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    ThesisItemRestricted
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Heterosis and Combining ability studies in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
    (PAU, 2010) Dinesh
    Eighteen genotypes of pea were selected and crossed in line x tester fashion using fifteen females and three males during November 2007. Forty-five hybrids along with eighteen parents were grown at the Vegetable Research Farm, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during Nov, 2008. Significant mean squares due to lines, testers, hybrids, line x tester and parents vs. hybrids were observed for all the characters. The ratio of 2 sca/2 gca was more than unity in number of seeds per pod, nod at which first pod developed and for 100 seed weight, indicating non-additive gene action, while additive gene action was important for pod length, number of pods per plant, green pod yield, shelling percentage and crude protein. Among the females, ARKEL was found to be the best general combiner for days taken to 50% flowering, node at which first flower appears, and days taken to maturity. JP-501A/2 was found to be good combiner for pod length and number of pods per plant. Among the males, C-96 was good combiner for days taken to 50 per cent flowering, plant height, node at which 1st flower appears, pod length, shelling percentage, 100 seed weight and alcohol insoluble matter. The line C-400 found to be the best combiner for number of pods per plant, green pod yield and crude protein. The cross P1 x C-400 exhibited highest and significant sca effect for days taken to 50 % flowering and crude protein, KS-268 x PB- 89 for plant height and alcohol insoluble matter. ARKEL x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, C-308 x PB- 89 for pod length and ARKEL x C- 400 for number of pods per plant, P2 x PB- 89 for shelling percentage. The best heterotic combination for days taken to 50 % flowering was P1 x C- 400, days taken to maturity was ARKEL x C- 96, C- 308 x C- 400 for plant height, JM- 5 x C-96 for shelling percentage, MA- 6 x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, MA-6 x C- 96 for number of pods per plant, MA- 6 x C- 400 for pod length. The best heterotic combination for days taken to 50 % flowering was P1 x C- 400, days taken to maturity was ARKEL x C- 96, C- 308 x C- 400 for plant height, JM- 5 x C-96 for shelling percentage, MA- 6 x PB- 89 for node at which first flower appears, MA-6 x C- 96 for number of pods per plant, MA- 6 x C- 400 for pod length, PB- 88 x PB- 89 for number of grains per pod and KS- 268 x C- 400 for green pod yield, AP1 x C- 96 for crude protein and PMR- 19 x PB- 89 for alcohol insoluble matter. These can be utilized for further breeding programmes
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Software development for determining quality and maturity levels of tomato using image processing techniques
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Kamalpreet Kaur; Gupta, O.P.
    Agriculture contributes a lot in the economic development of India. Maturity checking has become mandatory for the food industries as well as for the farmers so as to ensure that the fruits and vegetables are not diseased and are ripe. However, manual inspection leads to human error, unripe fruits and vegetables may decrease the production. Thus, this study proposes a Tomato Classification system for determining maturity stages of tomato (Green, Breaker, Pink, Light-Red and Red- Mature) through Machine Learning using Image Processing approach. Design and development of software has been implemented using Pycharm as an IDE and Python as a programming language. The method consists of image collection, preparing database and training seven different classifiers on 80% of the total data for evaluating the maturity stages of tomato using the surface color as an attribute. Rest 20% of the total data is used for the testing purpose. The results are obtained in the form of Learning Curve, Confusion Matrix and Accuracy Score. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Tomato Classification by using Python is achieved. It is observed that out of seven classifiers, Random Forest is successful with 92.49% accuracy in evaluating the maturity category of tomato. It is concluded from the results that the performance of the classifier depends on the size and kind of features extracted from the data set.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY OF COST REDUCTION PRACTICES ADOPTED BY PHARMACEUTICAL UNITS IN NORTHERN INDIA
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2012) Nitin Chaudhary; Babita Kumar
    The present study was conducted to analyses the cost reduction practices and problems faced during their implementation in pharmaceutical units. The population for the study consisted of small, medium and large scale units of Northern India. The present study was restricted to Northern India. Out of those units 20 units were selected on the basis of random sampling techniques. Questions were framed to study the cost reduction practices adopted by different departments of the organization. The study found that work standardization was mainly followed as cost reduction practice for manufacturing and improvement in reaction speed and reduction in wastages was achieved in the last two years. Negotiation method for reducing inventory, providing on the job training for reducing training cost, automation for reducing personnel cost, direct selling for reducing distribution cost and improving ROI by process improvement were other cost reduction practices. Organizations were receiving many benefits like improved productivity and quality, reduction in wastages, decrease in inventory cost, increase in profits and competitiveness by adopting cost reduction measures. Organizations were facing problems of customers order which are highly fluctuating, frequent change in design, resistance from employees, lack of technical knowhow, budget constraint and lack of time to implement these practices. On the whole cost reduction practices are not so well engraved in the small pharmaceutical industries whereas they are more well adopted by large and medium scale units
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    DRYING KINETICS OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale)
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Sumit Maini; Ashok Kumar
    The experiments were carried out to study the drying behaviour of fresh ginger rhizome of Kozhikallan variety. The surface material was first peeled off. The material was then given various chemical treatments like hot water blanching, dipping in citric acid solution, dipping in lime and treating the product with KMS solution. The treated product was dried at 500C, 600C, 700C in the electrical tray dryer. Quality parameters of the dried product i.e. colour, texture, rehydration ratio and volatile oil content were found out. Dehydration characteristics revealed that drying took place in the falling rate period. It was also found out that pre treatment did not effect the quality much but the temperature did. Drying at 500C did not affect the quality significantly, but as the temperature increased the quality of the product significantly reduced. Volatile oil was recorded to be the highest i.e.2.2% for the product pre treated with citric acid and dried at 500C. The odour of the product pre treated with citric acid and dried at 500C was also found to be better. Change in colour values for fresh and rehydrated product was found to be less i.e. 5.93 in case of the product pre treated with citric acid and dried at 500C. Three models i.e. Newton, page and modified page models were fitted to the drying data. According to the statistical criteria (R2, chi square & RMSE), the modified page model was found to be the best fit model to describe the drying behavior of the ginger rhizome.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Genetic analysis of yield, its components and fruit quality traits in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.).”
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2011) Parvinder Singh; Devinder Singh, Cheema
    The present investigations were conducted from April 2008 to August 2010 at the Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Twelve diverse chilli genotypes (CC141, MS341, SL461, SL462, DL161, EL181, US501, PA401, SD463, PP402, PS403 and VR521) selected on the basis of per se performance were crossed in diallel fashion (excluding reciprocals) to produce 66 F1 hybrids. These 66 F1 hybrids along with twelve parental genotypes and two commercial checks CH-1 and MH-1 (Soldier) were evaluated in the field during two consecutive years, in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, for yield and quality parameters. Highly significant and desirable heterosis over the better parent and standard checks were observed for almost all the characters in both the years. Analysis of variance for combining ability showed highly significant mean squares due to GCA and SCA for all the characters in both the years indicated the involvement of both additive and non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of these traits. The ratio of σ2 SCA/ σ2 GCA was less than unity for days to flowering, early yield, fruit number, fruit length, number of seeds fruit-1, plant height, plant spread, total fruit yield, chilli powder yield, dry matter content, oleoresin content, oleoresin yield and incidence of anthracnose, indicated additive gene action for these traits, while non-additive gene effects were important for fruit width, fruit weight, pericarp thickness, capsaicin in powder and in oleoresin, coloring matter in powder and in oleoresin and incidence of leaf curl virus. SL461 and DL161 were considered as the best general combiners for early and total yield. Moreover, these parents also showed desirable GCA effects for many other traits especially the quality traits viz. chilli powder yield, dry matter content, capsaicin in powder and in oleoresin, coloring matter in powder and in oleoresin, oleoresin content and oleoresin yield. Other good general combiners for different characters included SD463, PP402, US501, MS341, SL462, PS403 and CC141. The graphical analysis (Wr/Vr) showed that most of the traits exhibiting partial dominance and overdominance. Components of variance analysis revealed that both additive and dominance gene effects were important for inheritance of traits under study. Degree of dominance showed that most of the traits exhibited overdominance. The cross combination US501×SD463, showed significant and desirable SCA effects for days to flowering, early yield, fruit length, fruit weight, number of seeds fruit-1, total fruit yield, coloring matter in powder and in oleoresin, oleoresin yield and reaction to anthracnose. Other promising crosses for different traits were SD463×VR521, SL461×PP402, MS341×SL461, SL462×US501, CC141×VR521, SD463×PP402, SL461×PS403, SL462×EL181, SL461×DL161, MS341×US501, SL461×SL462, SL461×SD463, PP402×VR521 and CC141×PP402. It was suggested that heterosis and pedigree breeding methods with recurrent selection would facilitate simultaneous exploitation of the obtained genetic components in hot pepper improvement program.
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    ThesisItemRestricted
    A STUDY OF PREFERENCE AND SATISFACTION TOWARDS MOBILE SERVICE PROVIDERS AMONG RURAL AND URBAN CONSUMERS
    (PAU Ludhiana, 2012) MONEY DHINGRA; Gagandeep, Banga
    The present study was undertaken to understand and compare the preference and satisfaction of rural and urban consumers towards mobile service providers. The study consisted of all the rural and urban consumers of Ludhiana District. The study was conducted by selecting company outlets of five mobile service providers, one each of Airtel, Idea, Reliance, Vodafone and BSNL, were selected from both urban and rural areas on convenience basis. Further 20 customers from each company outlet were selected on random basis. Thus, 100 urban and 100 rural customers, i.e. a total of 200 customers were selected for the study. The primary data was collected with the help of structured and non disguised questionnaires. The results showed that rural respondents consider economical calling, network coverage, customer service, as the most important factors influencing their choice of mobile service providers. Urban respondents consider economical calling, network coverage, customer service and roaming services, as the most important factors influencing their choice of mobile service providers. It was also found that 69 percent of rural respondents and 56 percent of urban respondents would recommend others to subscribe to their mobile service provider.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF WORK STATION FOR FEMALES ENGAGED IN COOKING ACTIVITIES
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2010) Kanu Priya
    The investigation entitled ‘Impact of Parental Encouragement on Academic Performance and Academic Anxiety of Rural Adolescents’ aimed to explore the level of parental encouragement of rural adolescents and its impact on their academic performance and academic anxiety. The study was based upon a sample of 200 (100 boys and 100 girls) adolescents in the age range of 13-16 years belonging to Punjabi origin, nuclear and middle socio economic status families. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government High and Senior Secondary Schools selected purposively from rural areas of Ludhiana district. A list of adolescents (both boys and girls) along with their marks obtained in previous examination was prepared from the school records. The respondents were equally divided into two groups of high performers (>70% marks) and low performers (<45% marks). Socio Economic Status Scale by Bharadwaj (2001) was used to judge the socio-economic status of rural families. The Academic Anxiety Scale by Singh and Gupta (1984) was used to assess the academic anxiety and Parental Encouragement Scale by Agarwal (1999) was used to measure perceived parental encouragement by the adolescents. Results indicated a significant association between perceived parental encouragement, academic performance and academic anxiety. Academic anxiety was found to be high for both the performance categories. Further it was found that academic performance and age were significantly associated with parental encouragement and academic anxiety. Non significant age and gender differences for parental encouragement and academic anxiety were found. Further parental encouragement was significantly and positively correlated with academic performance and academic anxiety. As perceived parental encouragement increased, academic performance and academic anxiety also increased. Key Words: Parental Encouragement, Academic Performance, Academic Anxiety, AdolescenceThe investigation entitled ‘Impact of Parental Encouragement on Academic Performance and Academic Anxiety of Rural Adolescents’ aimed to explore the level of parental encouragement of rural adolescents and its impact on their academic performance and academic anxiety. The study was based upon a sample of 200 (100 boys and 100 girls) adolescents in the age range of 13-16 years belonging to Punjabi origin, nuclear and middle socio economic status families. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government High and Senior Secondary Schools selected purposively from rural areas of Ludhiana district. A list of adolescents (both boys and girls) along with their marks obtained in previous examination was prepared from the school records. The respondents were equally divided into two groups of high performers (>70% marks) and low performers (<45% marks). Socio Economic Status Scale by Bharadwaj (2001) was used to judge the socio-economic status of rural families. The Academic Anxiety Scale by Singh and Gupta (1984) was used to assess the academic anxiety and Parental Encouragement Scale by Agarwal (1999) was used to measure perceived parental encouragement by the adolescents. Results indicated a significant association between perceived parental encouragement, academic performance and academic anxiety. Academic anxiety was found to be high for both the performance categories. Further it was found that academic performance and age were significantly associated with parental encouragement and academic anxiety. Non significant age and gender differences for parental encouragement and academic anxiety were found. Further parental encouragement was significantly and positively correlated with academic performance and academic anxiety. As perceived parental encouragement increased, academic performance and academic anxiety also increased.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS
    (Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2013) Harjeet Singh
    ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Morphological Characterization of Citrus Rootstocks” was carried out during 2012-2013 at New Orchard and College Orchard, Department of Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana. The research work was carried out on nine citrus rootstocks. Among them three rootstocks having different strains were Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri), Trifoliate (Poncirus trifoliata) and Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia) and six individual other rootstocks viz., Cleopatra (Citrus reshni), Pectinifera (Citrus pectinifera), Alemow (Citrus macrophylla), Karna Khatta (Citrus karna), Calamondin (Citrus mitis) and Volkamarina (Citrus volkameriana). Their evaluation was done for characters as per citrus descriptor given by IPGRI. The qualitative trees, leaves, flowers and fruit characters showed little variability within a species. Most of the quantitative trees, leaves, flowers and fruit characters were found statistically significant for all rootstocks. Maximum fruit weight was recorded in Karna Khatta (710 g). Total soluble solids were observed maximum in Flying Dragon (12.10 oBrix) strain of trifoliate while minimum were recorded in Nagpur strain of rough lemon, (5.66 oBrix). The Sohmyndog strain of rough lemon had the highest acidity (5.37 per cent) while minimum was recorded for Flying Dragon strain of trifoliate, being 1.38 per cent. The Brazilian strain of Rangpur lime had the highest seed number (38.0). The X-639 strain of trifoliate, and Brazilian and Texas strains of Rangpur lime were scored as early maturing (October-November) while Trifoliate was scored as late maturing (February-March). Variability analysis was done and Brazilian was most diverse from other strains of rough lemon.