy and retirement preparedness of the non teaching staff members of Punjab Agricultural University and Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University was analyzed. Primary data was collected from 180 respondents selected from 45 departments of PAU and GADVASU through pre- designed questionnaires. It was found that PAU and GADVASU non teaching staff was having poor basic and advanced financial literacy. No association was found between basic financial literacy or advance financial literacy with that of gender, age, designation and educational qualification. And it was also found that very few non teaching staff members had developed retirement plan and rest of the respondents were either finding difficulties in developing plan or had not at all thought of developing the retirement plan.ThesisItem Open Access Etiology of Top Rot Disease of Sugarcane(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2012) Rakesh YonzoneRed stripe/ Top rot disease of sugarcane, caused by a bacterium, has been observed to be quite severe on variety CoJ 85 during the past 4-5 years in Punjab. Survey was conducted June-August 2011and it was found that the maximum prevalence of Red stripe (21.1%) and Top rot (40.4%) phase was recorded on variety CoJ 85 in Amritsar district and the minimum prevalence 1.6 per cent and 3.5 per cent respectively, on variety CoJ 88. Highest disease severity, 39.0 per cent of Red Stripe phase in the month of July was recorded on the variety CoJ 85 and lowest severity 5.0 per cent in July was observed on variety CoJ 88. Highest disease severity (5%) of Top rot phase in month June was recorded on variety CoH 119 and 65.8 per cent in months of August was recorded on the variety CoJ 85. The maximum growth of the pathogen was observed on King’s B media after 24 hrs followed by YDCA media after 46 hrs of inoculation. The three isolates viz., RS-2, RS-3 and RS-8 were found to have higher disease intensity (57%) and stripe length (30 cm). Regarding, morphological characteristics, the isolates were found to be gram negative, short rods with rounded end, 1.5-2.0×0.4-0.8 µm in size, yellow colour and circular type colony. All the ten isolates showed negative results in urease utilization and phenylalanine and positive results in citrate, sorbitol, lysine, ornithine utilization and H2S production. The isolates were also found to be aerobic and non-fluorescent. Molecular identification revealed that the pathogen associated to the Red stripe disease in Punjab State is Acidovorax avenae sub sp. avenae. Bud inoculation with pin prick method proved to be the best followed by hypodermic syringe method. In epidemiological studies, the maximum lesion length 32.28 cm was recorded on variety CoJ 85 followed by 27.72 cm in CoJ 88 after 32 days of inoculation.ThesisItem Open Access Returns from stock investment: An application of multi-factor model(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Khara, PavneetThe research project “Returns from stock investment : An application of multi-factor model” was undertaken with the objectives to study the relationship between stock returns and selected accounting based fundamental variables and to study the relationship between stock returns and selected market variables. For the purpose of achieving the objectives, the following factors were used in explanation of returns from stock investment, via stock beta, debt to equity ratio, book to market value ratio, size of company measured in terms of market capitalization, earnings to price ratio and sales to price ratio. The study was conducted for the period of 5 years ranging from April 2007 to March 2012. Data on the selected explanatory factors were used for all the stocks constituting the popular BSE Sensex index. Regression analysis and descriptive statistics were used to study the relationship between the stock returns and the identified explanatory variables. Regression results from enter method proved insignificant while that from stepwise method proved statistically significant. The best relationship was found between stock return with earnings to price and interest rate.ThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE CONTAINING METAKAOLIN AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE(2012) Kamaldeep KaurConcrete is a versatile construction material. For more durable and strong structures, the concrete of high strength is required. To make concrete more strong, pozzolans are added to concrete. Metakaolin ( MK ) is a pozzolana used to achieve the required strength. The present study investigates the characteristics strength of concrete due to partial replacement of cement by MK and addition of polypropylene fibres (PPF). M30 concrete was designed according to BIS guidelines. The investigation was carried out on concrete containing MK and PPF at various proportions of 0%, 7%, 8% and 9% of MK and 0%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 0.8% of PPF. Fly ash (10%) and superplasticizer (0.7%) has been added to improve the workability of concrete. In present study, the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of concrete containing metakaolin and fly ash were analysed. Analysis of cement, metakaolin and fly ash was done with XRD. Samples K0, K4, K8 and K12 containing 0%, 7%, 8% and 9% MK (by weight of cement) respectively at the sample age of 1 day were also analysed with XRD. It has been observed that addition of MK and PPF showed considerable improvement in the strength of concrete especially at the early age of concrete. Further it has been observed that optimum gain in compressive strength is at 8% of MK and 0.8% of PPF. Results of XRD supplement with the results obtained from compressive strength test.
